INJURY PREVENTION, SAFETY AND FIRST AID

(INVENTIONAL)

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

TYPES OF INVENTIONAL INJURY

BULLYING

Concept

This review considers the origins of the term bullying and historical changes in the definition of bullying, leading to
contemporary research definitions in the terms of agreed criteria. The proper next considers how we can assess the actual
working definitions or criteria used by pupils, teachers, parents or others concerned with bullying. In the different countries
Developmental changes in the understanding of bullying are reviewed and contrasted with developmental changes in bullying
behavior. In the final section, cultural similarities and differences are reviewed again. Two aspects are considered the words
used for bullying-related phenomena in different countries, their meaning, and the behavioral manifestations of bullying.

Prevention

A Bullying Prevention Policy should be developed collaboratively with staff, students, parents or care givers and the wider school
community.   All schools should develop a Bullying Prevention Policy. The Victorian Registration
and Qualifications Authority (VRQA) requires Victorian schools to have policies which provide
students with a safe learning environment where the risk of harm is minimised and they feel
physically and emotionally secure. 

For government Schools, your Bullying Prevention Policy can form part of your Student Engagement Policy. For more
information, see: Student Engagement and Inclusion Guidance.

When writing a Bullying Prevention Policy all schools should:

 acknowledge the need to develop a shared understanding across the whole school community that all forms of bullying
are unacceptable

 provide clear definitions of what is and what is not bullying, including descriptions of the different subtypes of bullying

 provide clear advice on the roles and responsibilities of students, parents, caregivers and teachers for preventing and
responding to bullying behaviour

 include strategies for developing and implementing whole school bullying prevention programs

 support the whole school community to recognise and respond appropriately to bullying, harassment and victimisation
when they see it

 include clear procedures for students, teachers, other school staff and parents for reporting incidents of bullying to the
school

 recognise the importance of consistently responding to all incidents of bullying that have been reported to the school
and ensure that planned interventions are used to respond to these incidents

 ensure that support is provided to any student who has been affected by, engaged in or witnessed bullying behaviour
 provide regular updates, within the bounds of privacy legislation, to parents or caregivers about the management of
incidents

 seek to identify patterns of bullying behaviour and respond effectively to these

 seek to identify 'hot spots' for bullying in the school environment and find ways to address these hot spots (e.g. greater
adult supervision, changing the physical environment so bullying is less likely to occur)

 include procedures for reporting critical incidents involving assaults, threats, intimidation or harassment via the Student
Critical Incident Unit 

 include information about parent complaints to the Department. For more information, see: Parent Complaints

 include procedures and contact information for the Victoria Police Youth Resource Officer (YRO) where appropriate

 include contact information for appropriate support services such as Kids Helpline

 develop a communications plan to promote the Policy and ensure the whole school community understands the
school's bullying prevention practices

 ensure the Policy is easily accessible within the school community and published on the school's website

 review the Policy with the school community annually

 in addition to the annual review, monitor bullying in the school community, and if necessary, review and modify the
Policy accordingly.

 monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the Bullying Prevention Policy and make adjustments when needed

 review the Policy annually in line with the school's Annual Implementation Plan

 convey the view that the Policy is not written and then left to sit on a shelf until the next review. The Policy needs to be
regularly revisited and change with the schools as it moves forward.

 report the effectiveness of the Policy and the schools' bullying prevention strategy to the school community annually.
For a great way to do this, see: Data Capture Tool 
For this to work, at least one staff member should be allocated to monitoring bullying incidents and prevention activities relative
to the policy with an expectation that they regularly report back to the leadership team (or whatever group is most appropriate)
on how things are tracking. If incidents are high, or other aspects of the policy do not seem to be implemented, then the Policy
will require an interim review before the 12-month period is up. This staff member also needs to be responsible for ensuring the
annual review occurs.

*Sheryl A. Hemphill et al, Longitudinal Predictors of Cyber and Traditional Bullying Perpetration in Australian Secondary School
Students (published 2012)

Prevention and intervention

A school's Student Engagement Policy should include strategies to prevent, and intervene in, bullying and unacceptable
behaviour.

All Victorian government schools must have a Student Engagement Policy that should include strategies to promote positive
student behaviour, a safe and inclusive environment, prevent bullying and anti-social behaviour and encourage respect,
compassion and cooperation.

