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5أساسيات الإتصالات الرقمية237تصل PDF
5أساسيات الإتصالات الرقمية237تصل PDF
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S3(t) S2(t) S1(t) K٣
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אאא S3(t)א אK٤
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N = log2256= log228=8 bit
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- ٣٦ -
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2 2n 2
אא •
(2-6)……………NQ= V2/22N watts
אLא •
- ٣٧ -
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אא ٢٣٧ א
∴S( N) =
SQ
NQ
⎛V2
= V 2 ÷ ⎜⎜ 2 N
⎞
⎟⎟ = 2 2 N
Q
⎝2 ⎠
(2-7)……………..∴ (S N ) Q
= 22N
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N=10 bitSNR= 22N J
40dBאאאEF
- ٣٩ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
אאא٧ J١ J٢
אאאא E١
⎛ Vi ⎞
ln⎜⎜1 + µ ⎟⎟
⎝ Vimax ⎠
(2-8)………
V0 = V0 max for Vi ≥ 0
ln(1 + µ )
אVi
אV0
אאVimax
אאV0max
E٢٥٥F Ecompression parameterFאµ
אאאW٤–٢א
אאא E٢
א
אאא E٣
Wא
Vi max ⎡ ⎥⎤
⎡ Vr ⎤
⎢
V = ⎢(1 + µ ) ⎣ V0 max ⎦
⎥ forVr ≥ 0
(2-9)……….. ie µ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
- ٤٠ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
אאאVie
LאFאאאא E٤
KEcodec: coder/decoder
WA law (Europe) codec’א–א’
⎛ 1 + lg Ax ⎞
V0 = V0 max ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ sign 1/A < X <1…….(2-10)
⎝ 1 + lg A ⎠
⎛ Ax ⎞
V0 max ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 0 < X < 1/A…..(2-11)
⎝ 1 + lg A ⎠
A = 87.6
W٥ J٢א
אא
Vimax =8V, V0max = 5V, µ=255
8v4v2vאא
אאא٨ J١ J٢
Mאאא E١
MאאLא E٢
Mא E٣
٩٨
٪١٢{٥א J
٪٥٠א J
Kאאא
- ٤١ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
אא٩ J١–٢
אאא
א،אאאא
K١אאאאEnormalized valuesF
Wאאאא
actual I/P analog voltage
normalizes I/P analog voltage =
full - scale voltage of A/D converter
Vi
X (t) = , where Vfs = 2.5, 5, 10, 20 ....
V fs
،אLא
⎡actual out put ⎤ ⎡normalized value⎤ ⎡full scale voltage ⎤
⎢analog voltage⎥ = ⎢of digital word ⎥ × ⎢of D/A converter⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Vo = X (t ) × V fs
KאLא
WאLאאא
١{٠٠{٠אאEunipolar encodingFאא
J١{٠אאEbipolar encodingFאא
KH١{٠
٤אאאא
K١٦٠
- ٤٢ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
א
א א
7/8=0.875 15/16=0.9375 15 1111
6/8=0.75 14/16=0.875 14 1110
5/8=0.625 13/16=0.8125 13 1101
4/8=0.5 12/16=0.75 12 1100
3/8=0.375 11/16=0.6875 11 1011
2/8=0.25 10/16=0.625 10 1010
