LABORATORY MANUAL ON TESTING OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS HEMANT SoopCopyright © 1996, New Age International (P) Ltd, Publishers Reprint 2003 NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryagani, ‘New Delhi- 110.002 Offices at: Bangalore, Chennai, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Lucknow and Mumbai This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. This book cannot be sold outside the country towhich it is consigned by the publisher without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN : 81-224-0757-9 34567 Published by K.K. Gupta for New Age International (P) Ltd., 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-1 10 002 and printed in india at Ramprintograph, Delhi-1 10051.CONTENTS ies Foreward iit Preface UNIT-i_ BRICKS 1 (1) Test for compressive strength. 1 (2) Test for water absorption. 2 (3)_ Test for efflorescence. 4 (4)_ Test for dimension and tolerance. s (5)_Test for warpage. 6 UNIT-IL_RUILDING STONES —______s (6)__Method of test for determination of water absorption, apparent specific gravity and porosity of natural building stones. (7)__Determination of true specific gravity of natural building stones. 10 (8)_ Method of test for determination of durability of natural building stones. 2 (9) _ Compressive or crushing strength test of building stone. 13, (10) Transverse strength test of building stone. 15 (11)_ Tensile strength test of building stone. ” (12)__ Shear strength test of building stone. 19 (13) Determination of weathering of natural building stones. 24 UNIT-L METALS Fy (14) Method for Brinell Hardness test for light metals and their alloys. 2B (15)_Method for Vicker's Hardness test for light metals and their alloys. 30 (16) _ Method for charpy Impact test (U-Notch) for metals. 32 (17) Method for transverse testing of hard metals. 36 (18)_ Method for reverse bend testing of metals. 39 UNIT-IV TIMBER 4 (19) Testing timber for (a) Tension perpendicular to grain (b) Tension parallel to grain. 41 (20) . Testing timber for resistance to nail pulling and screwpulling. 46 (21) Testing for brittleness of timber (Izod and charpy test). 47 (22) Testing of timber for its resistance against torsion. 50(B) (24) (25) Determination of moisture content in the given timber specimen. Determination of specific gravity and shrinkage. Static bending test. UNIT-V_ LIME (26) @7) (28) 29) (30) G1) Determination of residue on slaking of quieklime. Determination of fineness of hydrated lime. Determination of volume yield of quicklime. Determination of compressive and transverse strength. Determination of workability. ‘Determination of soundness. SIaes Ses aaUNIT-I BRICKS Expt. No.l Objective Apparatus & Material Precautions Test For Compressive Strength To determine the compressive strength of a brick. Bricks when used in construction jobs mainly masonry wall are subjected to compressive stresses due to the load transferred. So in order to enable them to sustain the load coming on them, they should be tested for their campressive strength. The compressive strength of a common brick should be 50 kg/m’, (@) A compression testing machine (il) Trowel (ii) Cement (iv) Sand (%) Water 1. Take five bricks out of the sample at random. 2. Immerse the bricks in water at room temperature (25° C to 29°C) for 24 hours. 3. Take out the bricks and remove and wipe off any surplus moisture from the surfaces at room temperature. 4, Fill the frog.an¢ all other voids with cement mortar 1:3 (1 cement and clean coarse sand of grade 3 mm and down), 5. Store the bricks under damp gunny bags for 24 hrs followed by immersion in water for three days (72 hrs). 6. Take out the bricks and wipe out any traces of moisture. Place the bricks with flat surfaces horizontal and mortar filled frog face upward between two or three thin ply sheets each of thickness 3 mm and carefully centre them between plates of testing machine, 7. Apply the load at a uniform rate of 140 kg/cm® per minute till the brick foils, 8. Take the average value of the compressive strength of the five bricks. 1. Frog and all voids should be properly filled up with cement mortar of mix 1:3 and should give a plane surface for loading. 