Baøi taäp

⎛ 1 −2 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 0 2⎞
1. Cho A = ⎜ ⎟ vaø B = ⎜ ⎟ . Tìm 2A − 3B .
⎝ 4 5 −6 ⎠ ⎝ −7 1 8 ⎠
⎛ −7 −4 0 ⎞
ÑS : ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 29 7 −36 ⎠
⎛ 2 5 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −2 −3 ⎞ ⎛ 0 1 −2 ⎞
2. Cho A = ⎜ ⎟, B = ⎜ ⎟ vaø C = ⎜ ⎟ . Tìm 3A + 4B − 2C .
⎝ 3 0 −4 ⎠ ⎝ 0 −1 5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 −1 −1 ⎠
⎛ 10 5 −11 ⎞
ÑS: ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7 −2 10 ⎠
⎛ 1 2⎞ ⎛1 3⎞ ⎛2 5⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
3. Cho A = ⎜ −1 0 ⎟ , B = ⎜ 2 1 ⎟ vaø C = ⎜ 0 3 ⎟ . Tìm 5A − 3B + 2C .
⎜ 2 1⎟ ⎜ −3 − 2 ⎟ ⎜4 2 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝
⎛ 6 11 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
ÑS: ⎜ −11 3 ⎟
⎜ 27 15 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2 −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 1 −2 5 ⎞
4. Cho A = ⎜ 1 0 ⎟ vaø B = ⎜ ⎟ . Tìm AB , BA .
⎜ −3 4 ⎟ ⎝ 3 4 0 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ −1 −8 10 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎛ −15 19 ⎞
ÑS: AB = ⎜ 1 −2 5 ⎟ ; BA = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 9 22 −15 ⎟ ⎝ 10 − 3 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 −3 2 ⎞ ⎛2 5 6⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
5. Cho A = ⎜ 3 −4 1 ⎟ vaø B = ⎜ 1 2 5 ⎟ . Tìm AB , BA .
⎜ 2 −5 3 ⎟ ⎜1 3 2 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝
⎛ 1 5 −5 ⎞ ⎛ 29 −56 27 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
ÑS: AB = ⎜ 3 10 0 ⎟ ; BA = ⎜ 17 −36 19 ⎟ .
⎜ 2 9 −7 ⎟ ⎜ 14 −25 11 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝
⎛ 5 8 −4 ⎞ ⎛3 2 5⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
6. Cho A = ⎜ 6 9 −5 ⎟ vaø B = ⎜ 4 −1 3 ⎟ . Tìm AB , BA .
⎜ 4 7 −3 ⎟ ⎜9 6 5 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝
⎛ 11 −22 29 ⎞ ⎛ 47 77 −37 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
ÑS: AB = ⎜ 9 −27 32 ⎟ ; BA = ⎜ 26 44 −20 ⎟ .
⎜ 13 −17 26 ⎟ ⎜ 101 161 −81 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2 1 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 0⎞ T T
7. Cho hai ma traän A = ⎜ ⎟, B = ⎜ ⎟ . Tính 3A ± 2B , A A vaø AA .
⎝ 0 1 − 4 ⎠ ⎝ − 3 2 2 ⎠