1/8=0.125 9/16=0.5625 9 1001
0 8/16=0.5 8 1000
-1/8=-0.125 7/16=0.4375 7 0111
-2/8=-0.25 6/16=0.375 6 0110
-3/8=-0.375 5/16=0.3125 5 0101
-4/8=-0.5 4/16=0.25 4 0100
-5/8=-0.625 3/16=0.1875 3 0011
-6/8=-0.75 2/16=0.125 2 0010
-7/8=-0.875 1/16=0.0625 1 0001
-8/8=-1 0 0 0000
אאאאאאW١ J٢א
K٤א
- ٤٣ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
אא אאא אא
EXnF
016 = 0 0000 ١١١١אא
0 × 2 3 + 0 × 2 2 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 2 0
8 1000 א١{٠א
= 0.5 1 × 2 3 + 0 × 2 2 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 2 0 =8
16 LSBKKKKMSB
15 = 0.9375 1111
1 × 2 3 + 1 × 2 2 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 2 0 = 15
16
אא E٣
1
E١٣ J٢FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆Xu =
2N
אא E٤
V fs
E١٤–٢FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆Vu = ∆ × u Vfs =
2N
KאVfs
Wא١ E٥
1
E١٥ J٢FKKKKKKKKKK Xu (max) = 1 - ∆ × u = 1 -
2N
W
١{٠א J
אאא J
١٠٠٠FאMSB=0אאא א J
E٤
- ٤٤ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
א E٦
٥ J٢אא E
אאאאאא E
א
אאאאאא
א
אאא E
אא
FאאאEא J
E1/16א1.47/162/16א1.67/16
1.67/16FאאE J
E1/16א
٤אא٥ J٢א
٤אאאW٥ J٢א
- ٤٥ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
א E٧
EFא
א–א
∆×u 1 1
∴ Eu = = N = N +1 = 2 −( N +1)
E١٦ J٢FKKKKKKKKK 2 2 ×2 2
Where : Eu = the peak unipolar normalized error.
אאאא J
V fs
E١٧ J٢FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK lu = Eu Vfs = n +1
= 2 − ( n +1) . Vfs
2
W٦ J٢
אא٦L
א٢٠٠אא
Kא
∆ × u אאEאF
∆Vu אאEF
Xu(max)EF
Vu(max)EF
EuEF
lu EF
אאא ٢ J٩ J١ J٢
אאא E١
− 1 ≤ X < 1 +1 -1אא E٢
K١ J٢אא١٦٢٤،٤ E٣
- ٤٦ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
K K K
K K K
K K K
7
= 0.875
1111
8
٤אאאאאאW١ J٢א
E١ J٢אFW
٨ •
M
E٢٠ J٢F = 2 N −1
2
٨ •
M
E٢١ J٢F − 1 = 2 N −1 − 1
2
MSBא٠אא١٠٠٠אא
אMSBאאEF٢אאא
⎡ 1 010 → 2 0001 → − 7 ⎫⎪
8 ⎫8
E٢٢ J٢F complement aries ⎢⎢ ⎬ 8 8
⎬ 8
0 010 → − 6 ⎭ 8 1001 → 1
⎣ MSB 8 8 ⎪⎭
אאא٦ J٢א E٧
א E٨
∆Ε b אאאא• א
∆X b
٢٣ J٢ ∆Ε b = = 2 − N
2
אאאא• א
٢٤ J٢ l b = Eb V fs = 2 − N V fs
- ٤٨ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
א٢–٢
אאאאWא
K
אאאאאאא١ J٢ J٢
Wאdcאא E١
١ E+V-VFאא •
٠0V
-V١ +Vא •
E٠F
אאdcאאאאאW
אאאא،א
אאWduty cycleא E٢
- ٤٩ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
אאאNRZא •
אאאRZ •
א Wא E٣
אא •
אאאאא •
אאאאWאאאא E٤
،אאאאKאא
אאא
EBPRZFאאאאKאא
K
אא E٥
אאאאא •
א
א،BPRBPNRZUPRZUPNRZא •
א،BPRZ-AMI
BPRZ-AMIאאKEF
Kא