2. Frog filled brick should be properly cured under water before test is carried out.LABORATORY MANUAL ON TESTING OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS 3. The load should be applied centrally and at a uniform rate of 140 kg/em? min till specimen fails. Questions fordiscussion Q.1. What do you mean by compressive strength? Q.2. What cement mortar mix should be used for filling the frog? Observations & Calculations Sr. No Max. load at failure ‘Compressive kes) (en?) strongth (kg/cm?) 1 iz 3 Expt. No.2 Test for Water Absorption Objective To determine the water absorption capacity of a brick. Theory The absorption of brick is not related directly 10 porosity owing to the nature of pores themselves. Some of the pores maybe ‘through’ pores which permit air to escape in absorption tests and allow free passage of water in absorption tests, but others are completely seated and inaccessible to water under ordinary conditions. For this reason it is seldom possible to fll more than about three quarters of pores by simple immersion in cold weier. For measuring total absorption the boiling method is adopted. More is the water absorption capacity weaker is the brick and vice versa. Apparatus (i) Ventilated oven & Material (ij) Balance weighing upto 0.1 per cent of the weight of the specimen (iii) Bricks 10 Nos. Procedure A. Cold Water Test 1. Select five bricks at random out of the sample. 2. Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 110°C to 115°C till it attains a substantially constant weight. : 3. Remove the bricks from the oven and cool them to room temperature and obiain its weight W; (kg). 4. Immerse the five bricks completely in water at 272° C for 24 hours. 5. Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of water with a damp cloth and weigh the specimen within three minutes after its removal from water. Let its weight be Wa (kg).BRICKS 3 6. Water absorption capacity in terms of percent by weight is given by ae 5 100 7. Take the average value of the water absorption capacities of the five bricks. 8. Thewater absorption capacities for various classes of bricks should not exceed the following- Ist class brick > 20 per cent by weight Und class brick } 22 per cent by weight Ullrd class brick + 25 per cent by weight B. Boiling Water Test 1, Repeat till step (3) as in (A) above. 4, Immerse the specimen immediately into a tank and place it in such a way that water can circulate freely on all sides of the specimen. . Stir the water occasionally to ensure complete expulsion if enlocked air . Heat the water to boiling in one hour and boil continuously for 5 hours. Then allow it to coo! to room temp (27 2°C) by natural loss of heat for 16 to 19 hours. Remove, drain out any surplus moisture and rub with damp cloth. . Weigh the specimen, within three minutes after its removal from water and let its weight be Ws (kg). 10. Water absorption capacity expressed as percent by weight is given by Wa 7 x 100 Average of five test observations is taken as the final value. eens Mh, Precautions 1. Bricks should be properly dried in a ventilated oven and then its weight W/ taken. 2. Proper stirring should be donc to ensure complete expulsion of enlocked air. 3. Care should be taken to completely remove surplus moisture with damp cloth. Questions for discussion Q.1. How water absorption capacity affects the crushing strength of a brick? Q2. What should be the water absorption capacity for a Ist, 2nd and 3rd class bricks? Observations & Calculations ‘Sr. No. ‘Oven dry wi.of | Wet w. of specimen} Wet wt. of Water absorption specimen (cold water test) | specimen in percentage Wi (kg) Wa (kg) esting fer WW yoy | Wi, sop Ws (ke) Mi me 1LABORATORY MANUAL ON TESTING OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS Expt. No.3 Test for EMorescence Objective To know the presence of any alkaline matter in the brick. Theory The salts such as sulphates of sodium and potassium if present in the brick are dissolved by the absorbed water and when drying conditions prevail, evaporation takes place at the outer face of the wall and the water previously absorbed is drawn to the face and with it, the salts in solution. As the evaporation proceeds, the concentration of the salt in solution increases until the point is reached where they crystallize out. The exact position where crystallization takes place depends largely oa the capillary properties of the materials. It may be on the surface orin a layer just behind the surface. If it is on the surface, it provides a serious disfigurement, while if it is behind the surface, it may lead to disruption and spalling off the surface layer. Apparatus (i) A shallow flat bottom dish & Material (jj) Distilled water (iii) Bricks 5 Nos. Procedure 1. Take the bricksamples and place them along their ends in the dish, the depth of immersion in water being 2.5 em. 2. Place the whole arrangement in a warm (18°C to 30°C) well-ventilated room until all the water in the dish evaporates. When the water has been absorbed and the brick appears to be dry, place a similar quantity of water in the dish and allow it to evaporate as before. 