1
 ⎛ 4 2 −2 ⎞
⎛ 10 5 −3 ⎞ ⎛2 1 −3 ⎞ T ⎜ ⎟ T ⎛6 5 ⎞
ÑS: A + B = ⎜ ⎟; A −B = ⎜ ⎟ ; A A = ⎜ 2 2 −5 ⎟ ; AA = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −6 7 −8 ⎠ ⎝ 6 −1 −16 ⎠ ⎜ −2 −5 17 ⎟ ⎝ 5 17 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ −2 1 ⎞
⎛ 2 −1 3 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 1 1⎞
8. Cho A = ⎜ ⎟ , B = ⎜ 0 2 ⎟ vaø C = ⎜ ⎟.
⎝ 0 1 2⎠ ⎜ 1 −1 ⎟ ⎝ 0 1 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
a) Coù theå thaønh laäp ñöôïc tích cuûa nhöõng caëp ma traän naøo trong caùc ma traän treân.
b) Tính AB , ABC .
3
c) Tính ( AB ) , Cn vôùi n ∈ .
ÑS: a) AB, BA, BC, CA .
⎛ −1 −3 ⎞ ⎛ −1 −4 ⎞ n ⎛1 n⎞ 1
b) AB = ⎜ ⎟ ; ABC = ⎜ ⎟; C = ⎜ ⎟ (Chöùng minh : C = C ñuùng. Giaû söû
⎝2 0⎠ ⎝2 2⎠ ⎝0 1⎠
⎛1 n⎞ ⎛ 1 n ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 n + 1⎞
Cn = ⎜ ⎟ . Ta coù C
n +1
= Cn C = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ ñuùng)
⎝0 1⎠ ⎝ 0 1 ⎠ ⎝ 0 1⎠ ⎝ 0 1 ⎠
⎛ 0 1 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
9. Cho A = ⎜ 0 0 1 ⎟ . Tính A 2 vaø A 3 .
⎜ 0 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛0 0 1⎞ ⎛ 0 0 0⎞
2 ⎜ ⎟ 3 ⎜ ⎟
ÑS: A = ⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟ ; A = ⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0⎟ ⎜ 0 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
10. Cho ma traän
⎛ 1 −2 6 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜ 4 3 −8 ⎟ .
⎜ 2 −2 5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Tìm ma traän X sao cho 3A + 2X = I3 .
⎛ 1 −3 9 ⎞
1 ⎜ ⎟
ÑS: X = ( 3A − I3 ) = ⎜ 6 4 −12 ⎟
2 ⎜ 3 −3 7 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
k k
11. Xaùc ñònh k sao cho = 0.
4 2k
k k
ÑS: = 2k 2 − 4k = 2k ( k − 2 ) = 0 ⇔ k = 0 ∨ k = 2
4 2k
12. Tính caùc ñònh thöùc caáp 2 sau
2 3 sin x cos x
a) b)
1 4 − cos x sin x

ÑS: a) 5; b) 1.

13. Tính caùc ñònh thöùc caáp 3 sau

2
 1 1 1 0 1 1
a) −1 0 1 b) 1 0 1
−1 − 1 0 1 1 0

2 1 1 3 −2 −4
c) 0 5 −2 d) 2 5 −1
1 −3 4 0 6 1

−2 −1 4 7 6 5
e) 6 −3 −2 f) 1 2 1
4 1 2 3 −2 1

1 2 3 2 3 4
g) 4 −2 3 h) 5 6 7
0 5 −1 8 9 1

2 0 1 1 0 0
i) 3 2 −3 j) 3 2 −4
−1 − 3 5 4 1 3

ÑS: a) 1; b) 2; c) 21; d) −11 ; e) 100; f) 0; g) 55; h) 27; i) −5 ; j) 10.

14. Tính caùc ñònh thöùc caáp 4 sau

1 0 2 a x 1 1 1
2 0 b 0 1 x 1 1
a) b)
3 c 4 5 1 1 x 1
d 0 0 0 1 1 1 x

1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
c) d)
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1

ÑS: a) abcd . Khai trieån theo

1 0 2 a
0 2 a
2 0 b 0
=d0 b 0 ⎡⎣ haøng 4 ⎤⎦
3 c 4 5
c 4 5
d 0 0 0
2 a
= d ( −c ) ⎡⎣ coät1⎤⎦
b 0
= d ( −c )( −ab ) = abcd
3
(
b) x − 1 ) ( 3 + x ) . Bieán ñoåi :

