10 Unit 2 ‘ick off 1 Lookat the picture What things can you see that were probably designed and created by engineers? 2 Design engineers think carefully about design considerations. Choose three items from the picture in 1For each item, say what design considerations are the most important. Use words from the list or think of your own ideas. Design considerations ~ the features and uses of a product that are very important performance safety price / cost to the buyer size energy economy ‘weight Listening Discussing a prototype 1 Look at the pictures. What is the product? What are some of the design considerations (see the definition cof Design considerations in Kick of)? Improved air flow 2 Design and modelling 2 QO Listen and check your answers. 3 Complete the notes from the meeting, Use these words. analysis cost design improvements manufacturing marketing review Seebereeeede t Senefits of Concept 5 Lower overall ~ disposable housing tliminated (also environmentally friendly) 1 Improved air flow (result of Computational Fluid ddabe Dynamics Product design work © ergonomic * complete . and modifications: must fit in hand; needs to be easy to operate Next steps has to recommend materials must suggest colours “yeam will create new prototype © product 4G sten again and check your answers. 5 Lookat the notes again. Find words that match these meanings. 1 (adi) designed to be comfortable to use 2 (n) the frst design of something 3 (n)achange 4 (n) the way air moves through or across something 5. (adj) made to be thrown awayDesign and modelling 11 In this unit ‘© discussing a prototype ‘ecalculations ‘@ permission and necessity ‘@ talking about design considerations 6 G Listen again. Tick (V) the steps that have been completed, 5. When we design a car, we have a(n)___to make it as safe as possible. 1 concept selected a Se aa factors: the purpose, the design, the cost of Si catailed design done Qo materials, the manufacturing process, etc. 3. CFD analysis done o 4 first prototype made a 5. exgonomicreview completed Number talk 6 materials selected a Calculations 7 colours selected a 1 Match the words and symbols. 8 stage 3 approval o 1 plus/add ax 2 minus / subtract b Vocabulary 3 times /multipliedby ¢ + Nouns ending in -tion st corms (disiteel byde aid ‘Words ending in -ion, -ation, or -tion are usually nouns 5 equals 7 that are related to verbs. 6 xsquared ft. 1 Allofthe nouns in the table appear in this unit. 7 xcubed go Complete the table. 8 pi he Verb Noun ea point: oa calculate calculation 2. @ Wecan do simple calculations in our heads. Listen eampute 7 and write the calculations. 2 consideration ‘EXAMPLE Bi Sonn a nee three ree two five times two? THOT at's six point five. cele eee You write: 3.25 2= 65 modify 5 1 4 oblige é 5 5 solve solution 3 6 specify 7 3 Check the calculations. Are they correct? 2 Complete the sentences with anoun or verbfrom1. 4 Workin pairs. Student A, go to p.106.Student B, see 1 The drawings ‘the exact materials and below, dimensions of the piece. 1 Listen to Student A. Write the equations. 2. People who work in the. industry usually have a practical understanding of engineering. 3. The original design didn’t work, so we made a(n) to improve it. 4 I've been working for months to___a difficult design problem, and I think Ive finally done it. 2. Say these equations. Student A will write them. a 44128=55125 b x-yier c 1=3096 d 55%273 =15015 5244588 =1112 3. Check your answers with Student A.Visual impact isthe effect ofa structure on the surrounding landscape, What isthe visual Impact ofthese structures? e Language spot Permission and necessity 1 Look at the sentences. Complete the rules with the words in the list. The inhaler has to fit propery in the hand. It needs tobe easy to operate. We must complete the next prototype in three weeks. 1 don't have to talk tothe workers. You mustn’t visit the site without a helmet don'thaveto haveto must mustn't needto 1 Weuse___,__ and to talk about what's necessary. 2 Weuse totalk about what isn’t necessary. 3 Weuse totalk about what isn't permitted. 2 For each sentence, write N (necessary), NN (not necessary), or NP (not permitted) 1 Thave to wear a helmet when I vist the site. 2 Youneed to include the calculations with your drawings. 3 Yusuf doesn’t have to do the maths because the computer does ther. 4 You mustn't start construction without government approval. 5. We must choose the colour today. 6 Mateus has to attend a design meeting tomorrow. 7 Allprojects have to follow strict government safety rales. 8 The guidelines say we mustn't have fewer than four fire exits. 3 Complete the sentences with must, mustn't, doesn’t have to, or don't have to. 1 We choose a material that is both strong and light. 2 You. use a computer for the calculations, but it's alot quicker. 3. The workers begin building before the engineer arrives, 4 Simon, visit the site today, soe can attend the planning meeting in the office. 5. The designer. supply the drawings today or we won't finish the job on time. 6 Insefrigerator interiors, you ___use materials that aren't approved for use with food. 71 do the calculations for the windows because Alicia has done them already. 8 We consider the visual impact of the new bridge. 4 Look at Sara's list. Complete the sentences about her day. Use the words in brackets. 1 (needs to) 2. (doesn't have to) 3 (hasto) 4 5 (mustn't) (must) 5 Make alist about yourself Say what you need to do, don’t have to do, mustn't do, and must do. >> Goto Grammarreference p19Design and modelling 13 Two-dimensional 2D) drawing Three-dimensional (80) drawing Reading Computers in design and modelling 1 Look at the picture and read thetitle of the article. ‘What do you think the article is about? 