Condition of Public Health in Indonesia

As of now Public Health in Indonesia can be said to be in a condition which is as of now

showing signs of improvement, albeit there are still a few individuals who are living a long
way from a sound way of life. The change in the state of Public Health in Indonesia is an
indication of the media which frequently give instructive data so that the individuals are
taught naturally. The significance of general wellbeing makes the science training secure a
workforce which spends significant time in the field of general wellbeing. The administration
desires on this workforce is to examine the general wellbeing for the future, so that the
general public are fit for conveying a sound and insightful individuals in keeping up their
own particular wellbeing and gang.

The art of general wellbeing has an importance as the science and craft of averting infection,
enhancing physical and emotional well-being. The point of keeping up productivity through
composed group is to enhance ecological sanitation, the association of medicinal
administrations and consideration, singular instruction on individual cleanliness for right on
time analysis, preventive and social parts of advancement, which will bolster everybody in
the group to have a solid expectations for everyday comforts to keep up their wellbeing.

The Scope of Public wellbeing science in Indonesia is the Nutrition Society, the examination
identified with sustenance has turned into an intriguing subject, in light of the fact that there
are numerous individuals who are in consistence with the wholesome yet near to typical. It
implies that the dietary ampleness rate in Indonesia, particularly in country groups are still
low. Numerous individuals are as yet expending the nourishment which are not ideal
supplements, it likewise causes numerous instances of ailing health et cetera.

Great HR gets from a decent general wellbeing. Wholesome issues in Indonesia is an

extraordinary issue which still cannot be tackled totally. Actually, there are numerous
different parts of general wellbeing, for example, Epidemiology, Bio-insights, Environmental
Health, Health Education and Behavior, Public Health Administration, Occupational Safety
and Health and Reproductive Health which are still expected to be concerned.

The significance of general wellbeing in Indonesia ought to truly get more consideration, in
light of the fact that society is an impression of a nation. However the Country will keep
developing on account of the presence of its Human Resources.
 The Problems of Health

Indonesia is one of the developing countries that have a lot of health problems. As people
who have a concern for this country, we should give a solution. In order for having an easier
solution, then we need to divide the health problems into several sections so that the solving
problem is easier to find. Some of these health problems include:

Health Behavior

The first thing that causes a lot of health problems is people’s behavior. They are always
littering and do not eating healthy foods. Basically, the lack of public awareness is also
influenced by education or knowledge about health that they get which is quite little. Thus, to
change their bad health behaviors, we should first change their mindset and set strict rules for
people who harm public health, such as for those who throw garbage and waste plants
carelessly.

Environmental Health

Some of the health problems that often we find in Indonesia is rubbish, waste disposal
arbitrary, and the lack of clean water. One solution that we have developed is garbage
recycling. Currently, we have seen many entrepreneurs or institutions use waste to be
recycled and then made as an activity for earning money. There are many entrepreneurs who
are successful because of waste recycling into household appliances, furniture, and so on.

Health Expert

Health professionals are not put all over the areas in Indonesia and only focused on big cities.
We often see many villagers who lack health experts so they are difficult to be treated. There
are many deaths occur in the isolated villages due to a shortage of health workers.

Health Care

There are many health cares in Indonesia which are not good enough in human resources,
buildings, and facilities.
Benefits of Walking for Body Health
Walking on a regular basis, many health benefits. Often among us are reluctant to get up
early and walk at least 30 minutes every day. The health benefits are more pronounced if you
walk quickly and hurriedly. Studies in recent years have increasingly confirmed that walking
hurriedly and not casually walking indeed provides many benefits for our health. Following
are some of the benefits that can be obtained from walking activities.

Prevent Heart Attack.