This supports the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006,  which outlines the basic human rights of all Victorians,
including the right to recognition and equality, freedom from discrimination, cultural rights and right to protection of families
and children. Government school councils are also required to consider human rights when developing policies.
KIDNAPPING

Concept

A kidnapping is when someone is taken against his or her will. It`s up to the player to get this person back. The person who`s
been kidnapped is often obtained by the kidnappers. The character looking for the person who`s been kidnapped will do
anything to get him or her back. Sometimes he must follow a set of clues left by the kidnapper (Heavy Rain) or he may have to
carry out an investigation to find out where his loved one is being held.One thing is sure is that he won`t stop at anything to get
his loved one back even when all seems hopeless.

Prevention

(a)
The appropriate authorities of every State shall enforce according to its terms, and shall not modify except as provided in
subsections (f), (g), and (h) of this section, any custody determination or visitation determination made consistently with the
provisions of this section by a court of another State.
(b)As used in this section, the term—
(1)
“child” means a person under the age of eighteen;
(2)
“contestant” means a person, including a parent or grandparent, who claims a right to custody or visitation of a child;
(3)
“custody determination” means a judgment, decree, or other order of a court providing for the custody of a child, and includes
permanent and temporary orders, and initial orders and modifications;
(4)
“home State” means the State in which, immediately preceding the time involved, the child lived with his parents, a parent, or a
person acting as parent, for at least six consecutive months, and in the case of a child less than six months old, the State in which
the child lived from birth with any of such persons. Periods of temporary absence of any of such persons are counted as part of
the six-month or other period;
(5)
“modification” and “modify” refer to a custody or visitation determination which modifies, replaces, supersedes, or otherwise is
made subsequent to, a prior custody or visitation determination concerning the same child, whether made by the same court or
not;
(6)
“person acting as a parent” means a person, other than a parent, who has physical custody of a child and who has either been
awarded custody by a court or claims a right to custody;
(7)
“physical custody” means actual possession and control of a child;
(8)
“State” means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or a territory or
possession of the United States; and
(9)
“visitation determination” means a judgment, decree, or other order of a court providing for the visitation of a child and
includes permanent and temporary orders and initial orders and modifications.
(c)A child custody or visitation determination made by a court of a State is consistent with the provisions of this section only if—
(1)
such court has jurisdiction under the law of such State; and
(2)one of the following conditions is met:
(A)
such State (i) is the home State of the child on the date of the commencement of the proceeding, or (ii) had been the child’s
home State within six months before the date of the commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from such State
because of his removal or retention by a contestant or for other reasons, and a contestant continues to live in such State;
(B)
(i)
it appears that no other State would have jurisdiction under subparagraph (A), and (ii) it is in the best interest of the child that a
court of such State assume jurisdiction because (I) the child and his parents, or the child and at least one contestant, have a
significant connection with such State other than mere physical presence in such State, and (II) there is available in such State
substantial evidence concerning the child’s present or future care, protection, training, and personal relationships;
(C)
the child is physically present in such State and (i) the child has been abandoned, or (ii) it is necessary in an emergency to protect
the child because the child, a sibling, or parent of the child has been subjected to or threatened with mistreatment or abuse;
(D)
(i)
it appears that no other State would have jurisdiction under subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (E), or another State has declined to
exercise jurisdiction on the ground that the State whose jurisdiction is in issue is the more appropriate forum to determine the
custody or visitation of the child, and (ii) it is in the best interest of the child that such court assume jurisdiction; or
(E)
the court has continuing jurisdiction pursuant to subsection (d) of this section.
(d)
The jurisdiction of a court of a State which has made a child custody or visitation determination consistently with the provisions
of this section continues as long as the requirement of subsection (c)(1) of this section continues to be met and such State
remains the residence of the child or of any contestant.
(e)
Before a child custody or visitation determination is made, reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard shall be given to the
contestants, any parent whose parental rights have not been previously terminated and any person who has physical custody of
a child.
(f)A court of a State may modify a determination of the custody of the same child made by a court of another State, if—
(1)
it has jurisdiction to make such a child custody determination; and
(2)
the court of the other State no longer has jurisdiction, or it has declined to exercise such jurisdiction to modify such
determination.
(g)
A court of a State shall not exercise jurisdiction in any proceeding for a custody or visitation determination commenced during
the pendency of a proceeding in a court of another State where such court of that other State is exercising jurisdiction
consistently with the provisions of this section to make a custody or visitation determination.
(h)
A court of a State may not modify a visitation determination made by a court of another State unless the court of the other State
no longer has jurisdiction to modify such determination or has declined to exercise jurisdiction to modify such determination.