3. Examine the bricks for efflorescence after the second evaporation and report the results referring to the table below : Sr. No. ‘Observation Result 1. | No perceptible deposit Nilefflorescence 2 | 10% area covered with thin deposit of salts Slight-efflorescence 3. | 50% area covered with deposit of salts without any Moderate-efflorescence powdering or flaking surface 4, | 50% area covered with deposit of salts accompanied by Heavy-efflorescence flaking of surface 4. | Heavy deposits of salts accompanied by flaking of the Serious-efflorescence surface Precautions 1. Room should be well-ventilated. 2. Brick should be completely dry before making any observation. Questions for discussion QI. Define etflorescence? Q.2. What are the ill-effects of efflorescence?aRICKS. Observations & Calculations Expt. No.4 Test for Dimension and Tolerance Objective To know the accuracy of the dimensions of the bricks. Theory _ Normally the bricks having smooth and even surface with perfect rectangular shape and size are categorised as first class bricks. Any slightest change in dimensions will put it into other classes of bricks. Apparatus (i) Astandard steel tape & Material (ij) Bricks 20 Nos. Procedure 1. Take twenty bricks out of the given lot. 2. Remove loose particles of clay and small projections from the bricks. 3. Arrange them on a level surface in contact with each other and in a straight line. 4. Measure the overall length of the bricks having size 19 x 9 x 9m laid by means of a steel tape. 5S. The dimensions of 20 bricks should be within the following limits. Class Length Width Height ‘Class A. 368 to 392 cm 174 to 186cm 174 to 186 cm Class B 350 to 410 em 165 to 195m 165 to 195 cm Precautions 1. The edges of the bricks when laid together should be in contact with each other. 2. All loose particles of clay and small projections should be removed, Questions for discussion Q.1. What is the standard size of a common building brick? Q.2. What should be tolerance limit for class A brick when 20 bricks are laid in contact with each other?6 LABORATORY MANUAL ON TESTING OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS Within Observations & Calculations ‘Length of 20 bricks Expt. No.5 Test for Warpage Objective It determines the warpage of burnt clay building bricks. Theory Warpage can be defined as the distortion in the shape of the building bricks. It can occur either in the concave or convex form and can be measured as the greatest distance of the brick surface from the straight edge. Apparaus & (i) Asteet rule graduated from one end in 0.5 mm divisions or a steel measuring wedge 60 mm Material in length, 15 mm in width and 15 mm in thickness at one end and tapered starting at a line 15 mm from one end to zero thickness at the other end. The wedge shall be graduated in 0.5 mm divisions and numbered to show the thickness of the wedge between the bare AB and the slope AC (Fig. 1.1) Fig..1. MEASURING WEDGE (ii) A flat surface of steel or glass, aot less than 300 x 300 mm in area. Procedure 1, Select 10 number bricks from the given lot 2. Remove any dirt adhering to the surface of brick.Bricks 7 3. For determining concave warpage place the flat surtace along the surface to be measured selecting the location that gives the greatest departure from straightness and measure the greatest distance of the brick surface from edge of straightness by a steel rule or wedge. 4. For convex warpage place the brick on the flat surface with the convex surface in contact with the flat surface. Measure the distance from flat surface to the four corners of the brick, and take the maximum of four measurements. Precautions 1. Samples collected should be the true representative of one complete lot. 2. The departure of brick surface from the straight edge should be accurately measured to the nearest 0.5 mm. Questions for discussion QL. Define warpage and explain its ill-eftect? Q.2. Explain how the warpage is determined? ObservationsUNIT-II BUILDING STONES Expt, No.1 Method of test for determination of water absorption, apparent specific gravity and porosity of Objectives Theory, natural building stones. To determine the water absorption, apparent specific gravity and porosity of natural building stone. ‘The porosity of the building stone determines its water absorbing capacity. Greater the porosity more will be its capacity to absorb water, Porous stones are unsuitable for the construction work as rain water falling on their exposed surface get driven in the pores of stones by the winds, The rain water generally becomes acidic due to atmospheric acidic gases and this acidic water reacts with the constituents of stones causing them to crumple. In