Walking can reduce the risk of heart attack. The heart muscle requires more rapid blood flow
(from the coronary vessels that feed it) in order to be fit and function normally without
stopping the pumping of blood. Walking hurriedly accelerates blood flow into the coronary
heart. Thus the oxygen adequacy of the heart muscle is fulfilled and the heart muscle is
maintained to be able to remain beating. Not only that, the flexibility of the arteries of the
body which are trained to bud and expand will be helped by the spasms of the muscles of the
body around the walls of the arteries while doing the hasty walk. The end result, blood
pressure tends to be lower, inter-cell blood adhesions that can result in clots of blood clots
clogging the vessels will also be reduced.
In addition, good cholesterol (HDL) which works as an absorbent sponge of bad cholesterol
(LDL) will increase with hasty walking. There are not many ways beyond drugs that can
increase HDL levels other than by moving the body. Walking hurriedly recorded can reduce
the risk of heart attack to only half.
Prevents stroke.
Although the benefits of walking hurriedly against strokes do not have the effect of coronary
heart attacks, several studies have shown encouraging results. Just look at the natural
evidence of our ancestors who do more walking every day, the stroke cases in the past were
not as much as now. One study of 70 thousand nurses (Harvard School of Public Health) who
worked recorded walking activities as much as 20 hours a week, their risk of stroke decreased
by two thirds.
Prevents Diabetes.
Getting used to walk around 6 km per hour, takes about 50 minutes, can actually delay or
prevent the development of Type 2 diabetes, especially in those who are overweight. This is
based on studies from the National Institute of Diabetes and Gigesive & Kidney Diseases.
As we know that cases of diabetes that can be overcome without the need to take medication,
can be done by choosing regular regular exercise. As long as blood sugar can be controlled
only by moving the body, medicine is not needed. That means that walking hurriedly is as
beneficial as an antidiabetic drug.
Prevents osteoporosis.
Exercise and walking fast, not only are the muscles of the body strengthened, but the bones
too. For calcium metabolism, moving the body is also needed, in addition to the need for
exposure to morning sunlight. Not enough extra calcium and vitamin D alone to prevent or
slow down the process of osteoporosis. The body also requires exercise and requires at least
15 minutes of exposure to the morning sun to be free from the threat of osteoporosis.
Those who exercise since their youth, and consume enough calcium, until the age of 70 years
are estimated to still be free from the threat of bone loss.
So do not hesitate, it never hurts you to start a healthy life by walking every day.
 Benefits of Honey for Health
The benefits and efficacy of honey has long been known by man. Quality–the quality of
nutrition and medicine from honey has been documented in the Vedas, Greece, Roman,
Christian, Islamic texts and more. Doctors from antiquity, such as Aristotle (384-322 BC),
Aristoxenus (320 BC), Hippocrates, Porphyry, Cornelius Celsus (early first century AD) and
Dioscorides, and Arab doctors have referred to the healing qualities of honey. Although the
scientific arguments have been made for the use of honey in modern times, its use is still
considered part of alternative medicine. Honey contains a powerful antioxidant with
antibacterial and antiseptic properties. Here are some of the benefits and efficacy of honey for
health:
1. Prevent Cancer
The content of flavonoids found in the honey and antioksidan can reduce the risk of cancer
and heart disease. Meanwhile the content of carcinogens in honey can prevent a variety of
tumors.
2. increase of the immune system (immune)
Honey is also rich in antioxidants which can improve the performance of the digestive system
of the body so that the body becomes more healthy and fit. Not only that, the content of
Honey has a content of nutraceuticals can fight free radicals in the body.
3. Improve Stamina
According to research results, the honey can improve performance (ergogenic), which can
enhance the performance of athletes. Honey may help the body control blood sugar and also
help the healing of muscle and stamina recovery after strenuous activity.
4. Sources of vitamins and minerals
Honey is also known to be rich in vitamin and mineral content. The levels of vitamins and the
minerl depending on the nectar that is smoked by the honey bees.
5. Keep out bacteria and fungi
Honey also contains antiseptic substance that acts to inhibit the growth of bacteria, it is able
to keep the body to avoid infection. If seserorang were scratch or burns, then the honey is
often made into medicine first aid to apply so as to avoid the occurrence of infections.
6. Lose weight
In contrast to the high calorie and sugar lukosa, honey contains vitamins and minerals that the
body needs. Many are convinced that the honey could be used as a natural remedy for weight
loss. Usually dicampung honey with lemon juice drink in the morning is believed to be able
to eliminate cellulite.
7. Treat cough and sore throat
Like just on point 6, anti bacterial content in honey can fight mikrobakteri the cause of
inflammation, even honey can kill the bakter–bacteria that cause infection in the throat.
 Supplements And Your Health

A lot of people these days are trying to make their health better.  No matter where you turn,
from TV to newspapers, you’ll see stories about people and how bad their health actually is. 
Even though there are many different companies out there that offer vitamins and
supplements and claim that they will change your healthy, you’ll need to research what they
offer and sure that you aren’t just wasting your money.