3
 x 1 1 1 1 1 1 x
1 x 1 1 1 x 1 1
=− ⎡ (1 ) ∼ ( 4 ) ⎤
1 1 x 1 1 1 x 1 ⎣ ⎦
1 1 1 x x 1 1 1
1 1 1 x ⎡( 2) := ( 2 ) − (1) ⎤
0 x −1 0 1− x ⎢ ⎥
=− ⎢( 3) := ( 3) − (1) ⎥
0 0 x −1 1− x ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣( 4 ) := ( 4 ) − x (1) ⎥⎦
0 1 − x 1 − x 1 − x2
1 1 1 x
0 x −1 0 1− x
=− ⎡( 4 ) := ( 4 ) + ( 2 ) ⎤
0 0 x −1 1− x ⎣ ⎦
0 0 1− x (1 − x )( 2 + x )
1 1 1 x
0 x −1 0 1− x
=− ⎡( 4 ) := ( 4 ) + ( 3) ⎤
0 0 x −1 1− x ⎣ ⎦
0 0 (1 − x )( 3 + x )
0
2 3
= − ( x − 1 ) (1 − x ) ( 3 + x ) = ( x − 1 ) ( 3 + x )

c) −3 ; d) −1

15. Tính ñònh thöùc caáp 5 sau

x a b 0 c
0 y 0 0 d
0 e z 0 f
g h k u l
0 0 0 0 v

ÑS: xyzuv . Khai trieån theo

x a b 0 c
x a b 0
0 y 0 0 d
0 y 0 0
0 e z 0 f =v ⎡⎣ haøng 5⎤⎦
0 e z 0
g h k u l
g h k u
0 0 0 0 v
x a b
= vu 0 y 0 ⎡⎣ coät 4 ⎤⎦
0 e z
y 0
= vux ⎡⎣ coät 1⎤⎦
e z
= vuxyz

16. Tìm ma traän nghòch ñaûo cuûa ma traän A, neáu coù,

4
 ⎛ 1 3 7⎞ ⎛ −2 5 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ −1 ⎜ ⎟
a) A = ⎜ 2 1 2 ⎟ ÑS: A = ⎜ 22 −53 −12 ⎟
⎜ −7 1 4 ⎟ ⎜ −9 22 5 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝
⎛ 1 −1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 11 −2 −5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ −1 1⎜ ⎟
b) A = ⎜ −1 2 1 ⎟ ÑS: A = ⎜ 6 0 −3 ⎟
⎜ 2 −3 4 ⎟ 3⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ −1 1 1 ⎠
⎛1 1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 0 3 −2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ −1 ⎜ ⎟
c) A = ⎜ 1 2 2 ⎟ ÑS: A = ⎜ −1 1 0 ⎟
⎜1 3 3⎟ ⎜ 1 −2 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 2 −3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −2 7 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ −1 ⎜ ⎟
d) A = ⎜ 0 1 2 ⎟ ÑS: A = ⎜ 0 1 −2 ⎟
⎜0 0 1 ⎟ ⎜0 0 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 −1 1 ⎞ ⎛ −1 4 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ −1 ⎜ ⎟
e) A = ⎜ −1 2 1 ⎟ ÑS: A = ⎜ −1 3 −2 ⎟
⎜ −2 3 1 ⎟ ⎜ 1 −1 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 2 −3 ⎞ ⎛ −2 3 −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ −1 1⎜ ⎟
f) A = ⎜ 2 1 −2 ⎟ ÑS: A = ⎜ −4 6 −4 ⎟
⎜ 2 −1 0 ⎟ 2⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ −4 5 −3 ⎠
⎛ 2 2 3⎞ ⎛ 1 −4 −3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ −1 ⎜ ⎟
g) A = ⎜ 1 −1 0 ⎟ ÑS: A = ⎜ 1 −5 −3 ⎟
⎜ −1 2 1 ⎟ ⎜ −1 6 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 −1 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −1 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ −1 1⎜ ⎟
h) A = ⎜ −1 1 −1 ⎟ ÑS: A = ⎜ −1 1 1 ⎟
⎜2 2 0⎟ 4⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ −2 − 2 0 ⎠
⎛ 1 −1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 −4 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ −1 ⎜ ⎟
i) A = ⎜ 0 1 2 ⎟ ÑS: A = ⎜ 0 1 −2 ⎟
⎜0 0 1⎟ ⎜0 0 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
j) A = ⎜ 4 1 2 ⎟ ÑS: A = 0 , A −1 khoâng coù.
⎜ 5 3 6⎟
⎝ ⎠
17. Tìm ma traän X sao cho XA = B , vôùi
⎛ −3 4 6 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −2 6⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜ 0 1 1 ⎟ vaø B = ⎜ 4 3 −8 ⎟
⎜ 2 −3 −4 ⎟ ⎜ 2 −2 5 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝

5
 ⎛ 1 −2 6 ⎞ ⎛ 1 22 ⎞ ⎛ 17 8 26 ⎞
−1 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
ÑS: X = B ⋅ A = ⎜ 4 3 −8 ⎟ ⎜ −2 0 −3 ⎟ = ⎜ −18 0 −25 ⎟
⎜ 2 −2 5 ⎟ ⎜ 2 1 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 16 9 25 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠⎝
18. Giaûi caùc phöông trình ma traän sau
⎛1 2⎞ ⎛ 3 5⎞ ⎛ −2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3 5 ⎞ ⎛ −1 −1 ⎞
a) ⎜ ⎟X = ⎜ ÑS: X = ⎜ 3 1⎟ ⎟=⎜
⎟ ⎜ − ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝3 4⎠ ⎝ 5 9⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝5 9⎠ ⎝ 2 3 ⎠

⎛ 3 −2 ⎞ ⎛ − 1 2 ⎞ ⎛ −1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 3 −2 ⎞
b) X ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ÑS: X = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ 5 3⎟
=
⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 −4 ⎠ ⎝ −5 6 ⎠ ⎝ −5 6 ⎠ ⎝ 2 − 2 ⎠ ⎝ 5 −4 ⎠

⎛ 3 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 5 6 ⎞ ⎛ 14 16 ⎞ ⎛ 2 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 14 16 ⎞ ⎛ −4 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 2 ⎞
c) ⎜ ⎟X⎜ ⎟=⎜ ÑS: X = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ 7 5⎟
=
⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 −2 ⎠ ⎝ 7 8 ⎠ ⎝ 9 10 ⎠ ⎝ 5 −3 ⎠ ⎝ 9 10 ⎠ ⎝ 2 − 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 4 ⎠

⎛ 1 2 −3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −3 0 ⎞ ⎛ −4 3 −2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −3 0 ⎞ ⎛ 6 4 5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
d) ⎜ 3 2 −4 ⎟ X = ⎜ 10 2 7 ⎟ ÑS: X = ⎜ −8 6 −5 ⎟ ⎜ 10 2 7 ⎟ = ⎜ 2 1 2 ⎟
⎜ 2 −1 0 ⎟ ⎜ 10 7 8 ⎟ ⎜ −7 5 −4 ⎟ ⎜ 10 7 8 ⎟ ⎜ 3 3 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 13 −8 −12 ⎞ ⎛ 1 2 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
e) X ⎜ 12 −7 −12 ⎟ = ⎜ 4 5 6 ⎟
⎜ 6 −4 − 5 ⎟ ⎜ 7 8 9 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 2 3 ⎞ ⎛ 13 −8 −12 ⎞ ⎛ 55 −34 −51 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
ÑS: X = ⎜ 4 5 6 ⎟ ⎜ 12 −7 −12 ⎟ = ⎜ 148 −91 −138 ⎟
⎜ 7 8 9 ⎟ ⎜ 6 −4 −5 ⎟ ⎜ 241 −148 −225 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 2 −2 ⎞ ⎛7 3 0⎞ ⎛ 4 −2 4 ⎞ ⎛ 7 3 0 ⎞ ⎛ 20 −4 12 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 1⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ 1⎜ ⎟
f) ⎜ 3 2 −4 ⎟ X = ⎜ 6 8 4 ⎟ ÑS: X = ⎜ 8 −4 2 ⎟ ⎜ 6 8 4 ⎟ = ⎜ 34 −8 −6 ⎟
⎜ 2 −1 0 ⎟ ⎜1 0 5⎟ 6⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ 6 ⎜ 23 −19 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 7 −5 4 ⎠ ⎝ 1 0 5 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
19. Tìm haïng cuûa caùc ma traän sau
⎛1 2 −1 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
a) ⎜ −1 2 4 2⎟
⎜ −3 −2 6 2 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛1 5 4 3 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
2 −1 2 − 1 0⎟
b) ⎜
⎜5 3 8 1 1⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 9 10 5 2 ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 2 3 −2 6 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 −1 −2 −3 8 ⎟
c)
⎜ 3 2 −1 2 4 ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 −3 2 1 −8 ⎠

