Gr Vor’ Verii\ation Enclosed Vehicular Facilities DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS The toll plaza ventilation system should pressurize booths to ‘ep out contaminants emited by traffic, Opening the window dae ing tol colleeon varies depending on booth design snd th habs of the individual toll collector The amount of ventilaaes a equied for pressurization similarly vation, ‘ariable air volume (VAV) systems that are achievable with the ontcols naw available can vary the ar supply rate based on ete fhe pressure diferent between the tolbooth and ie outdoor oe Fone, oF the position ofthe tllbeoth window. A Tixed no ‘mum/minimun) volume arrangement may also be used at tll plazas with central VAV system, Because the area of the window opening varies with individual {oll collector habits and the booth architecture, the desien ay son, Ply rate may be determined based on an estimated average wines ‘open area. The minimum air supply (when the booth inden te lose shoud be based on the amount of sit eguived te resets heating/cooling requirements ofthe booth and that eequedtoyee, ‘eit infiltration of contaminants through the door and winfow zacks. Where the minimum supply rate exceel the exitation fate, provisions to relieve excess aie should be made to prevent verpeessurization ‘The space between the booth roa and the overhead canopy may be used to install individual HVAC unit, fan-col units he Vat boxes, Air ducts and HVAC piping may be insalled on top ofthe plaza camopy or inthe utility tunnel. The dicts or piping should be Insulated a needed ‘The atnount of ventilation ai is typically high compared to the size ofthe boot: the reauiting rate of change isalse high, Supety uiroutets should be size and aranged deliver ai st ow veloc, Air reheating should be considered where the supply st ery ‘ure is considered too low Is summer, the ideal air supply location is the esiing of the ‘oth, which allows the cooler ai fa destend th the booth te inte: the ideal air supply location fom the Bator ofthe both ‘a lor level. sot always possible to design ikea! distnbaniog for both cooling ad heating When aris supplied fiom te ceing over means for providing heat st the floot level (such ns eee forced ai heaters, electric radiant heating. of heating coll the oct sould he considered, The supply ar intake should e locate so that aie drain into the system is a te as practicable of vehicle exhaust fume. The pres sling wind shoul be considered when locating th nae oe shold be as a fran she roadway ass pratieable to prove Seay ‘quality weniation ait. Particle firation of supply ait fos heh oul be carelly waht, The specific level nd top of ttene should be based on the ambient vel of paticulate mater and the stsired level of removal. Sie Chapter 12, Air Contaminants of 2001 ASHRAE Handbook Fundarmenialy and Chapter 3a. a Cleaners for Paniculte Contaminants inthe 2000 SHH Has of HVAC Sistem ad Equipment Yor noe intonation EQUIPMENT SELECTION ladividual HVAC units and central HVAC are commonly ase for tll plazas tnividual HVAC nnts allow cach tll collence choose between esting, cooing, or ventilation made, Atsnts tance of individual units can be performed without atfecian HUA "units in oer Booths. In conta, a central HVAC systensshoel redundancy to sso shutdown of the ene tll place syne maintenance operations The design emphasis on booth pressurization equines win Lins outside ain; highseicieney a fiers should terete fe omidered, When s VAV syste ts used to race apcatine one ‘varvingthe supply rae of 100% outside ait raguiies soomelee ae Perature control s)sem that snes normally alae for tanh HVAC units. dividual HVAC ants sould be consis 13.9 where the oll plaza is sina or where thetolboots ar so dispersed ‘hata central HVAC system isnot economically juste Where hot water, chilldhwater, or sscondary water service are available from an adjacent administration building, an idea! fan coil fr cach llbooh anda ceatal ait handler for supplying the total volume of ventilation a may be economical, Whee th ‘perating hours for he booths and administation building ave sig riicantly different, separate heating and cooling forthe tll ca lecting facility shouldbe considered. Cental air dette system selection shouldbe based onthe maximum number of open ‘effi lanes during peak hours and the minimum number of open traffic lanes during of peak hours ‘The HVAC system fr atoll plazas generally requited to oper ate continuously. Minimum ventilation air may be supplied to \noccupied tollbooths to prevent infiltration of exhaudy fames Otherwise, consideration should be given to remotely fing the closed tollbooths with ventilation ar befor thelr ccheduled fccupancy, PARKING GARAGES {Automobile parking garages canbe ether lly enclosed or pre tially open. Fully enclosed parking areas ae usually undetproeed ana! require mechanieal ventilation, Pantaly open