If you are looking to improve your health, you’ll need to at many different vitamin
supplements to find which ones are the best for you.  You should look at everything
available, and not just try a few to see what happens.  Dieting is the ideal place to start, as it
can make the most improvements on your health.  Dieting can change your body, and make
you feel a lot better as well.

These days, a lot of people eat way too much sweets and sugar, choosing refined products
over healthy food.  Even though it isn’t a bad thing to enjoy sweets and chocolate, you should
never make a habit out of it.  You can still enjoy your favorite foods as well, although you
should be looking at the healthy benefits of food as well and think of everything as a whole.

If you include healthy foods such as salads, vegetables, and fruit into your diet, you’ll be
eating healthy.  Protein is also beneficial to your health, as it promotes the growth of your
muscle.  Those of you, who are serious about eating healthy but are unsure where to start,
should contact a nutritionist.  They will be able to tell you where to start, and how to achieve
a healthy diet that will chance your life.

Even though you may be eating healthy or trying to eat healthy, you’ll probably find yourself
wondering about vitamins and supplements and how much of an impact they have on your
diet.  Dieticians are ideal to consult with these types of questions, as they can answer any
questions relating to vitamins that you have.  They can also tell you which supplements are
ideal to your health, and which ones you should include in your diet.

Different people will have different needs and requirements, making it essential to get advice
from a qualified professional.  If you get the advice from a professional, you’ll know what
you can add to your diet.  If you try to do it all yourself without the advice of a professional,
you can end up not getting enough in your diet, or you could end up taking something that
you shouldn’t be taken.
Exercise is also important to your diet and your health.  Although supplements and vitamins
will go a long way, exercise will do a lot for your body.  If you exercise on a regular basis,
and take the right supplements and vitamins with your diet, you’ll notice that you have more
energy and you feel better than you ever have in your life.

Before you start with your new diet or rush out and buy your new vitamin supplements, you
should always check with your doctor first to see if he has any recommendations.  You
should also tell him what type of exercise you are planning on doing, and see if there are any
complications with your health.  Getting a healthy lifestyle is always a great thing, although
you should always consult with your doctor.  This way, you’ll know the best way to start and
how to go about getting in the best shape of your life.
 Vitamin For A Healthy Heart

As we all know, vitamins are very important when it comes to keeping your heart healthy. 
You need to eat the right foods of course, although you also need to supplement the food you
eat with the necessary vitamins your body needs to stay in shape and keep your heart working
healthy for a long time to come.  If you don’t consume the right nutrients, you won’t be doing
your heart any favors - and may end up having problems later on in life.
The first vitamin that comes to mind for most people is vitamin E, a vitamin that is essential
to improving the overall health of your heart.  When taken correctly, vitamin E will stop the
cholesterol in the body from harming the arteries that surround the heart.  Anytime
cholesterol oxidizes, it sticks to the sides of the arteries and can lead to blockages which can
cause heart attacks or other serious problems with the heart. 
To help you keep your heart healthy, most doctors recommend that you take additional
supplements that contain vitamin E.  They may also suggest that you eat foods that are
naturally rich in vitamin E, such as nuts.  Nuts have high amounts of vitamin E, and most of
them taste great.  You can find other foods that contain vitamin E as well, although nuts have
the highest amounts.
In the past, research has shown Vitamin E to help those who have already suffered the wrath
of a heart attack.  This vitamin helps to prevent heart attacks in the future by opening up the
arteries and eliminate blockage.  Those who have had a heart attack in the past are always
encouraged to add more vitamin E to their diet.
What many aren’t aware of, is the fact that you can use vitamin C to boost the effects of
vitamin E.  Vitamin C is known as an antioxidant, which prevents the damaging effects that
cholesterol has on the body.  Along with preventing cholesterol from damaging the body,
vitamin C also helps vitamin E with it’s functions - such as protecting your arteries and your
heart.
By taking both vitamin C and E as a combination, you’ll be well on your way to a healthier
heart.  Overall, this is the easiest way that you can be sure you aren’t damaging your heart,
especially if you have had a heart attack in the past.  If you have a history of heart disease or
heart problems in your family, these vitamins are essential to your diet.  Even if you are just
concerned about the health of your heart, these vitamins will give you the peace of mind in
knowing that you are eating for a healthy heart.
As far as your dosage goes, it will vary from person to person, although 400 international
units of vitamin E and C are the recommended amounts for most people.  On it’s own,
vitamin C can be tolerated in large doses, without imposing any harmful effects.  You can
take around 500 mg of it twice a day, and ensure that your heart remains healthy.
To be on the safe side, you should always make sure that you get the proper amount of
vitamins in your daily diet.  Taking additional vitamins and supplements isn’t a bad idea
either, especially if you are trying to boost the health of your heart.  Your heart is one of the
most important organs in your body, which is why you should always take care of it.  If you
eat the proper diet and take the necessary vitamins - you’ll be well on your way to keeping
your heart healthy.
 Kidneys Health
One of the organs in the body that is important to maintain health is the kidneys. Therefore,
the kidneys work hard every day to make your body function properly.