- ٥٠ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
אא E٦
،+V/2 ،אאא
0Vאאא •
אEFאא• א
אא
Kאאאא •
אא٢ J٢ J٢
(Non Return to Zero Level: NRZ-L)אא E١
אאEHIGHFאW١ •
אאELOWFאW٠ •
W
J
אאאא J
א
א J
אאאא
Kא
אF(Non Return to Zero Mark: NRZ-M)אא E٢
Edifferential Coding א
אאאW١ •
،אא J
،אא J
אאאאאW٠ •
K
- ٥١ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
W
J
אאאא J
- ٥٢ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
Wאאא אE٥
(Bipolar Return to Zero: BPRZ)
(Polar Return to Zero: BPRZ)
אאאW١ •
0Vאאא א J
0Vאא א J
אאאW٠ •
0Vאאא א J
0Vאא א J
،אאאאאאא •
E-V0V +VFא
אא •
אאW
KאאאW
Wאאא אE٦
(Return to Zero-Alternate Mark Inversion: RZ-AMI)
אאאW١ •
0Vאאא א J
0Vאא א J
אא J
אאELOWFאW٠ •
W
٠אאאא٠אאאא
Kאאאא
- ٥٣ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
W
Kאאאא J
W
J
KNRZ J
Wאאא E٧
Biphase- Level (BI Φ –L) or Manchester II code
אאאW١ •
אא א J
אא א J
אאW٠ •
אא •
W
J
KNRZ J
W
Kאאא J
Wאאא E٨
Biphase- Mark (BI Φ –M) or Manchester I code
אאאW١ •
אא א J
אא א J
אאW٠ •
- ٥٤ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
W
J
KNRZ J
W
Kאאא J
Wאאאא E٩
Biphase- Space (BI Φ –S) code
אאW١ •
אאאW٠ •
אאא א J
אא א J
אא •
W
א J
KNRZ J
W
Kאאא J
Wא E١٠
Delay modulation (DM) or miller code
אW١ •
א،٠אW٠ •
אאאא
W
אא J
W
Kאאא J
KNRZ J
- ٥٥ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
א אא DC א
א
+V/2 3fb/2 UPNRZ
א 3O V fb BPRZ
אאאW٧ J٢א
- ٥٦ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
١١NRZ – L E١
٠٠
אא١NRZ –M E٢
אא٠
אא١NRZ –S E٣
אא٠
١٠١URZ – E٤
٠٠
١٠١BPRZPRZ E٥
J١٠٠
١BRZ – AMI E٦
١٠א
J١٠אא
٠٠
١٠١BIΦ-L E٧
٠١٠
٠١١٠١BIΦ – M E٨
אא٠
אא١BIΦ – S E٩
٠١١٠٠
- ٥٧ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
אא١DM E١٠
אאא٠
Kאאא
א٨ J٢א
- ٥٨ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
אאא٣–٢
PCM/TDM
EאFא Wאאא
EFKא
K
אאא١ J٣ J٢
אאאE١
KEPAM/TDMFאא
KWאE٢
KfNא •
Fs = fn = 2 f m •
אאא •
אאאFאאא• א
Eא
א٩ J٢אE٣
Eframe timeFא •
E ٢١ J٢F Tf = TN = 1
2 fm
אאאW٩ J٢א
- ٥٩ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
Eword timeFא •
Ebit durationFא •
Tω 1
E٢٢ J٢F τ= =
N 2K N fm
Wאא E٤
אאא ﻋﺮض ﻧﻄﺎق א:ﻻﺣﻆ
Kאא
אא٢ J٣ J٢
אאאא،א
٣٢אאEUS – 24 Channel SystemF٢٤
K
EUS – 24 Channel SystemFWEאF٢٤١ J٢ J٣ J٢
אאKECode WordsF٢٤אE١
אאאאאאא
K241אא •
E٢٤١FאאאאE٠Fא •
Kאא
- ٦٠ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
א
٠ 1 ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩ ١٠ ١١ ١٢ ١٣ KKKKKKKKK ٢٠ ٢١ ٢٢ ٢٣ ٢٤