parking tes ate generally abowe-grade. structural desks having tee cies (except for barricades), with 2 complete deck above Nota ven lation, mechanical ventilation, ora combination canbe usd for pon tilly open garages Operating automobiles in parking garages presents two concerns ‘The more serous i emission of CO, withits known rks, The oer concer is oil an gasoline times, which may vase navres ad headaches and also represent potitial fie havanis- Adlon ences abot NO, and smoke haze fiom diesel engines my akon quite consideration, However, the ventilation tte requica dilute CO to acceptable levels is usally satisfactory to contol ie level of other contaminants aswell, provided the peerage 9 de sel vehicles doesnot exceed 2 For many years, the mode codes, ANSUASHRAE Standard 62, and its predecessor standards have ccammended a fat exharer ag ‘of iter 1.5 cin? or 6 air changes per houe (ACH for ened pking garaves. But because vehicle emissions fave been seduced snerthe years ASHRAE sponsoreda study todcerminesenehan Hes required to contol contaminant levels in enclosed parting fsilties (Kram and Ayari 1998) The study four tt Re ocie ses, mic less ventilation than 1.5 etn Was saihncony Howe re oeal codes may sil equi [Sef or 6 ACH. sot coe. er tay be reguized to request a vivation, oF waster, how tuthoities having jurisdiction before implememing a lence ven lation system design. NEPA SSA recommends 4 nisteune IF larger fan are installed to meet cole requiremeis, they will Bot necessaily increase overall power cowumpi: nit poe 0 level monitoring and ventilation system contol fans wel for shorter time periods £0 maintain acceptable CO lela, With inereased attention on reducing energy consumption CO-besd ‘entition system contol can provide substan con isis ‘he operation of parking gare VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS The desien venrilation rote esquined for an enclose parking eilty depends chiefly on four fates. ceptable level of contaminants in the parking iy + Number of cas in epetation daring peak conion + Length of rat andthe operas tte for eas in the sara * Eanssin te ofa typical ea er sarcus conan13.10 Contaminant Level Criteria ACGIH (1998) ecommends a threshold CO limit of 25 ppm for an 8h exposure, andthe U.S. EPA has determined that expire ‘or near sca fevel, to 8 CO concentration of 35 ppm for upto Lhe acceptable, For parking garages more thin 3500'R above sea level more stringent limits are required. In Eutope, an average concent ‘ion of 35 ppm anda maximum level 200 pp ae usally mas tained in parking garages Because various agencies and countries differ on the acceptable level of CO in parking garages, «reasonable soltion iss seat tion rate designed to msitain a CO fevel of 3 ppm fr | heaps sure, witha maximum of 120 ppm, o25 ppm foran Sh expoone [Because the time associated with diving mand parking, ordrving ‘ou ofa garage, is onthe order of minutes, 35 ppm is considered te be an acceptable level of exposure ‘Number of Cars in Operation “he number of cars operating a any one tne depends onthe ‘9p of act served bythe puting gage Forested. con tious ws, sich as am aparementbullng or shoprny cathe ‘aration ie generally 3 0 9% of the tol vehicle cape, “he epeating capacity could reach 15 to 20% m ther felt, sh a pots sadn or short-haul apes, Take WT 50% far mare aS Length of Time of Operation The length of ime that a car renins in operation ina parking zamage is a fonction ofthe size and layout of the garage, nd the ‘umber of cars attempting to enter or exit ata given tne The oper sting time could vary for as much a 60 to 60s, bu on acrage, ‘tually ranges from 6010 180, Table Slits approninate data fo ‘average vehicle entrance and exit ties his date should beaded to suit the speci physieal configuration ofthe flit, Car Emission Rate Operating a car engine ina parking porage dies considerably ‘roman! vehicle operation, including that ina road tunel Mere «ar movements in and around parking garage oseur i low soot ar entering a garoge eaves slowly, but the engine isusually Hot, As 8 car eit froma garage, the engi i usualy cold id operating Yow eat, witha rich fuel mixture. Emisions fra col stat ace con siderably higher, so the distnetion between hat and cold eassion Diy a vical ole in deterring the ventilation rate, Moor ve le caisson fators for e- and eokstart operation ar presented in Table. An accarateaayss requires corelation of CO tealngs ‘ith the survey data on car movements Hama eta. 197 Tables (erage Entrance and Ex neon. ot Ih 2003 ASHRAE Applications Handbook should be adjusted to suite specific physical configuration ofthe facility andthe design year. Design Method To determine the design airflow rate required to ventilate an ‘enclosed parking garage. te following procedure can bs follomed, Step 1. Collet the following dats + Number of cars in operation during peak hour use (7) + Average CO emission rate fora typical ear (EI + Average fength of operation an tave ime fora typical ear(®),s + Acceptable CO coneertration inthe garage (CO...) ppm + Total loo area of parking facility (4), HE ‘Step 2.