higher region water in the pores when freezes, disintegrates the stones because of increased volume after freezing, Porous stones should be used in the construction of structures with care and at places which are not exposed to frost, rain or moisture. Apparatus & (i) Cylindrical Measuring Glass Jars—of 1000 ml and 100 mi capacity. The 100 mi jar shall have Material graduation mark of 1 ml. ii) Glass Vessel—of about 1.5 litre capacity and two dry absorbent cloths of 0.5 m? area each. (ii) Balance of eapacity 3 kg with an accuracy of 1 gm. (iv) Desiceator. () Oven. 1. The test piece weighing about 1 kgshall be washed to remove particles of dust and immersed in distilled water in a glass yesscl at room temperature of 20 to 30°C for 24 hours. 2. Soon after immersion and again at the end of soaking period, entrapped air shall be removed by gentle agitation achieved by rapid clockwise and anti-clockwise rotation of the vessel. ‘The vessel shall then be emptied and the test piece be allowed to drain. ‘The test piece shall then be placed on dry cloth and gently surface dried with the cloth, It shall be spread out not more than one stone deep on the second cloth and left exposed to atmosphere away from direct sunlight or any other source of beat for not less than 10 min until it appears to be completely surface dry. The sample shall then be weighed as ‘B’. ‘The sample shall then be carefully introduced in the 1000 ml capacity measuring cylinder and distilled water shall be poured by means of 100 mal capacity measuring cylinder in the larger gylinder while taking care to remove entrapped air, until the level of water in the larger ae ”BUILDING STONES ° cylinder reaches 1000 ml mark. The quantity of water thus added shall be recorded in ml or expressed in gram weight ‘C’. 6. The water in the larger cylinder shall be drained and the sample shall be carefully taken out and dried in an oven at 100 to 110°C for not less than 24 hours. It shall then be cooled in a desiccator to room temperature and weighed ‘A’. The room temperature during the test shall be recorded. 7, Theapparent specific gravity, water absorption and porosity are calculated rom the following formulae: Apparent specific gravity = zag Water absorption = tex 10 ‘Apparent porosity = pptex10 a True specific gravity — rent specific gravit ‘True porosity = speci gravity Where A = Weight of oven-iry test piece in gm, and B = Weight of saturated surface-dry test piece in gm. C = Quantity of water added in 1000 ml for containing the test piece in gm. Precautions 1. Entrapped air should be thoroughly removed from the glass vessel. 2. The moisture from the surface should be thoroughly removed to ensure that the sample is in saturated surface-dry condition, Interpretation of Results ‘Low specific gravity indicates porous, weak and absorptive materials whereas high specific gravity indicates materials of good quality. Greater is the water absorptive capacity weaker will be the stone, and its tendency to crumble down under the increased load will be higher. Questions for discussion Q.1. Define apparent specific gravity, water absorption and porosity? Q2. What is the effect of each on selecting the building stone for the construction purpose? Observations & Wt. of sample = 1000 gm Calculations Roomtemperaurer°C= °C Quantity of water added in 1000 mljar containing the Mean = Mean =aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.BUILDING STONES rey solution by repeated washing, if necessary, as determined by the reaction of the wash water with barium chloride. The test pieces shall be weighed after every five cycles and the change in weight duc to disintegration noted. The test pieces shall be examined during the course of the test for development of cracks or spalling. Precautions 1, ‘The specimen after takingoutfrom sodium sulphate decshydrate solution should be air-dried for hall an hour before being dried in an oven at 10525°C for 4 hours. 2. The cycle of operation shall be repeated for 30 cycles. x ty of the building stone shall be expressed in percentage as change in the weight. If Wis the original weight of the sample and W2the weight after completion of 30 cycles of the test. : then the change in weight shall be reported as equal to 5 a0 Greater the change in weight, less durable will be the building stone and vice versa. Questions for discussion QL1. Define durability of the building stone? Q.2. How will you determine the durability of a stone? Q.3. Is the less durable stone fit for use in construction purposes? If not, why? Observations & Calculations Original weight ‘Weight of the ‘Change in weight ofthe specimen specimen after in percentage Wi (gm) completion of Wi- W2 30 cycles W2 (gm) wy * 100 Expt No. 4 Compressive or Crushing Strength of Building Stone. Objective Todetermine the compressive strength of the given sample of tone in order to judge itsstructural adequacy.