١Fא ٨EFאאא٢٤
E
١٩٣Zא١H١٩٢Z٨х٢٤Wא
Kא٠א24אאאא •
1
١٢٥µs א •
8000
K٠אאאאאאאא •
KEFrame Alignment Word: FAWFאאא
אא،٢٤אא •
TI FAWאאא١٢
١٠٠٠١١٠١١١٠٠
ESuperframeFאEF١٢ •
W٢٤א
٢٤אETI MultiplexerFא K١
E١٢٥µsFאE٨FאPCM
אאאאאא K٢
אKאאא K٣
٨אא٨אא٨אW،
K٢٤אאא،אא
אאאאאאאאאא K٤
KKKKאאאאא
TI FAWאאאא١٢א K٥
K
- ٦١ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
W٢٤א
אאKא٢٤א
אאאEFאאK١٩٢
،א٨٠٠٠אאK١٩٣
Kא١٥٤٤٠٠٠א١٩٣x٨٠٠٠
٢٤W١٠ J٢א
W٣٢אא
EBandwidth = Bit rate אZאF
125µsאfs=8kHz א •
١٩٣Z٨C٢٤H١אאאא •
אאא •
125µs
Tb = ≈ 0.647668 µs
193
א •
1 193
Rb = = = 1.544 Mbit / s
Tb 125µs
- ٦٢ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
אאאא١{٥٤٤ •
1 1
B = = = 1.544 MHz
T
T B
0.64766
٢٤אאאאאW١١ J٢א
E32 Channel SystemFWEאאF٣٢٢ J٢ J٣ J٢
אאECode WordsF ٣٢אE١
Kאא
K31٠אא •
אאאE١٦FאE٠Fאא •
אאE٣١١٧١٥١Fאא
K
א
٠ 1 ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ KKKKKKKKK ١٣ ١٤ ١٥ ١٦ ١٧ KKKKKKKKK ٢٩ ٣٠ ٣١
Fאאא١٥ אאא١٥
א ٨E א EF
٨
١٩٣Zא١H١٩٢Z٨х٢٤Wא
Kא١٦٠א٣٠אאאא •
1
١٢٥µs א •
8000
Synchronization Fאאאאאאאא •
K١٦٠אאאEand signaling
- ٦٣ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
W٣٢א
٨FאPCM٣٠אא K١
E١٢٥µsFאE
אאאאאא K٢
،אKאאא K٣
٨אא٨אא٨אאאW
אKאא١٥אאא،אא
אאאאKאאא
א،١٨א٨١٧א٨١٦א٨אא
K٣٢א٣١אא
אאאאאאאאאאאא K٤
KKKKאא
W٢٤אא
EBandwidth = Bit rate אZאF
125µsאfs=8kHz א •
٢٥٦Z٨C٣٢אאאא •
אאא •
125µs
Tb = ≈ 0.488µs
256
א •
1 256
Rb = = = 2 Mbit / s
Tb 125µs
אאאא١{٥٤٤ •
1 1
B = = = 2 MHz
T
T B
0.488
- ٦٤ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
W٣٢א
אאא٣٢אW١٢ J٢א
٣٢אאאאאא
٣٢אאאאאW١٣ J٢א
Kאאאא٣٢L٣٠א١٣ J٢א
- ٦٥ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
٤–٢
EDelta Modulation: DMF
א،אאאW
Kאאאאא
Kאאא٠אאא١ •
KאLאאLא •
ELinear Delta Modulation: DMFא١ J٤ J٢
אאאא א
אW١٤ J٢א
אא x(t) אאאאEdifferential circuitFאאאE١
K e(t) אz(t)
e(t) = x(t) – z(t)
אאאQ(t)אEsignal quantizerFאE٢
K e(t)אא e(t)
- ٦٦ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
אאאW١٥ J٢א
W
K،אאא،אא
W
W •
Estep sizeF∆א J
fsא J
- ٦٧ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
Wא •
Eslope overloadFא J
KאאEgranular noiseFא א J
Esignal to noise ratio S/NFא\אא
K∆א
∆אES/NFאLאW١٨ J٢א
- ٦٨ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
- ٦٩ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
ESong algorithmFאW١٩ J٢א
אאEdamped oscillationF
ESpace shuttle algorithmFאאא J
Kאאאאאאא
،אKא،אאאא
KאאאאKא
ESpace shuttle algorithmFאאW٢٠ J٢א
- ٧٠ -
אאא
اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ
אאאא
אא
אא
אא
٣
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
אאWאא
Band Pass Modulation (BPM)
אFאאאאאWאא
KEאאFאאEא
א،א،אWא
Wאא
(ASK)(Amplitude shift keying)אא J
(FSK)(Frequency shift keying)אא J
(PSK)(Phase Shift keying)אא J
K٪٩٠אאאWאא
١٥Wאא
אאWאא
אאאאאאא אWאא
Kאא
- ٧١ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
אאאאאFאאאWRs
KEאאאאWאא
KאאאWM
EאאאאאFאאWN
W(Quadrature modulation)אא J٢
WEאאאFאאא
Rs = Rb/2
N
M= 2 = 22 = 4 (2-3)
N= log2 M = log 4 = 2
- ٧٢ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
WEאFאאא J٣
WEאFאאאא(N)
Rs = Rb/N = Rb/log2 M
N
M = 2
N = log 2 M (3-3)
W(ASK)אא 2-3
אא(Ac cos wst)א(Ac sin wct)אאא
WאאאE١FאאאאאE٠Fאא
אאW
אאאFאאאEASK)
(1-3)(AM.DSBTC)אאאאאא
+V 1 1
000 0
t
-V
אאאאE1-3F
א(NRZ-L)א Vm(t)אאE١
אא
Vc (t)= Ac cos 2π fct
W(ASK)אאאאאE٢
VASK(t) = [A±Vm(t)] cos 2π fct
= [Ft±v] Cos 2π fct
= A[1±V/A] Cos 2π fct
= A[1±m] cost 2π fct
(ASK)אא
VASK(t) = A [1±m] cos 2πfct (4-3 ) .
א(m)W
- ٧٣ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
(2-3)אא
EASKFE2-3Fא
(Efficiency) (ASK) אא
m = 1א
E2A٠VFאאא
(ASKF(ASK)
אאאאאאא
(3-3)א
(ASK)E3-3F
- ٧٤ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
EASKFEASKF
(Envelope detector)א
אאW
אא(DSB-SC)אאאאא
(ON-OFF KEYING) (OOK)אאא
Wאאאא
(modulating signal)EunipolarFאאאE١
Vm (t) ={ +1 V logic 1
or
{ 0V logic 0
אאאאאOOK E٢
(5-3)א
Vook(t) =Vm (t) *Vc (t) (5-3)
=Vm * Ac cos wct
= { Ac*cos wct for logic (1)
{٠ for logic (0)
( 4-3)אאא
- ٧٥ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
(OOK ) (4-3)
(OOKF(OOK)
אאאאאאא
EאאF(Balanced Modulators)
אאאEOOKF(5-3)א
EOOKאFE5-3F
- ٧٦ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
(OOK Detection)אא
Wא
(coherent detection)אאאE١
(synchronous detection)אא
א(reference carrier)אאא
אאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאא
אאאאאא
(phase & frequency mismatch distortion)
אאאאאאאE6-3Fא
(synchronous detection) ( ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻨﻲAMDSB-SC)
EOOKאאF(6-3)
(Non Coherent Detection)אאאE٢
(Asynchronous detection)אא
אאאאאאאאא
(7-3)(Envelope detector)
EאאאאאאFE7-3F
- ٧٧ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
Wא
אEdiodeFאאאאאE١
Etime constant of chargeFאאאא
Eforward resistanceFאא
אאאEreverse biasedFא
אERFאאאא
אאTZR*C
א
אאאאאאאאאE٢
א
binary FאאאאאאאE٣
(comparator)אאאrestoration)
EOOK BandwidthFEOOKFא
