Lec: 1 Hydro-Carbon

Vishal Vivek Tiwari

Chemistry Faculty
Career Point Kota
 Hydro-Carbon
➢ Compounds Which contain Carbon & Hydrogen in the form of CxHy are Hydrocarbon
➢ Saturated
➢ Unsaturated
➢ Aromatic
➢ Saturated : Hydrocarbon containing only Sigma Bond
➢ Unsaturated : Hydrocarbon containing Pi Bond
➢ Aromatic : Cyclic Hydrocarbon having (4n+2)p electron
➢ Saturated : Alkanes
➢ Unsaturated : Alkenes / Alkynes
➢ Aromatic : Benzene
Imp Points Alkanes
➢ Hydro-Carbons ( CxHy ) which contain sigma bond are called Alkanes.
➢ General formula for alkanes are CnH2n+2 Ex : CH4 C2H 6 C3H 8
➢ Alkanes are also called as paraffin,
➢ Paraffin → Little Affinity, Less Reactive
➢ Alkanes contain sigma bond which is strong, Breaking of sigma bond requires
high Energy so alkanes are less reactive
Methods of Preparation Alkanes
➢ From Alkenes
➢ From Alkynes
➢ Hydrogenation
➢ Rosenmund Catalyst
➢ Lindlar’s Catalyst
➢ Birch Reduction
➢ From Alkenes Methods of Preparation of Alkanes

Hydrogenation : Conversion of multiple bond into single bond, by addition

of Hydrogen.
➢ H2 Gas
➢ Ni / Pt / Pd catalyst
CH3 CH3

C=C ⎯⎯→ H2
CH3 –– C –– C –– CH3
Ni / Pt / Pd
H H
➢ Mechanism Hydrogenation
CH3 CH3

C=C ⎯⎯→ H2
CH3 –– C –– C –– CH3
Ni / Pt / Pd
H H

➢ We have molecular Hydrogen (H2)

➢ H2 comes in contact with metal catalyst

➢ Electrons on Metal Surface are more reactive

➢ H2 breaks bond & hydrogen forms bond with e- on
metal surface

➢ When Multiple bond comes in contact with

Hydrogen bonded with metal
➢ Hydrogen makes bond with carbon having double
bond.
➢ Important Point Hydrogenation
CH3 CH3

C=C ⎯⎯→ H2
CH3 –– C –– C –– CH3
Ni / Pt / Pd
H H
➢ Both the Hydrogen are added on the same side, this is called syn addition
➢ Practice Ques. Hydrogenation
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
C=C ⎯⎯→ H2
D –– C –– C –– D
Ni / Pt / Pd
D D
H H
Cis ka Syn addition karne se
Meso product banta hai !!!
Optically Inactive
H H

CH3 D CH3 D

H H

Meso Compound
➢ Practice Ques. Hydrogenation
D CH3 CH3 D
D CH3
C=C ⎯⎯→ H2
Ni / Pt / Pd
CH3 D
H H

Optically active
Optically active hai isliye mirror image bhi exist karega

D CH3 D H
CH3 H

H D CH3
H CH3 D

Trans ka syn addition karne se Optically Active Compound banega

➢ BABA ka Booster Preparation of Alkanes
From Alkenes ➢ H2 Gas
Hydrogenation
➢ Ni / Pt / Pd catalyst
➢ Both the Hydrogen are added on the same side, called syn addition
➢ Cis ka Syn addition karne se Meso compound banta hai !!!
➢ Optically Inactive
➢ Trans ka syn addition se Optically Active Compound banega
➢ d + l Mixture
➢ Practice Ques. Hydrogenation

CH3 – CH = CH – CH3 ⎯⎯→H2

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
Ni / Pt / Pd
In case of more than one multiple bonds, less stable multiple bonds
Will be hydrogenated first.
➢ From Alkynes Methods of Preparation of Alkanes

CH3 – C – C  CH3 ⎯⎯→ H2

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
Ni / Pt / Pd
Alkynes will be converted to alkenes & then to alkanes, but rate of
reaction is very fast so we get alkanes directly
➢ Rate of Reaction Methods of Preparation of Alkanes

CH3 –– C = C ––CH3 CH3 – C  C – CH3

H H
Less surface area, More rate of reaction
Alkyne : SP : Linear : Less Surface Area
Alkene : SP2 : Trigonal Planar : More Surface Area
Rate of Reaction of Alkynes is more as compared to Alkenes
➢ We need alkene Hydrogenation of Alkyne

CH3 – C  C – CH3 ⎯⎯→H2

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
Pd

H 2 / Pd− BaSO 4
CH3 – C  C – CH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯→ CH3 –– C = C ––CH3
H 2 / Pd−CaCO 3
H H
H2 / Pd – BaSO4 = Rosenmund catalyst
H2 / Pd – CaCO3 = Lindlar's catalyst

Hydrogenation mein Syn addition hota hai so Cis Alkyne will be formed
➢ We need Trans alkene Hydrogenation of Alkyne

CH3 – C  C – CH3 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯→

Na / NH 3

Trans alkene
vishal_vtsir