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.BUL.DING STONES v Interpretation of Result Incase any specimen gives avalue of as much as 15 percent below the average, it may be examined for defecis and if the low valuc appears to be duc to 2 flaw or faulty test piece a fresh test shall be made and the average of three tests taken. ‘Questions for discussion Q.1. What is the importance of conducting transverse strength test on building stones? Q.2. What is the importance of measuring width so accurately upto 0.2 mm? Expt. No.6 Tenslle Strength of Building Stone ‘To determine the tensile strength of building stone. ‘The building stone if subjected to a tensile strength during construction, should be sufficiently ‘strong enough to resist the split tension. In order to determine the tensilestrength of the building stone, the unweathered specimen should be obtained from all the strata that appear to vary in ‘colour, texture and structure. Also specimen is collecied from the ficid stones and boulders after thorough investigation. Those pieces which are damaged by blasting, driving wedges, heating etc. ‘should not be included in the sample detained for testing. ifaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.BUILDING STONES 16 FLAT FILLET HEAD SCREW 35 mm LONG, THREADED 20mm, WEAD Vimm§ AND Smm THK FRICAL BEARING BLOCK STEEL HARDENED ANO FINSSHED 8.70 mm ORL, DEER, BORE aiae: DEEP’ cess for eunesson yELICa ELA SPRING OF FREE COLS 31.00mm # HOLE SLIDE FIT WITH PLUNGER LOWER MEMBER Alldimensions in millmetroe 24 Detala of Pats. Fig.24 DETAILS OF DUTTON PUNCHING SHEAR DEVICE (Cont)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.BUILDING STONES Zz PERS TOMMOAwA Beam of balance Loop for attachment to stirrup of balance Suspension wire of 0.81 mm dia brass wire Water level Bail of basket of 1.83 mm dia brass wire Specimen Water jar Brass ring Suspension basket Water jarsupport Balance pan Bottom of basket of 1.83 mm dia brass wire (all joints soldered) Balance pan suspension rod P — Cut away section of basket Fig. 28 APPARATUS FOR CONDUCTING WEATHERING TEST 3. The test pieves shall be finished smooth and the edges shall be rounded to a radius of approximately 3 mm by grinding. 4. The test pieces shall be dried in a well ventilated oven for 24 hours at 105 + 5°C and cooled B. Performing the test in a desiccator to room temperature (20 to 30°C). 1. The dried and cooled test pieces shall be weighed to the nearest 0.01 gm and the weight of ‘each recorded as 1 gm. 2. The specimens shall then be submerged in water at 20 to 30°C for 24 hours. Each specimen shall be weighed as W2 gm whilst totally, immersed and freely suspended in water (when ‘weighing test pieces in water, they shall be weighed suspended in such a position that air is not entrapped in the cavities). 3. It shall then be removed, the surface water wiped off with a damp cloth and weighed again as Ws gm. The weighing of each specimen shall be completed within three minutes of its removal from water.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.METALS Appratus & Material Procedure Precautions » (i) Balls ranging from one mm diameter to 10 mm diameter and shail be of hardened and tempered steel or tungsten carbide with a hardness of alteast 850 HV, and shall be polished and free from surface defects. Any ball showing any deformation after the test greater than as specified below or any surface defect shall be rejected. Diameter of Ball Tolerance (mm) (mm) From | to 3 + 0.0035 Over 3 106 £ 0.004 Over 6 to 10 + 0.0045 ‘Standard loading machine. Microscope or any other device for measuring the diameter of indentation. 1. Prepare the test specimen having sufficiently smooth and even surface, free from any foreign matter. 2. The thickness of the spocimen should be such that it is not fess than 8 times the depth of the indentation ‘h’ where, F Depih of indentation : t= sy Ree TT hardnes 3. Place the prepared sample on the rigid (firm) base, care being taken that it is not displaced during the test. 4. The specimen is placed in such a position that the distance of the centre of the indentation shall be atleast 3d from the edge of the test piece, and the distance between cenires of two adjacent indentation shall be atleast 6 d. 5. (@) For materials baving a Brinell hardness lower than 55, the applied load taken shall be equal to 5 D*, (ii) For materials having a hardness greater than 80, the applied load F shall be equal to 10D? or 15 DY, {€the expected hardness of the material to be Jested lies betwsen 55 and 80, the applied load F can have any convenient value of 5D”, 10D? or 15D”, 6. Place thé ball on the surface of the test piece and gradually apply the pressure normal to.the surface until the test load is attained within a minimum period of 10 seconds. Maintain this load for 30 + 2 seconds (for magnesium and its alloys, the test toad maintained is for 120 5 seconds) 7. Measure the diameter of the indenfation in two directions at right angles and take the mean value of the two readings for the purpose of determining the hardness. 