Sudden painless defective vision

• Central serous retinopathy

• Optic neuritis
• Methyl alcohol amblyopia
• Non-ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion.
Sudden painful loss of vision
• Acute congestive glaucoma
• Acute iridocyclitis
• Chemical injuries to the eyeball
• Mechanical injuries to the eyeball.
Gradual painless loss of vision
• Progressive pterygium involving pupillary area
• Corneal degenerations
• Corneal dystrophies
• Developmental cataract
• Senile cataract
• Optic atrophy
• Chorioretinal degenerations
• Age-related macular degeneration
• Diabetic retinopathy
• Refractive errors.
Gradual painful loss of vision
• Chronic iridocyclitis
• Corneal ulceration
• Chronic glaucomas.
Transient loss of vision (amaurosis fugax)
• Carotid artery disease
• Papilloedema
• Giant cell arteritis
• Migraine
• Raynaud’s disease
• Severe hypertension
• Prodromal symptom of CRAO.
Night blindness (Nyctalopia)
• Vitamin A deficiency
• Retinitis pigmentosa and other tapetoretinal
degenerations
• Congenital stationary night blindness
• Pathological myopia
• Peripheral cortical cataract
• Advanced case of POAG.
Day blindness (Hamarlopia)
• Central nuclear or polar cataracts
• Central corneal opacity
• Central vitreous opacity
• Congenital deficiency of cones (rarely).
Defective vision for near only
• Presbyopia
• Cycloplegia
• Internal or total ophthalmoplegia
• Insufficiency of accommodation.
Black spots in front of the eyes
• Vitreous haemorrhage
• Vitreous degeneration, e.g. senile, pathological
myopia
• Lenticular opacity
• Exudates in vitreous.
Clinical Methods in Ophthalmology
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Quick Text Review
Clinical Methods in Ophthalmology 13
Flashes of light in front of the eyes (Photopsia)
• Prodromal symptom of retinal detachment
• Vitreous traction on retina
• Retinitis.
Micropsia (small size of objects), macropsia (large size
of objects) and metamorphopsia (distorted shape of
objects).
• Central chorioretinitis.
Coloured halos
• Acute congestive glaucoma
• Early stages of cataract
• Mucopurulent conjunctivitis.
Diplopia
a. Uniocular diplopia
• Subluxated lens
• Double pupil
• Incipient cataract
• Keratoconus.
b. Binocular diplopia
• Paralytic squint (paralysis of third, fourth or sixth
cranial nerve)
• Myasthenia gravis
• Diabetes
• Thyroid disorders
• Blow-out fracture of floor of the orbit
• Anisometropic glass (e.g. uniocular aphakic glass)
• After squint correction in the presence of abnormal
retinal correspondence (paradoxical diplopia).
COMMON OCULAR SIGNS AND TH