EpcmFVm(t)אאאE١
(ones followed by zeros)אא
Tm = 2Tb א
fm = 1/Tm =1/2Tb = Rb/2
)Vm(t)אא(Fc)אא(OOK)E٢
Eא
EFcFE8c-3Fאאא
EFcFEFmFאאא
- ٧٨ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
EOOKFאאאאE8-3F
ERbFEdata rateFאEFmFאאE8c-3Fא
Wא
Rb=1/Tb =1/(Tm/2) =2Fm
EFcFאאאאE٤
אאאאא
(BandwidthFאאאאא
WE3-3Fא
BT= Rb = 2Fm (6-3)
W1-3
(200 Kbit/sec)ENRZ-PCMF
אאEASKFא
- ٧٩ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
EאאאאFWאא
Performance: ( bit error rate & symbol error rate )
אאאאאאאE١
(PB) (Probability of bit error)אאא(BER)
(Probability of symbol error)אא א
(PE)
אאFאאאE٢
אאאאאEאאא
K
Wאא(SER)(BER)אE٣
(BASK,BFSK,BPSK)אא J
(1 bit)א(symbol)
KאאEאFא
PB = PEBER = SERW
(QASK,QFSK,QPSK)אא J
PB = 1/2 PEBER = 1/2 SER(2 bit)
(µASK,µFSK,µPSK)אא J
אאא(N)א(N)
Wאא
PB = PE / N = PE / log2M
EאאאאFאאא:(M)
אKKKKKKKPB = PE/ 4 WN= log2 16 = 4 M = 16 (16-PSK)
אאאאאFא(BER)אאE٤
K
אאאאאFאFE٥
K
W(Es / No)(SER)(Eb / No) (BER)E٦
א=Eb,Es
(W/HZ)אאא=No
- ٨٠ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
א(BASK)א
(Performance of binary BASK)
אאאאאאא
אאאאאא
Kאא
אאאאאאא
א
(Coherent detection) : אאאE١
−( Eb / 2 No) −(C / 4 N )
−( A2Tb / 8 No)
PB = PE = e = 1/2 e = 1/2 e
(8-3)
(OOKF(BASK)(9-3)
E1=C*Tb = A2 Tb/2
אאאאK
Eo = 0
- ٨١ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
אאאK
:
Eb = E1+E2/2= C Tb /2 = A2*Tb/4
C1=C= A2/2
אאאאאאא
Co = 0
אאא
(A – Peak amplitude of the received carrier (v))EAFאאא
No = N/BT= N/Rb = KT (W/HZ)
אאא
N= KT*BT (W)
אא
−23
K =(1.38*10 JK)
T= ( TA+TR)
(K)אאא
TA: EאאFאאW(TA)
TR=T1+T2/a1 =T3/a1+a2+…………….
EאאאFא
T1,T2,T3,……..
אאא
G1,G2,G2,….
אאא
C/N
אאא
WEBERFאאEBASK)א
- ٨٢ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
EBERFE10-3F
W2-3
(10MHZ) א (OOK)אE10 Kbit/sF
(5*10(-5) W/HZ) אאאא (10 (-2)V) א
(BER) אאא
אא3-3
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
אאEאאFEFsFאאאאאאא
Ebase bandFאאאאאEאFEFmF
KEpolarFא
W
∆Fאאאאאאאאא
EFCFא
WFSK
WאEFSKFאאE١
VFSK (t) = (Ac cos { 2 π (fc + VM(t)) ∆f ) t } (9-3)
(אFSKF -VFSK : ﺣﻴﺚ
(Volts)אא -A
(HZ)EאאFאא JFc
(HZ)(Vm (t))אאאאא J∆f
- ٨٣ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
(VCO) (12-3)
- ٨٤ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
:(FSK)
EFSK)E13-3F
W
(sec)אא JTm
(HZ)(Vm (t))אאאא JFm
(Rb= 2Fm) (bit/sec)אEbitsFא JRb
(Mark Frequency)א JFm
ESpace Frequency Fאא JFs
WEFSKFEBaud rateFאאERbFEbitsFא
אאאאאEFSKFE١
Kאא
KאאאאE٢
WאאE٣
