Practical: Minor Levelling

Introduction:

Levelling 
Is a method to measure the elevation difference between two (2) or more points. In this practical, focus is
shifted to one of levelling techniques namely, fly level observation or also known as the rise and
fall method. The observation will be initiated from a known reduced level  (RL) value of a benchmark
(BM) and end at another known RL value of BM.
In between the BMs, a number of change points (CPs) will be set up to observe the fore sight-reading and the
back sight reading of each stationed staves and the values are booked. Upon completion of the observation, the
RL values will be calculated and booked. After the RL values are known, three (3) arithmetical checks will be
calculated to ensure the precision of the works. Consequently, the adjustment value can be computed where
this value will be distributed accordingly to each station. Finally, the adjusted RL values are booked and the
disclosure will be calculated to be compared with the adjusted values to determine whether the levelling works
is accepted or unsatisfactory.

Objective:
1. Able to carry out fly level observation (Rise and Fall method) from BM
Standard bench mark (SBM) to temporary bench mark  (TBM).

 2. Able to compute the transferred RL from BM/SBM to TBM.

 3. Able to adjust and check the leveling data.

Instrument Used:
1. Level
2. Staff 
3. Tripod

Methodology and Data Processing:
1. The level is set up at a convenient position, I1 The staff is held on the BM and a reading is taken. This will
be a back sight (BS), because it is the first staff reading after the leveling instrument has been set up. The length
of foresight and back sight should be as equal.
2. The staff is moved to point A and takes reading. This will be a foresight (FS). And point A will bea change
point (CP).
3. Next, the levelling instrument is moved to position I2 and the staff is left at point A and point B on
the change point (CP). The staff is turned so that it faces the level and a reading is taken. This
will be a back sight for point A and fore sight for point B.
4. Next, the levelling instrument is moved to position I3 and the staff is left at point B and point C on
the change point (CP). The staff is turned so that it faces the level and a reading is taken. This
will be a back sight for point B and fore sight for point C.
5. The same step is repeated for the position I4.The level instrument is set up and the reading for both
staff at point C and D are taken.
6. While the staff remains at D, the instrument level is moved to another position, I5.A reading taken from
new position to the staff at D. This is a BS.
7. The staff is moved to TBM and E in turn and reading taken while the level at I 5. Point E will be the FS
and TBM will be an intermediate sight (IS)
 8. Move the level at position I6 and move the staff at point E and point F then take both readings.
The BS is point E and FS is point F.
9. The same step for position I7, move the staff at point F and point G and take the readings.
10.Finally, the level is moved to I8 , a BS is point G and FS is the BM. The final staff position is at
a point of known RL. This is most important as all levelling fieldwork must start and finish at 
points of known reduced level; otherwise it is not possible to detect misclosures in the
levelling.

Result & Analysis:

The reading are shown booked by the rise and fall method in These are normally recorded in a level book
containing the entire relevant column. Each line of the level book corresponds to a
staff position and this is confirmed by the entries in the Remarks column. The calculation proc
eeds in thefollowing manner, in which the reduced level of points is related to that of a previous point.

Conclusion:

We manage to carry out fly level observation from Bench Mark (BM) to Temporary Bench
Mark (TBM). All the readings data were booked by the rise and fall method. Arithmetical
check was applied in fly level method for verify the accuracy of calculation.

ƩBS – ƩFS = Ʃ rises – Ʃ falls = last RL– 1stRL is the arithmetical check to verified the
accuracy of calculation. The arithmetical check found that all the value were equal to 0.00m,
meant that the accuracy of calculation was verified.

The leveling was done from a known BM to unknown TBM and reversed to the known BM
again. Then we compute the transferred level from BM to TBM and compute the level back
to the BM to check our data is correct. The compute reduced level on the TBM and the
reading from TBM back to the BM is equal to the known level of the BM

The allowable misclosure is used to check the precision of leveling data, ± 5√n mm where n
is the number of instrument positions. The allowable misclosure is found to be ± 14mm in
our practical which is we have eight of instrument positions. The actual value is less than the
allowable value, which is that actual value is 0.00m and the allowable misclosure is ±0.014.It
proved that our work is accepted