6
 ⎛ 3 −1 −1 2 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 −1 − 2 4 5 ⎟
d)
⎜1 1 3 −6 −9 ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 12 −2 1 −2 −10 ⎠
⎛ 1 −1 1 −1 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 0 −1 2 0 ⎟
e)
⎜ −1 2 −2 7 −7 ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 −1 −1 0 3 ⎠
⎛0 1 −3 4
−5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1 0 −2 3 − 4 ⎟
f) ⎜
⎜3 2 0 −5 12 ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝4 3 5 0 5 ⎟⎠

ÑS: a) 2. Bieán ñoåi

⎛ 1 2 −1 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 2 −1 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 2 −1 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ( 2):= ( 2) + (1) ⎜ ⎟ ( 3 ): = ( 3 ) − ( 2 ) ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −1 2 4 2 ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
( ) ( ) ()
3 : = 3 + 3 1
→ ⎜ 0 4 3 2 ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎜ 0 4 3 2⎟
⎜ −3 − 2 6 2 ⎟ ⎜ 0 4 3 2⎟ ⎜ 0 0 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
b) 2. Bieán ñoåi
⎛1 5 4 3 1⎞ ⎛1 5 4 3 1⎞
⎜ ⎟ ( 2 ) : = ( 2 ) − 2 (1 ) ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 −1 2 − 1 0⎟ ( 3):= ( 3) − 5(1) ⎜ 0 −11 −6 −7 −2 ⎟
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
⎜5 3 8 1 1⎟ ( 4 ):= ( 4 ) − 4 (1) ⎜ 0 −22 −12 −14 −4 ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 4 9 10 5 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 0 −11 −6 −7 −2 ⎠
⎛1 5 4 3 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
( 3):= ( 3) − 2( 2) ⎜ 0 −11 −6 −7 −2 ⎟
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
( 4 ): = ( 4 ) − ( 2 ) ⎜0 0 0 0 0⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 0 0 0 ⎟⎠

c) 4. Bieán ñoåi

⎛ 1 2 3 −2 6 ⎞ ⎛1 2 3 −2 6 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ( 2 ) : = ( 2 ) − 2 (1 ) ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 −1 −2 −3 8 ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
( 3 ) : = ( 3 ) − 3 ( 1 ) ⎜ 0 −5 − 8 1 − 4 ⎟
→
⎜ 3 2 −1 2 4 ⎟ ( 4 ):= ( 4 ) − 2(1) ⎜ 0 −4 −10 8 −14 ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 −3 2 1 −8 ⎠ ⎝ 0 −7 −4 5 −20 ⎠
⎛1 2 3 −2 6 ⎞ ⎛1 2 3 −2 6 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
( 3):= ( 3) − 45 ( 2) ⎜ 0 −5 −8 1 −4 ⎟ ( 4 ):= ( 4 ) + 2( 3) ⎜ 0 −5 −8 1 −4 ⎟
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 0 − 18 36 − 54 ⎟
( 4 ):= ( 4 ) − 75 ( 2) ⎜ 0 0 − 18
5
36
5
− 54
5 ⎟
⎜ ⎜ 5 5 5 ⎟
⎜0 0 36 18
− 72 ⎟ ⎜0 0 0 18 − 36 ⎟
⎝ 5 5 5 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
d) 2. Bieán ñoåi