8. The Brinell hardness HB can be measured as - Test load HB = ‘sorties area of indentation 2k . xD(D~ VDP #) |. Care shall be taken in preparing the test piece to avoid any prejudicial change in condition, for example, due to heating or cold working.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.‘TABLE3.1 DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES OF FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS TEST PIECES (Clauses 5.1 and 6.1) ‘St Item ‘Nominal Machining Tolerances No. Dimension Ferrous Test. Non-ferrous Pieces Tent Pieces @ @ 8) @) 6) mm Tam mm i) Length 5s +060 +05 ii) Width: Standard test piece 10 +011 £0.05 Subsidiary test pieces 15 20.11 £0.05 5 +005 + 0.025 iii) Thickness 10 20.11 = 0.05 iv) Root radius of natch 10 +007 +007 v) Depth below notch 8 (2mm notch) +009 +005 7Gmmnotch) +£0.09 +005 $(Smm notch) +009 +005 vi) Distance of centre of notch 25 +£0.42 +025 from ends of test piece vii) Angle between plane of sym- or 22 +2 metry of notch and fongi- tudinal axis of test piece Procedure 1, Cutaspecimen 55mm x 10mm x 10mm from the given material, after machining all the faces. 2. Cut a U-notch of specified depth with 1 mm root radius in the centre of the length of one face. “3. Place the specimen on the supports in sch a manner that the plane of symmetry of the notch is within 0.5 mm of the plane of swing of the striker. (Refer Fig. 3.4). 4, The speed of hammer at the instant of striking shall be 5 to 5.5 m/s. 5. Note down the temperature of the specimen before if it differs from the specified tempera- tare, then immerse the specimen in a bath for a period not less than 10 minutes to bring it to the appropriate level before testing. This procedure may be carried out for specified temperature range from sub-zero to 200°C. 6. For test at temperature above 200°C the test pieces shall be heated in an ovea or salt bath. 7. Take out thespecimen and test it within 6seconds from the time of removal from the bath. 8. Forstandard test the striking energy of the testing machine shallbe 300 10J and the impact strength, obtained under these conditions, using the 5 mm deep U-notch, shall be denoted by KU.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.METALS ” 6. Calculate the transverse rupture strength for six test pieces and arrange them in ascending otder designated 3x1, £2, 13,4, 25,6. 7. The arithmetic mean of x3 and x4 is reported as the test result. 8. The standard deviation may be calculated as: no \? sD = gat) ane 9. The correction factor ‘K’ which arises because of chamfer on the test piece, is as given Chamfer Correction factor K 0.41005 mm 1.02 0.18 t0 0.2 mm 1.00 10. By using the two values x3 and x4 in calculation of the transverse rupture strength the influence of extreme values is minimized. However, in determining the standard deviation ‘no value should be discarded. 11, If the fracture occurs in the tension side of the test piece at a point whose distance from the line of application of the load is more than 2.5 mm, than the test shall be discarded. Precautions 1. The thickness and width of the specimen should be determined to an accuracy of + 0.025 mm, 2. The periphery speed of the whee! while grinding the test specimen should be about 20 mis. 3. Surface treatments should be avoided as they introduce high stresses in the test Piece. 4. Copious amount of coolant shall be applied during grinding. 5. The load should be applied without substantial impact. 