2. Read the text and check your answers. 3. Read the text again and answerthe questions. 1 What important tool did designers use before design software was available? 2. What is the main use of CAD? 3. What design problems does CAD help find? 4, What does FEA help designers deal with? 5. What does the use of CFD help ensure? 4 For each design task, choose the best computer technology ~ CAD, FEA, or CFD. 1 Designing a bicycle helmet so air flows over it easily 2. Calculating wind loading (the effect of wind) ona skyscraper 3. Designing the layout of equipment on an oil platform 4 Producing design drawings for an aircraft door 5. Planning the order of construction of a rail bridge 6. Predicting the effect of an earthquake on an oil storage tank 5 For each type of computer design tool, think of two ‘more examples of how designers could use it. TT Computers in design and modelling — oil platform design ‘Thirty years ago, design engineers didn't have powerful office computers. They had to use plastic models of oil platforms to visualize, coordinate, and check the complicated design process. Now design and construction is faster, cheaper, and better using advanced computer techniques. CAD (computer-aided design) CAD is used to produce drawingsand design documentation. The drawings are detailed pictures that explain a design. They can be two-dimensional, like a plan showing the arrangement of a room, or ‘thnee-dimensional like the picture on the left showing. pipes and structural details. Documentation includes lists of structural drawings, materials, etc. CAD checks for design clashes —for example, places where parts don't fit together — and produces walk-through videos to check ergonomic features such as access for maintenance FEA (finite element analysis) Today's oil platforms are designed for difficult environments with natural forces such as seismic activity (earthquakes), waves, wind, and ice. FEA is an essential tool in making the design work FEA divides the structure into a network of elements and solves ‘many complicated equations. It shows how the whole structure will work together to stand against high. ‘winds strong waves, or big earthquakes. CFD (computational fluid dynamics) CED uses complex equations to model the interaction of fluids (liquids and gases) with surfaces. In oil platform design, engineers need to know the effect. the wind has on the structure, including parts such as cranes and helicopter decks. This helps engineers to create a safe design. In the past, engineers used wind ‘tunnel tests on a physical model, but now CFD allows engineers to try different designs to get the best result.14 Unit 2, The centre of gravity of ‘an objects the point where its weight can be assumed toact. It’s my job 1 Answer the questions. 1. What does a structural design engineer do? 2. What kinds of calculations does a structural design engineer need to make? 2. @ Listen to an interview with Hari Sivagnaman, a structural design engineer. Choose the correct answer for each question. 1 What was Harl interested in as a child? >. making models a maths and science 2 What is he designing now? a acrane b askyscraper 3. What is he doing on the project at the moment? a checking construction drawings and calculations 4. What part of his work does he like the most? a using CAD b using FEA 5 What natural forces does Hari mention? a wave action b wind and seismicloads 6 What is one of Har's job responsibilities? a site visits b talking to workers 7. When does Hari say you have to start thinking. about your first ob? a inyourfinal year —b before your final year 3. Would you like to do Hari’s job? Why / why not? 1 Look at the picture of Burj Khalifa in Dubai. Discuss the Speaking Talking about design considerations questions in groups. 1 What do you think are the design considerations for a building like this? (Hint: Think about the design considerations mentioned in Kick off Reading, and It’s my job) EXAMPLE safety 2. For each design consideration you thought of, can you think of a possible design solution? A design solution i a feature ofthe building. EXAMPLE It needs emergency exits. Petar Location: Dubai ‘Height: 828 m ‘Year construction began: 2004 ‘Year construction was completed: 2008 Project cost: USS1.5 billion Building's use: shops, offices, flats, hotels, restaurants 2. Match the considerations and solutions to check your answers to 1 above. Design considerations 1 Natural forces: seismic activity (earthquakes), wind, gravity 2 Comfort of people inside: temperature, fresh air flow 3. Safety of people inside: fire / emergency escape 4 Visual impact: spire, world’s tallest building Design solutions Special lifts and safety refuges in case of emergency b Acomputerized climate-control system. ¢ Beautiful shape d_ Strong and very deep foundations; a shape that reduces wind loadingDesign and modelling 15 Checklist ‘Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (7) the statements which are true. Ican discuss a prototype Ican say some numbers, symbols, and equations I can talk about permission and necessity | can talk about design considerations 3 Workin pairs. student A, go to p106, Student B, see below. 1. Student A will explain the design considerations of one of these projects, Which project is Student A talking about? RENEE ae eee TTT Key words Adjective seismic = force rent rt a solution: USEFUL LANGUAGE Bita..? 2 Look at this picture. Explain the design considerations to Student A, but don’t say the rame of the project (tower crane). USEFUL LANGUAGE Designers need to consider wind ioading and seismic loading. The operator has to have access. Itneeds to move Itmust lift. 3. Look at all of your pictures ard Student A’s pictures. Discuss ‘the design considerations for each project.