7
 ⎛3 −1 −1 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −1 −2 4 5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ( 2 ) : = ( 2 ) − 3 (1 )
⎜1 −1 −2 4 5 ⎟ (1 ) ∼ ( 2 ) ⎜ 3 − 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯→
−1 2 1 ⎟ ( 3 ) : = ( 3 ) − (1 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
⎜1 1 3 −6 −9 ⎟ ⎜1 1 3 −6 −9 ⎟ ( 4 ):= ( 4 ) −12(1)
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 12 −2 1 −2 −10 ⎠ ⎝ 12 −2 1 −2 −10 ⎟⎠
⎛1 −1 −2 4 5 ⎞ ⎛1 −1 − 2 4 5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜0 2 5 −10 −14 ⎟ ( 3 ): = ( 3 ) − ( 2 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎜0 2 5 −10 −14 ⎟
⎜0 2 5 −10 −14 ⎟ ( 4 ): = ( 4 ) − 5 ( 2 ) ⎜ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝0 10 25 −50 −70 ⎠ ⎝0 0 0 0 0 ⎟⎠

e) 4. Bieán ñoåi

⎛ 1 − 1 1 −1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −1 1 − 1 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ( 2):= ( 2) − (1) ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 0 −1 2 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
( 3):= ( 3) + (1)
→ ⎜ 0 1 −2 3 −2 ⎟ ( 3) := ( 3 ) − ( 2 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
⎜ −1 2 −2 7 −7 ⎟ ( 4 ):= ( 4 ) − 2(1) ⎜ 0 1 −1 6 −5 ⎟ ( 4 ):= ( 4 ) − ( 2)
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 − 1 −1 0 3 ⎠ ⎝ 0 1 −3 2 −1 ⎠
⎛ 1 −1 1 −1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −1 1 −1 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 1 −2 3 −2 ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
( 4 ):= ( 4 ) + ( 3) → ⎜ 0 1 −2 3 −2 ⎟
⎜ 0 0 1 3 −3 ⎟ ⎜ 0 0 1 3 −3 ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 0 −1 −1 1 ⎠ ⎝ 0 0 0 2 −2 ⎠
f) 4. Bieán ñoåi

⎛0 1 −3 4 −5 ⎞ ⎛ 1 0 −2 3 −4 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜1 0 −2 3 −4 ⎟ (1) ∼ ( 2) ⎜ 0 1 −3 4 −5 ⎟ ( 3):= ( 3) − 3(1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
⎜3 2 0 −5 12 ⎟ ⎜ 3 2 0 −5 12 ⎟ ( 4 ) : = ( 4 ) − 4 (1 )
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝4 3 5 0 5 ⎟⎠ ⎝4 3 5 0 5 ⎠
⎛1 0 −2 3 −4 ⎞ ⎛ 1 0 −2 3 −4 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜0 1 −3 4 −5 ⎟ ( 4 ):= ( 4 ) − 1222 ( 3) ⎜ 0 1 −3 4 −5 ⎟
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎜
⎜0 0 12 −22 34 ⎟ 0 0 12 −22 34 ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜0 0 0 49
− 79 ⎟
⎝0 0 22 −24 36 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠

20. Bieän luaän theo m haïng cuûa caùc ma traän sau

⎛1 1 −3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
a) ⎜ 2 1 m⎟
⎜1 m 3 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ m 5m − m ⎞
⎜ ⎟
b) ⎜ 2m m 10m ⎟
⎜ − m −2m −3m ⎟
⎝ ⎠

8
 ⎛3 1 14⎞
⎜ ⎟
m 4 10 1 ⎟
c) ⎜
⎜1 7 17 3 ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝2 2 4 1 ⎟⎠

⎛ −1 0 2 1 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 0 −1 2 2 ⎟
d)
⎜ 1 1 1 3 2⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −2 − 1 1 m − 2 ⎠
ÑS: a) m = 0 hay m = −5 : rank = 2; m ≠ 0, −5 : rank = 3.