אאאW(Rb)Ebit rate)א
אאאW(Baud rate or symbol rate)אאא
(Fs)אא(Fm)אאא(9-3)אאE٤
Kאאאאאאא
Bit rate =Symbol rate (Baud rate)
Rb (bit/sec) = Rs ( Symbol/sec) = Baud rate ( baud)
- ٨٥ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
(FSK Bandwidth)W(FSK)אא
אEFSKF(BT)אאאE١
(3-11)א(אFM)א
BT = 2 (∆f + fm) (11-3)
(∆F =Fm-Fs/2) W
Fm = Rb/2 (Fc) אאאאאאא :
אEFאאאאאאW
אאא
(١٢-٣)א (11-3)א (Fm ∆F)E٢
BT = 2 ∆ f + 2 fm = fm – fS + Rb (12-3)
EFSKFאאE14-3F
(sin x/x)אא(Pulsed sinusoidal waves)אאא
(12-3)אא(FSK)
W(Rb)אא(Fm)אא
Rb = 2Fm
- ٨٦ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
אאאאאא
(14-3)אאאא
Kאאא
:3-3
E200 K bit / secFאאENRZ-LFאEPCMF
K(150KHZ)אאאאאא،(FSKF
א
Wא
אאאאאא J١
K(Fs)א( Fm)
אאאא(Logic 1)אאא J٢
אאאא
(Logic 0)אא
(אPulsed RF Signal)אאאאא J٣
(base band)אא
Kאאאאא J٤
אאא J٥
Kא(Binary restoration)אאאא
- ٨٧ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
W(FSK)אאאE
FSK Coherent detection
EFSKFאאאE15-3F
Wא
אאאאאאא K١
אאאאאא
א
Kאאאאאאא
WאאאELogic 1Fאאאא J
Vr(t) = Acos wm(t) (13-3)
Wאאאא J
Vc(t) = 2A cos(2) wmt = A( 1+ cos 2wmt) (14-3)
אאאאאE14-3)אאא אK٢
(differential amp.)אאא
אאאאא
: (15-3)א
Vo (t) = Gv Vd(t) = A*Gv = positive constant (15-3)
ELogic 1Fאאאאא
אELogic 0Fאאאאא K٣
Kאא
- ٨٨ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
W(Performance)אא
WאאאEא
⎛ Eb ⎞
BER = PB = ½ erfc ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 No ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ PcTb ⎞
= ½ erfc ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 No ⎟
⎝ ⎠ (3-16)
⎛ A Tb ⎞2
= ½ erfc ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 4 No ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Eb = PC Tb
A2
PC =
2
PN
No =
BT
W
א(EbF
אאEPcF
אאאENoF
אאאE
BER = PB = ½ exp ( -Eb ) (3-17)
2NO
⎛ A2Tb ⎞
= ½ erfc ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 No ⎠
אאאאאא
אאא(bits)אאא
אאא(PB)אאE16-3F
א
- ٨٩ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
-Eb
PB = F ( 2NO ) =F(C/N)
: 4-3
(FSK)אאאאאאאWא( BER)
(1KHZ,2KHZ):אאא(0.4 V)א(2sec)(bit)א
(10(-12) w/HZ)אאא
(BER)א(13-3)אאא
אא4-3
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
אאאFאאאאא
WאאאEא
K( ASK)א J
K(FSK)אא J
- ٩٠ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
Wאאאא
(Binary PSK)אאאאאאPSKE١
Eאא
(Quadrature PSK)אאאאאא אPSKE٢
KEאא
(µ-PSK) ( אPSK)אPSKE٣
אEאאFאאEMFאאF
Kאאא
W
(18-3)
W
EFא JNb
EאאאFאא JM
W5-3