(1) Determine the peak CO generation rate per unit loor ares Gin Iba forthe parking garages « VBA, ° (2) Normalize the peak CO generation rate using the reference value Cig = 546 » 10" Ihib- and Equation (10) This eloerce value is based on an setual enclosed parking fait (Keath nod vari 1998); f= 10066, 40) ‘Step 3. Determine the minimum required ventilation rate per unit oor area (Q) using Eigute 8. or the eoeelaton presented by Ea, "ion (41, depending onthe maximum level of CO (C0, o-cro ap C= 23705 10 cvs or COs, C= 1363 19S cl CO © 0348 Hef str CO Example 1. Consider 2 toe etcloed parking garage with tl pacity of 40 ccs. oral eras of D080 fan a we height of 91 The ttl length ef tine for 9 piel cao 2 min (120 3) Detainee requited venation ae fee Parking garage in lv and Sn ACH 50 Di fe CO teed ee ‘xcees 25 ppm. sums ta he seme 9 eam operon dene Pokus is 4 of etal chick cope ¥ 480.04 180ea L3H lish the merge ofall wine a nae emission rt fora Stop 2.Colelae the mimslzed CO generation te 6-80 1544 hp R= 509 «10 Soha P1005 00 10 ae) Ste 10 B68 Step 3 Deere the ventilation ruse, sig Egan othe cone Tater of Eguaon (11h fr CO 2S ppm 0-efs 93 iss lana of eter mataned eas theEnclosed Vehicular Facilities 13.1 increase petting cos: later fan work fr shorter ptcds to seep the pare and mina stisatory conto ‘CO Demand Ventilation Control ‘Whether mechanical, natural, or both parking garage vetilae tion system should met applicable codes and maintain acceptable contaminant levels. If pemitied by local codes, the vention airflow rate should be varied according to CO evels to conserve energy For example, the ventilation system could consist of mult ple fans, with single” ot two-speed motors, oF variable-ptch blades, Tn muttteve parking garages or single-level structures of extensive area, independent Tan syscems with individual controls are pre ferred. Higuee 9 shows the maximum CO level ina tested parking tage (Kear etal. 1998) for tee car movement profiles (sis trated in Figure 10) and the following ventilation contol strategies: * Constant volume (CV), where the venti ‘uring the entre occupancy period + On-off eontel with fans stopped and stated based on input fom CO sensors + Variable ar volume (VAV) contol, using ether two-speed fans oF ° anil fans With varable-piteh blades, based on inp fiom CO ° Fee Sensors NORALZEE = SENERATEN RATE tion system is kept on iguse 9 ako shows typical fan energy savings achieved by n= aur off and VAV systems selative to constantvolume systems. Signifi- cant fan energy savings can be obtained using a CO-based demand ‘ventilation contol strategy to operate the ventilation system, man= {aining CO levels below 25 ppm, Wear and tear and maintenance on ‘ctunical and eletial equipment ae reduced with a CO-baced ‘demand strategy. Figute. 10s based on maintaining a25 ppm CO level. With most systems, actual energy usage is Tuther rdced 35 ppm is rnin tained ‘Incold climates, the additional cost of heating makeup avis also reduced with a CO-based demand strategy. Energy stored in the ‘mass ef the structure usually helps maintain the parking gurage at temperature at an acceptable level. I nly outside air openings are used to draw in ventilation ai, or i initeaion is permite, the stored enery is lst othe incoming cold Ventilation System Configuration Parking garage ventilation systems ca be classified as supply ° ‘only, exkaust-only, or combined. Regardless of which stare Sigh is chosen the following elements shouldbe considered plan sing the syst contiguatien: sem + Accounting forthe contaminant level of outside ai drawn in foe ‘entiation + Avoiding shor-cireiting supply air + Avoiding fong flow eld that allows gontminants to exceed aceeplabe levels at the end ofthe flow field + Providing shot low feldsin areas of high contaminant ensson, these Timing the extent of mixing + Providing effin adequate alow throughout the seuetre + Accounting for stratification of engine exhaust gases when st Yionary cars are ring in enclosed facilities Other Considerations Access tunes oon inthe same ay a8 ro iy enclosed ramps should be designed is. When natural ventilation is used, ihe wall openings eres area should bees large a possible, Pat of fe fe zea should be Mr evel For parking levels sith large interior flor tess. ntl emer oy ney’ smoke exhaust system should be consisted for roo Noswacae Smoke tin conjunction with ater fre emergency systems) or veh le fumes under normal ewnditons Fig. 8 Ventilation Requirement for Enclosed ParCS avenace co” GE FeMco MY ance Fig.9 Typical Energy Savings and Maximum CO Level ‘Obiained for Demand CO-Ventilation Controls a __ee | 5 2 al vl a Bt bb P10 Tice Cor