The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste in the body, absorbing the substances needed,
detoxifying the blood, and removing excess water from the body. There are several ways to
care for your kidneys that can be practiced in everyday life.

One thing that must be considered is blood pressure. If it's too high, the impact can stress the
kidneys. However, if you are not sure about blood pressure, it is better to see a doctor because
many people have high blood pressure and do not know it.

Don't smoke or drink too much alcohol because it can increase your blood pressure.

You also need to be wiser in drinking water. Keeping the body hydrated is good for the
kidneys, but too much water is also dangerous for the kidneys.

How do you check if you drink enough? Can be seen from the color of urine. If the color is
pale yellow or bright, it means it's normal. However, if the color is dark yellow, you might
need more water.

Make sure you schedule exercise activities because they are good for the heart, helping to
balance blood pressure and blood sugar levels, which are good for the kidneys. Try to have at
least 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise, such as walking, cycling or swimming,
every week.

If at this time you have not reached a healthy weight, you should do weight loss. Therefore,
excessive weight makes the kidneys work harder because it filters more blood than usual to
avoid the risk of developing chronic kidney disease in the long run.

Body mass index is a way to check whether you have a healthy weight.

Eating patterns are also crucial in kidney care. Patients with kidney disease will get different
dietary recommendations, depending on their individual conditions.

However, for most people with advanced kidney disease, it is important to follow a kidney-
friendly diet that helps reduce the amount of waste in the blood.

If you want to follow a diet to improve kidney function while preventing further damage, it
can limit your intake of nutrients such as sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and protein.

Meanwhile, friendly foods for people with kidney problems include cauliflower, red wine,
egg white, garlic, olive oil, cabbage, bulgur, skinless chicken, onions, turnips, pineapple, and
shiitake mushrooms.

For diabetic patients, always follow the doctor's advice to keep your blood sugar levels under
control. Along with hypertension, diabetes is one of the biggest problems for kidney health.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about one in three adults with
diabetes have chronic kidney disease. Every 24 hours, 143 people with diabetes start
treatment for kidney failure.

Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication related to kidney in type 1 diabetes and type 2
diabetes. This condition is also called diabetic kidney disease. About 10 to 40 percent of
diabetics are at risk of suffering from chronic kidney disease.
 Mesothelioma Cancer

Mesothelioma in itself is one of the deadliest diseases ever to have been discovered by
mankind. Medically, Mesothelioma as a word itself means a tumor that is more likely to
transform in a fast proliferating cancer which affects the mesothelium cells of an organ,
which form the protective thin covering over the organs like heart, lungs and abdomen.

Whatever is the verbal definition given out to this deadly disease, but those can never for sure
weigh the deadliness of this fatal disease. It is an absolutely fatal disease which has taken
many a people into its deadly grip. The maximum period of survival after the disease has
been diagnosed, has come to the most of a year or two. It is worse form of cancer which is
not curable. However, recent studies have suggested that if the disease can be diagnosed at a
very early stage then the life of the individual who gets affected by this deadly disease, can be
stretched till at the most of 5 years. The treatment of this disease is very expensive but the
treatment doesn’t assure life but a few more days, to procure the huge lump-sum required for
the treatment, people also file lawsuits to cover the huge incurring expenses for the treatment.

Hypertension, It seems as though many Americans are living a life that leads to high blood
pressure or hypertension. As people age, the situation gets worse. Nearly half of all older
Americans have hypertension. This disease makes people five times more prone to strokes,
three times more likely to have a heart attack, and two to three times more likely to
experience a heart failure.

The problem with this disease is that nearly one third of the folks who have hypertension do
not know it because they never feel any direct pain. But overtime the force of that pressure
damages the inside surface of your blood vessels.

However, according to experts, hypertension is not predestined. Reducing salt intake,

adopting a desirable dietary pattern losing weight and exercising can all help prevent
hypertension.