⎛ 1 1 −3 ⎞ ⎛1 1 −3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ( 2 ) : = ( 2 ) − 2 (1 ) ⎜ ⎟ ( 3):= ( 3) + ( m −1)( 2)
⎜ 2 1 m ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
( 3):= ( 3) − (1)
→⎜0 −1 m + 6 ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
⎜1 m 3 ⎟ ⎜0 m − 1 6 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝
⎛1 1 −3 ⎞ ⎛1 1 −3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 −1 m+6 ⎟ = ⎜ 0 −1 m+6 ⎟
⎜ 0 0 6 + ( m − 1)( m + 6 ) ⎟ ⎜ 0 0 m2 + 5m ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
b) m = 0 : rank = 0; m ≠ 0 : rank = 2.

⎛ m 5m −m ⎞ ⎛ m 5m −m ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ( 2 ) : = ( 2 ) − 2 (1 ) ⎜ ⎟ ( 3):= ( 3) + 13 ( 2)
⎜ 2m m 10m ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
( 3 ) : = ( 3 ) + (1 )
→ ⎜ 0 −9m 12m ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
⎜ − m −2m −3m ⎟ ⎜ 0 3m −4m ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ m 5m − m ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 −9m 12m ⎟
⎜0 0 0 ⎟⎠
⎝
c) m = 0 : rank = 3; m ≠ 0 : rank = 4.

⎛3 1 1 4⎞ ⎛ 1 7 17 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ( 2):= ( 2) − 2(1)
⎜m 4 10 1 ⎟ (1 ) ∼ ( 3 ) ⎜ 2 2 4 1 ⎟
⎯⎯⎯⎯→
( 3 ) : = ( 3 ) − 3 (1 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
⎜1 7 17 3 ⎟ ( 2 ) ∼ ( 4 ) ⎜ 3 1 1 4 ⎟ ( 4 ) : = ( 4 ) − m (1 )
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝2 2 4 1 ⎟⎠ ⎝ m 4 10 1 ⎠
⎛1 7 17 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜0 −12 −30 −5 ⎟
⎜0 −20 −50 −5 ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝0 4 − 7m 10 − 17m 1 − 3m ⎟⎠
⎛1 7 17 3 ⎞ ⎛1 7 17 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
( 3):= ( 3) − 1220 ( 2) ⎜ 0 −12 −30 −5 ⎟ ( 3) ∼ ( 4 ) ⎜ 0 −12 −30 −5 ⎟
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 0
( 4 ):= ( 4 ) + 4 −127m ( 2) ⎜ 0 0 0 10
3
m
2
− 23 − m ⎟
4 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎜0 0 m − 23 − m ⎟ ⎜0 0 0 10 ⎟
⎝ 2 4 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠

9
 ⎛1 7 17 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
( 4 ) := ( 4 ) + 5 ( 3 ) ⎜ 0 −12 −30 −5 ⎟
m = 0 : ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎜
0 0 0 − 23 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜0 0 0 0 ⎟⎠
⎝
d) m = −2 : rank = 3; m ≠ −2 : rank = 4.
⎛ −1 0 2 1 0 ⎞ ⎛ −1 0 2 1 0⎞
⎜ ⎟ ( 2 ) : = ( 2 ) + 2 (1 ) ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 0 −1 2 2 ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ( 3):= ( 3) + (1) → ⎜ 0 0 3 4 2⎟ ( 3) ∼ ( 2 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯→
⎜ 1 1 1 3 2⎟ ( ) ( ) () ⎜0 1 3
4 : = 4 − 2 1 4 2⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ −2 − 1 1 m − 2 ⎠ ⎝ 0 −1 −3 m − 2 −2 ⎟⎠
⎛ −1 0 2 1 0⎞ ⎛ −1 0 2 1 0⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜0 1 3 4 2⎟
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
( 4 ): = ( 4 ) + ( 2 ) → ⎜ 0 1 3 4 2⎟
⎜0 0 3 4 2⎟ ⎜0 0 3 4 2⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 −1 −3 m − 2 −2 ⎠ ⎝ 0 0 0 m+2 0 ⎠⎟

10