Menem re In genera, parking garage ventilation systems move large qua tes of air through large openings without extensive ductwork. These: conditions, ara the highly reverberant nature of the space contribute high noise levels, so sound attenuation should be con sired nthe ventilation system design. Tis is a pedestrian safer concer, as wel, Because high fan noise levels parking garage ray mask the scund oF an approaching vehicle Ambient Standards The air exhausted from a pata local at polation contol require BUS GARAGES Bus garages generally inchide @ mainte nd Contaminant Control w garage should meet state and service lane (where buses ate Tiled and leaned). stor Covhere buses are parked), ad sport areas sch a8 offi om, Itch Ooms, and Ieckee vom. The leeation an! lasbut ‘hese spaces ean depend on such Fate asthe oso climate. ofthe us Met and the pe of focused by te bus and storage greus may Be loeated ren inside in colder climates. However, lag always be stored indoors forsale flees nal son je space. Lecal balding andioe fe prohibit dispersing cern types ot Bus servicn 2003 ASHRAE Applications Handbook In general bus maintenance or service areas shouldbe ventilated using 100% ouside ar wth no rcirulation. Therefore, using heat recovery devices shouldbe considered for bus warages in colle el ‘mates, Tilppe emissions should be exhausted directly from buses at fied inspection and repair stations in maintenance areas, Offices and similar support areas should be kept under positive pressure 0 Preven inflation of bus emissions, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR AREAS. ANSUASHRAE Standard 62 and most made codes recommend minimum outdoor ar ventilation of 1.5 efn er square foot of floor rea in vehicle repair garages, with no recirculation, However, because the interior ceiling het may vary greatly fom garoge 10 eatage, the designer should consider making a volumetric analysis ‘of contaminant generation and air exchange rats. The section on ‘Bus Terminals contains information on diesel engine emissions and ‘enilston airflow rates needed to contol contaminant concentra tions in areas where buses ave operated, ‘Maintenance and epair reas often include below-grade inspec ‘ion and repair pits for working undemeath buses. Beeause the ‘vapors produced by conventional bus fuel are heavier thn in, they ‘end to setl in these pit areas, soa separate exhaust system should be provided to prevent their accumolaion. NFPA Standard 8B, ecommends a minimum of one air change every five minutes (i, ZACH) inpitareasanthe installation of exhaust epstrs near the Boor of the pit Fixed repair stations, sue as inspection repair pits or hydraulic lift areas, should include a direct exhaust system for alpie emi. sons. Such direct exhaustsystems havea flexible hose and eoupling attached to the bus tailpipe. emissions are discharged to the out ‘hors by an exhaust fan, The system inay be ofthe overhead ree overhead tube, or underfloor duct ype, depending on the tilpipe location, For heavy diesel engines, a minimum exhaust cate of ‘60 cfm per station is recommended to capture emissions without ‘eating excessive hackpressire in the vehicle, Fans, dtwork, and hoses should be able to receive vehicle exhaust at temperatures execeding SOO"F without degradation us garages often inelude areas for battery charging, which can produce potentially explosive eoncentations of eomesive tone gives. There are no published code requirements for ventilating teaery-chrging areas, bur DuCharme (1991) suggested using combination of floor and eeiling exhaust registers to remove 2 ou by-produets, The recommended exhavst rates ate 2.25 chin pet Square foot of room area at flour level to remove ack vapors, nd (0.75 fim per square foot of room area at ceiling level to trove bydrogen yces. The associated supply air volume should be 10 to 20% less than exhaust ot volume, tt designed to provide a mint ‘mum terminal velocity of 100 Fm at Nor level 1 the Balter hatping space is Tocated in the general maintenance are rather than in a dediated space, an exhaust hood shoul be provided to capt gaseous by-prodts. Chapier 30 contains specie informa tion on exhaust Rood design, Makeup ait shoul be provided to replace tat removed by the exhaust hood. ‘Garages may also contain spray booths, oF rooms for painting buses. Most model codes reference NFPA Stand! 33 for spray oth requirements this standard shouldbe reviewed ven design ing heating and ventilating systoms fr such areas SERVICING AREAS For indoor serge fapes. ANSUASHRAE Standard 62 and sev fl coes recommend a ventilation ar minimn of 1-5 cfm fot whereas NEPA Siandan? 308 recommends J fin la oe, bat not Tes thar. 1 en ttl. The designer should Seternine whic minimum volume of vetlation af applieable bused on the local code adepted, However. dion venation way be necessary: during a service cyee, uses alem queue ep it