Obviously, quitting bad habits and eating a low fat diet will help, but the most significant part
that you can do is to exercise. And just as exercise strengthens and improves limb muscles, it
also enhances the health of the heart muscles.

Diabetes, Now a day’s diabetes treatment has become a common disease among people. It is
caused due to mismanagement of carbohydrate metabolism inside the body. Diabetes is
identified with the excessive production of urine, hunger, thirst and excessive loss of weight,
blurred vision, and delay in healing of skin, repeated infection, and excessive fatigue.
Diabetes has got a serious issue of human health. It denotes sugar in blood and urine very
excessively.

So, when it comes to treatment of diabetes the main concern should be given to control blood
sugar, which is main cause of diabetes. Managing blood sugar is the stepping-stone of this
diabetes treatment program. To remove the complications of diabetes one must take it
seriously and adopt some good diet process or healthy exercise. Apart from doing so some
take insulin and any other type of medication program to be cured to some extent. Frequent
testing of blood sugar can denote you how much you have improved on your part to manage
suitable measure of sugar in blood. It is very important to learn the right range of glucose in
blood unless and until you cannot have the idea about the complication you are facing about
this disease. It depends on age mainly such as in younger age assuming not much
complication is there the suitable range of glucose is 80-120 mg/dL and in older age it is 100-
140 mg/dL.
The Number Of Diabetic In Bandar Lampung in 2014 Reached 200 People

Bandar Lampung-Based on the report by Ministry of Health in Bandar Lampung, The

number of patients with diabetes reached 200 people in 2014. This reports is based on the real
number of patients from all the hospital in Bandar Lampung.

This number is higher than the number of patients with diabetes in 2013. Only 156 patients.
They got the diabetes mellitus almost. The range of age of the patients is 20-30 15 people,
30-40 years old is 45 and 40-60 years old is 140 people. This number was surprising that the
young people in productive age got higher than last years which only reach no one.

The ministry of health said that this condition is followed by the bad habits which patients
have before, they eats much many junk foods than healthy foods In addition, they do not do
an exercise regularly in their activities.

After this reports, the Ministry of Health in Bandar Lampung hopes that people in Bandar
Lampung will do some dietary program and kick all their bad habits like eats more junk
foods. Do some exercise regularly, he added.
 HIV/AIDS

HIV is Human Immune Deficiency Virus. It is causes the disease AIDS. This virus
attacks the white blood cells(Leukosit) so that the immune system is weak. Due to weak
Leukosit, body becomes susceptible to disease.
AIDS is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is a collection of symptoms that
enter the body as a result of the immune system caused by a virus HIV.
HIV is present in large amounts in the blood, semen, vaginal fluid, and breast milk.
Virus HIV is not present in the animal body, because HIV die in the temperature over 100
degrees celcius and exposed to air.
The process of entry HIV in humans as follows: The first Virus out of the human
body, than the amount of virus sufficient to infect, and the virus must be on, after that the
virus will enter the human body.
Mode of transmission of HIV can through blood fluid, when people are sick and in
need of blood donors, the person should be vigilant because HIV can be transmitted through
infected blood HIV. Can also be through the use of unsterilized needles. Or tools that
penetrate the skin prick unsterile. HIV is also transmitted through sexual fluids is through
promiscuous sex without using condom can be done either by way of vaginal sex, oral sex, or
anal sex. Mother HIV+ can transmit HIV from pregnant until breast feeding process.
Behavior can be infected and transmit HIV, Promiscuous sex without using condom,
injecting drug use who share syringes with other users, and a Mother HIV+ breast feeding her
child.
HIV is not transmitted through shaking hands, using cutlery together, swim together,
kissing, and sexual relations with a condom.
There are precautions that can be done to avoid HIV/AIDS, stay away from sexual
promiscuity without condom, being faithful to each other, prevented by using condom, avoid
injecting drug and education about HIV/AIDS.
From the description above it is very important for us to test HIV. Because we never
know, we are infected with HIV or not only through physical sight.
 Stroke in Indonesia

Complications of hypertension cause around 9.4% of deaths worldwide each year.

Hypertension causes at least 51% of deaths due to stroke.

Citing Riskesdas data owned by the Indonesian Ministry of Health, in 2013 there were 12 out
of 1,000 people in Indonesia who had a stroke, namely 1,236,825 people (7% of the total
population of Indonesia). And from this total number, West Java Province is ranked first with
the most estimated number of sufferers, which is 238,001 people (7.4%), while the smallest
number of cases of stroke sufferers is owned by West Papua, only as many as 2 thousand
people (3, 6%).