6 The point of application of the load shall not exceed 0.2 mm from the middle of the span. (Questions for discussion Q.1 Why should the support cylinder be made of hard metal? Q.2. Whyshould the test piece be used with its surface in ‘as Sintesed” condition? Q.3. How do you take care of chamfer existing on the test piece, in determining the transverse rupture strength? Q4. Having six different readings, how do you arrive at the final result?aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.TIMBER 3 Questions for discussion Q.1 Why cushioning springs are provided in the machine while testing the specimen ? Q.2. Why should constant rate of loading be applied ? Q3. Howcan the strength properties of different species of timber be compared with the help of this test. ? Observations and Calculations Surface Load ‘P Area (A) Tensile stress ‘Average Radial/ (kgs) (mm?) (PIA) kg/mm? ‘Tangential B. Tension Parallel-to-Grain Test 1. Prepare the specimen free fromall defects and having annual ringson the ends perpendicular to the greater cross-sectional dimension. ( Ref. Fig. 43) Cis 7 / SOmm GAUGE LENGTHaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.TIMBER, a 6. The two nails or screws on the radial or tangential face shall not be driven in a line parallel to the length of the specimen or less than the projected length of $0 mm apart (Fig. 4.4). 7. ‘The specimen as prepared above shall be held firmly during the test. The nail gripping device shall then be clamped to the nail. 8. The load shall be applicd continuously throughout the test so that the movable head moves at a constant rate of 2 mm per minute until the nail or screw is pulled out completely. 9. The maximum load required to pull out the nails or screws shall be recorded. The average of the two readings of each radial, tangential and end tests shall be recorded separately. Precautions 1. Condition of timber should be noted (green or dry) 2. Moisture content of timber should be specified. ‘Questions for discussion .Q.1 Specify the size of the screw or nail to be used, Q2. Why is it important to know the condition of the specimen before conducting the test ? Observations & Calculations Maximum load ‘P* [___ Maximum lad (ig) Sample )_| Sample (1) Maximum Lood 7” (kg)Sample () Average = Average = Eayt. No.3 Testing for Brittleness of Timber (Izod & Charpy Test) Objective Theory To test the timber for its brittleness. ‘The property of brittleness determines the resistance offered by the timber to the sudden impact ofthe blow. The selection of the timber depends upon itsstructural use, Places where impact loads are expected or where flexibility in the structure is required the timber which is less brittle should be resorted to. It should not break in bending and should resist splitting. Less brittle timber should be used where more flexibility is desired.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.| BaptNo.s | Objective Apparatus & Material Procedure Precautions Determination of Moisture Content in the Given Timber Specimen. To determine the percentage of moisture content in the specimen of timber. ‘Almost all the mechanical properties of seasoned timber vary with mositure content, and therefore, it is necessary that the moisture content of timber and its specific gravity be determined. A well seasoned timber may contain about 10 to 12 percent moisture which is necessary for proper retention of the shape and size of the articles manufactured of the timber. On the other hand if the timber is not properiy seasoned before use itis liable to shrink, warp, crack, rot and decay. ‘This is why properly seasoned timber need only be used for high class timber work. @_ Weighing Balance, with accuracy of 0.001 gm. (ii) Electric oven, 1. Immediately afier performing the mechanical test on the specimen, take out a disc of approximately 25 cm length and of full section as the test piece, at the place of failure, or ‘otherwise at the central portion of the test specimen. 2. Weigh the sample and then dry it in an oven ata temperature of 103° 20°C. Note down its weight as W; gm. 3. Note down the weight of the disc at regular intervals and drying shall be considered to be complete when the variation between last two weighings shall not exceed 0.002 gm. 4, ‘The final weight shall be taken as oven dry weight and is represented as Wo gm. 5. ‘The loss in weight expressed as a percentage of the oven dry weight, shall be taken as the moisture content of the test specimen. 6, The moisture content of the disc shall be tken as representing the moisture content of the test specimen as a whole. 1, Great care shall be taken to prevent any change in moisture content between the cutting of the disc and the first weighing and between the removal from the oven end subsequent weighings. 