Acts of terror

Concept

Terrorism is in its broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror or fear in the order
to achieve a political, religious, or ideological aim. It is classified as fourth-generation warfare and as a violent crime. In modern
times, terrorism is considered a major threat to society amd therefore illegal under anti-terrorism laws in most jurisdictions. It is
also considered a war crime under the laws of war when used to target non-combatants, such as civilians, neutralmilitary
personnel, or enemy prisoners of war.
Prevention

The Prevention of Terrorism Acts were a series of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1974 to 1989 that
conferred emergency powers upon police forces where they suspected terrorism.[citation needed]
The direct ancestor of the bill was the Prevention of Violence Act 1939 (Temporary Provisions) which was brought into law in
response to an Irish Republican Army (IRA) campaign of violence under the S-Plan. The Prevention of Violence Act was allowed
to expire in 1953 and was repealed in 1973 to be reintroduced under the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act
1973.
In 2000, the Acts were replaced with the more permanent Terrorism Act 2000, which contained many of their powers, and then
the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005. See also Terrorism (Northern Ireland) Act 2006.
Section 8[1] of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1974 provided for temporary powers to
examine of persons travelling between Northern Ireland and Great Britain, both within the UK and the Common
Travel Area.[2] Schedule 7 of the Terrorism Act 2000 provides for similar powers that remains in force.[3]
The Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989 had seven parts:
Proscribed Organisations 
Allowed for organisations to be made illegal, making membership an arrestable offence. It was also an offence to soliciting
financial support for any listed group, display signs of public support, or attend a meeting supporting a listed group or addressed
by a group member. The maximum penalty was ten years' imprisonment and an unlimited fine. The initial groups outlawed were
the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) and numerous loyalist groups.
Exclusion Orders 
Exclusion orders could be issued "as expedient" to prevent movement within the United Kingdom. Orders were issued against
individuals to either prevent them entering or being in Great Britain, to exclude them from Northern Ireland, or to exclude them
from the United Kingdom. It was an offence to breach an order or to aid another in effecting entry, the maximum sentence was
five years' imprisonment and an unlimited fine.
Financial Assistance for Terrorism 
As well as the provision under the first part of the Act, contributing, receiving or soliciting financial support for proscribed groups
was an offence under this part also. Additionally, it was an offence to contribute any other resources; to assist in the retention or
control of funds for proscribed groups or terrorist acts; or to fail to disclose to the police any suspicions notwithstanding any
other restriction. The maximum penalty was fourteen years' imprisonment and an unlimited fine.
Arrest, Detention and Control of Entry 
This part allowed for the arrest of individuals without a warrant and on reasonable suspicion that they were guilty of an offence
under the Act or otherwise "concerned in the commission, preparation or instigation of acts of terrorism". The period of initial
detention was up to 48 hours, this could be extended by a maximum of five additional days by the Home Secretary. The detainee
was exempted from certain provisions of other Acts relating to the arrest procedure and the legal protection of those arrested.
This part also allowed for streamlined search procedures of persons or property and checks under the Act on persons at port or
other border controls.
The remaining parts of the Act (Information, Proceedings and Interpretation, Further Provisions for Northern Ireland,
and Supplementary) are largely technical, although the Northern Ireland provisions extend the right to search property, restricts
remission for those convicted of statutory offences, and tightens control over the granting of licenses under the Explosives Act
1875 (new explosives factories and magazines).

Illegal Fraternity

Concept
Hazing is seen in many different types of social groups, inlucding gangs, sports teams, schools, military units, and fraternities and
sorsorities. The initation rites can range from relatives benign pranks, to protracted patterns of behavior that rise to the level of
abuse or criminal misconduct. Hazing is often prohibited by law or prohibited by institutions such as colleges and universities
because they may comprise either physical or psychologist abuse. It may also include nudity or sexual assault.

Prevention

Fraternities/Sororities are values based organizations and do not tolerate any form of hazing.• Hazing is a violation of the
Fraternity’s/Sorority's policy, college/university policy and is illegal in 44 states.• Hazing takes various forms, but typically
involves physical risks or mental distress (i.e., humiliation, intimidation, demeaning treatment, etc.).• Hazing can cause
significant harm to individuals, families, groups and the Fraternity/Sorority.• Hazing individuals, regardless of their membership
status, is unacceptable and will not be tolerated.