What is a stroke?

Stroke is a condition in which blood supply to the brain becomes blocked or completely
reduced. Within a few minutes, brain cells begin to die due to brain tissue lacking the oxygen
and nutrients needed. This causes disruption of local (brain) or global nerve function (whole
body) which appears suddenly, progressively, and quickly.

Stroke can occur in any age group, and this is a condition that can threaten a person's life and
can cause permanent damage. Stroke is the leading cause of death in almost all hospitals in
Indonesia, which is 14.5 percent.

What causes a stroke?

Stroke generally occurs due to hypertension that is not controlled. Plaque or blood clots in
arteries block blood vessels that supply blood to the brain. This condition causes blood flow
to the brain to become blocked and cause strokes.

But a stroke can also occur as a result of a blood vessel in the brain that is leaking or
rupturing, causing blood leakage in the brain. This type is more rarely found, but more deadly
than other types of strokes.

Who is at risk of having a stroke?

There are many factors that play a role in the development of stroke, including:

Lifestyle factors

1. Excessive weight or obesity

 2. The body is not actively moving

3. Heavy alcohol drinkers

4. Use of illegal drugs, such as cocaine and methamphetamine

Medical risk factors

1. High blood pressure (hypertension). Your risk of stroke is high if your blood pressure
reading exceeds 120/80 mm Hg

2. Active smokers or those exposed to secondhand smoke (passive smokers)

3. High cholesterol

4. Diabetes

5. Sleep apnea, a condition of sleep disturbance where oxygen levels slowly decrease in
number during the night

6. Heart disease, including heart failure, heart defects, heart infections, or abnormal heart
rhythms

Your risk of having a stroke is also high if you have a personal or family history of a stroke,
heart disease or mild stroke; over 55 years old; and male sex (although women are actually
more at high risk of death from stroke)
 Tumor

Tumor atau barah (bahasa Inggris: tumor, tumour) adalah sebutan untuk neoplasma atau lesi
padat yang terbentuk akibat pertumbuhan sel tubuh yang tidak semestinya, yang mirip
dengan simtoma bengkak. Tumor berasal dari kata tumere dalam bahasa latin yang berarti
"bengkak". Pertumbuhannya dapat digolongkan sebagai ganas (malignan) atau jinak
(benign).

Tumor ganas disebut kanker. Kanker memiliki potensi untuk menyerang dan merusak
jaringan yang berdekatan dan menciptakan metastasis. Tumor jinak tidak menyerang tissue
berdekatan dan tidak menyebarkan benih (metastasis), tetapi dapat tumbuh secara lokal
menjadi besar. Mereka biasanya tidak muncul kembali setelah penyingkiran melalui operasi.

Tumor disebabkan oleh mutasi dalam DNA sel. Sebuah penimbunan mutasi dibutuhkan
untuk tumor dapat muncul. Mutasi yang mengaktifkan onkogen atau menekan gen penahan
tumor dapat akhirnya menyebabkan tumor. Sel memiliki mekanisme yang memperbaiki DNA
dan mekanisme lainnya yang menyebabkan sel untuk menghancurkan dirinya melalui
apoptosis bil DNA rusak terlalu parah. Mutasi yang menahan gen untuk mekanisme ini dapat
juga menyebabkan kanker. Sebuah mutasi dalam satu oncogen atau satu gen penahan tumor
biasanya tidak cukup menyebabkan terjadinya tumor. Sebuah kombinasi dari sejumlah mutasi
dibutuhkan.

DNA microarray dapat digunakan untuk menentukan apakah oncogene atau gen penahan
tumor telah termutasi. Pada masa depan kemungkinan tumor dapat dirawat lebih baik dengan
menggunakan DNA microarray untuk menentukan karakteristik terperinci dari tumor.

Penuaan menyebabkan lebih banyak mutasi di DNA mereka. Ini berarti "prevalence" tumor
meningkat kuat sejalan dengan penuaan. Ini juga kasus di mana orang tua yang terdapat
tumor, kebanyakan tumor ini merupakan tumor ganas. Contohnya, bila seorang wanita
berumur 20 tahun memiliki tumor di dadanya kemungkinan besar tumor ini adalah jinak.
Namun, apabila wanita berumur 70 tahun makan kemungkinan besar tumor ini adalah ganas.