2, Increase in temperature of the oven should be gradual. Questions for discussion Q.1 What should be the percentage of moisture content of a well seasoned timber ? Q2 Why is seasoning of timber done ? Q3 What are the harmful effects of timber having more moisture content than specified ? Observations & Calculations ‘Wi of sample at test 1 (gm)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.uMBER ’ s , ' 7 1 cut) o> amnion | Gaya | ea) on vesuad | dompoos | -wmpeos ae | rena | eum wasq | sup, | mon | N's SUONDpIIIDD P SuONDUISGaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.UNIT-V- LIME Expt. No.1 Determination of residue on slaking of quicklime Objective To determine the residue on the respective sicves as percentage of mass of quicklime. Theory _Slakingis the process by which the quicklime is completely hydrated with amaximum volume yield. During slaking lime expands considerably and therefore if any portion of lime comes into the mortar unslaked, it will slake subsequently thereby expanding and causing damage to the masonry work. Properly slaked lime consists of fine particles. Slaking of lime is an important process and {great care should be exercised to slake the lime completely. Apparatus (i) _LS sieves 236 mm, 850 micron and 300-micron. & Material Circular bin, 45 cm diameter and 50 cm deep. Filter cloth made up of closely woven unbleached calico of size 1.0 x 1.5m, Thermometer, measuring upto + 1°C Stirrer. TABLE 5.1 SAMPLE SIZE Lot Size ‘Gross Sample Size Gross Sample Size t for Lumps for Powdered ‘Quicktime kg kg @) 2 @) Upto 100 500 250 101 10 300 1000 500 301 10 500 1500 750 501 to 1.000 2000 1000 Procedure A. Preparation of the sample 1. ‘The sampling of the quicklime (lump or powdered form) is done depending upon the size of the lot. (See Table 5.1) The final sample each of not less than 20 kgs, three in number, is placed in clean, dry, air-tight containers, marked and scaled, special attention paid to the air tightness of the container.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.LABORATORY MANUAL ON TESTING OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS Fig. &1 SOUTHARD VISCOSMETER up thoroughly and repeating the test in Southard viscosimeter, till the desired slump is obtained. 5. After the lime putty has obtained the desired consistency then the volume yield is determined from the density of the putty. For this, the density of the putty shall be determined by weighing its known volume using the density vessel shown in Fig. $.2. Care being taken to eliminate air bubbles. 6 The volume shall be calculated from the formula Volume yield in ml per gm of quicktime = 0.70/d-1 where d = density of the lime putty. 7. Table 5.2 gives the volume of lime for different densities of lime putty for guidance.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Primarily written for the students of Civil Engineering and practising engineers involved in the testing of building materials, the manual describes in straight-forward and systematic manner the testing of engineering materials. Each test given in the manual outlines the objectives, theory, apparatus requirements, procedures, precautions, questions for discussion and observations and calculations. For all the tests specified, the procedure is based on the relevant Indian Standard Code of Practice which is the usual accepted method of performing the tests. The manual can be used by students and field engineers for keeping the record of tests performed in the laboratory. Since each test requires a different reference of the Indian Standard Codes, it may not be practically feasible in the field conditions and therefore this manual comes quite handy for these situations. It will be invaluable and indispensable manual for imparting effective instructions to diploma and under graduate level students as also to field engineers. Hemant Sood is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical Teachers Training Institute, Chandigarh where he is involved with the development of instructional material, both print and non-print, staff development, curriculum development and R & D projects. Hemant Sood was actively involved in the development of Continuing Education Package on “Concrete Mix Design” published by Indian Society of Technical Education. He has developed number of video films on testing of cement, earthmoving equipment and construction of flexible pavement besides undertaking number of consultancy projects in concrete technology. He is B.E. with Honours and M.E. in Highway Engineering from Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh. Besides joining TTTI, Chandigarh in Dec, 1988 he has served Rail Indian Technical and Economic Services Limited (RITES), Govt. of India enterprise under Ministry of Railways as Assistant Manager for a period of One and a half years where he was involved in the designing of number of minor bridges besides strengthening the existing Agra-Jaipur National Highway. NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS New Delhi + Bangalore * Chennai * Guwahati * Hyderabad Kolkata * Lucknow * Mumbai ISBN : 81-224-0757-9