Suicide

Concept

Suicide is the act of intentionally taking one`s life and distinguished from natural death. There may be many reasons why it is
done; such as to end one`s suffering, to avert financial ruins and to escape unbearable pain. Where there is no intention to end
one`s life, there is no suicide. Thus those who risk their life in order to save others or those who refuse to renounce their faith
knowing that this will mean their death do not commit suicide when they die as a result of this action because they do not
explicity intend their own deaths.

Prevention

If you think someone might be suicidal, ask them directly "Are you thinking about suicide?" Don’t be afraid to do this, it shows
you care and will actually decrease their risk because it shows someone is willing to talk about it. Make sure you ask directly and
unambiguously. 2) Listen and stay with them If they say 'yes', they are suicidal, listen to them and allow them to express how
they are feeling. Don’t leave them alone. Stay with them or get someone else reliable to stay with them. 3) Get help Get them
appropriate help. Call a crisis line like Lifeline 13 11 14 or 000 if life is in danger. If you can get in straight away visit a GP or
psychologist. Even if the danger is not immediate they may need longer term support for the issues that led to them feeling this
way.

Extortion

Concept

Under the Common law, extortion is a misdemeanor consisting of an unlaw ful taking of money by a government officer. It is an
oppressive misuse of the power with which the law clothes a public officer. Most jurisdictions have statutes gov erningextortion
that broaden the common-law definition. Under such statutes, any person who takes money or property from another by means
illegal compulsion may be guilty of the offence. When used in this sense, extortion is synonymous with blackmail, which is
extortion by a private person, in addiction, under some statutes a corporation may be liable for extortion

Prevention

Proposing to take money for abstaining from bidding, misdemeanour 50. Every person who shall directly or indirectly offer or
propose to accept or receive money or other valuable consideration as an inducement to abstain from bidding or competing as a
purchaser or intending purchaser of land belonging to the Crown, or of any lease or license of such land, advertised for sale by
public auction, and whether or not the land shall actually be put up for sale, shall be deemed to be guilty of a misdemeanour,
and be liable on conviction thereof to be imprisoned for any period not exceeding twelve calendar months, with or without hard
labour, or to be fined any sum not exceeding two hundred pounds sterling. Actual receipt of money therefor, misdemeanour. *
Every person who shall actually receive money or other valuable consideration for abstaining to bid for or compete for the
purchase of any Crown lands which shall have been advertised for sale by public auction, and whether or not the same land shall
be put up for sale by public auction, shall be deemed to have been guilty of a misdemeanour, and shall on conviction thereof be
liable to be imprisoned with or without hard labour for any period not exceeding two years, or fined any sum not exceeding five
hundred pounds. Extorted money recoverable. * Every person from whom money or other valuable consideration shall have
been extorted by the means aforesaid, may recover the amount or value of the consideration so extorted in an action for money
had and received.

Stalking

Concept

Stalking is unwanted or obsessive attention by an individual or group towards another person. Stalking behaviors are related to
harassment and intimidation and may include following victims in person or monitoring them. The term stalking is used, with
some differing definitions in psychiatry and psychology, and also in some legal jurisdiction as a term for a criminal offense.

Prevention

 If possible, have a phone nearby at all times, preferably one to which the stalker has never had access. 
Memorize emergency numbers, and make sure that 911 and helpful family or friends are on speed dial.
 Treat all threats, direct and indirect, as legitimate and inform law enforcement immediately.
 Vary routines, including changing routes to work, school, the grocery store, and other places regularly
frequented. Limit time spent alone and try to shop at different stores and visit different bank branches.
 When out of the house or work environment, try not to travel alone and try to stay in public areas. 
 Get a new, unlisted phone number.  Leave the old number active and connected to an answering
machine or voicemail.  Have a friend, advocate, or law enforcement screen the calls, and save any
messages from the stalker.  These messages, particularly those that are explicitly abusive or
threatening, can be critical evidence for law enforcement to build a stalking case against the offender. 
 Do not interact with the person stalking or harassing you. Responding to stalker's actions may reinforce
their behavior.[1]
 Consider obtaining a protective order against the stalker.  Some states offer stalking protective orders
and other victims may be eligible for protective orders under their state's domestic violence
statutes. 
 Trust your instincts.  If you're somewhere that doesn't feel safe, either find ways to make it safer, or
leave.