KאאאאKM= 2 EPSKF
(Binary PSK) אאא
(BPSK) אאא(17-3)
- ٩١ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
א(PCM)U (t)אאא J١
KE-90°א٩٠°F
EאאFאא(i)א(Ui )אא J٢
Wא
(19-3 )
W
(volts)א JV
אא JUi
Ui ={+1 for logic (1)
{-1 for logic (0)
W (19-3)א
-E π / 2 Fאlogic (1) J
HE π / 2 Fאlogic (0) J
Wא(19-3)אאאא J٣
E20-3F
- ٩٢ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
WEBPSKFא
א(BPSK)א E١
E٠١Fאא
(BPSK) א(18-3)
: ( اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ هﻮ٢
Vc (t)=Vsin wct
(BPSK) א (19-3)
- ٩٣ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
:V BPSK(t) (٣
א
VBPSK(t)
BW=2fm=Rb
t
f
fc-fm fc+fm
EVBPSKFאאE20-3F
EFאאאאאאE٤
W
V BPSK(t) = sin 2 πFmt*sin2 πfct
= 1/2[ cos 2 π (fc-fm)- 1/2 cos2 π (fc+fm)t ]
Wאא
B= (fc+fm) – (fc+fm)=2fm=Rb
BT = RbWא
EאאאאF
Wאא א
B= 2(∆f+fm)=2fm+2∆f
2∆f=0 W
Wאא
B= 2fm = Rb
- ٩٤ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
(BPSK)אא
WEBPSK)E
(OOK)אאE21-3Fאא
Kא(OOK)אא
Bw=Rs
Balanced
ui= Binary Modultor Ui V sin wct BPF Ui V sinωct
VBPSK(t)
data
VSinωct
Reference
Carrier
oscillator
(BPSK)(21-3)
W(BPSK)E
אאא(Ui)אאא
אאאאאאא
אא (balanced modulator)אא
Kאאאא
- ٩٥ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
Vd(t)=2uiVsinwct
Vo=VUi={+v Logic 1
input signal Balanced L Vo=V
PF {-v logic 0
VBPSK(t)= detector
VUisinωct
2 sinωct
Carrier
oscillator
(BPSK)E22-3F
Wאא א J
Wאא א J
Wאא(LPF)אאאאאאא
- אאאאאא
Kאאאאא
- ٩٦ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
: (Performance) אא
PB = PE = 1/2 erfc ( EB / NO )
= 1/2 erfc ( c * Tb / No )
(21-3)
= 1/2 erfc ( v 2 Tb / 2 No )
E23-3F
- ٩٧ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
: (QPSK)אאא
Quadrature phase shift keying
אאא(QPSK)E١
Kאא
א (BPSK) (QPSK) E٢
: א
W
(I)אא(BPSK)אאא J
(Q)א(BPSK) אאא J
Wאאא(V QPSK)אא J
UQV
VQPSK=V 2
UIV
│VQPSK │= (UiV)2 + (UQV)2 = 2v2 =V 2 (23-3)
- ٩٨ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
W(47-3)א(46-3)אE٣
= cosΦcoswet + sinΦsinwet
= cos(ωct-Φ )
Wא
cos(ωct – Φ) 2 VQPSK = V
: ﺣﻴﺚ إن
אאא - Φ
Φ = tan-1 UQ
UI
(24-3)
(π / 4 , 3π / 4 , 5π / 4 , 7π / 4) אא Φ
(UI,UQ)אאאא( א1-3)אא
Kא(QPSK)EΦFאאא
VQPSK (eq. 72) VQPSK (eq. 74) Phasor t
Transmitted
s bite
UI UQ
Vcosωct+vsinωct v 2 cos(ωct- π /4)
Φ=45 1 1
Φ=135
-
v 2 cos(ωct-3 π /4) -1 1
vcosωct+vsinωct
Φ=225
-vcosωct-vsinωct v 2 cos(ωct-5 π /4) -1 -1
E1-3F
- ٩٩ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
Wאא
Wאא(PSK)(Rs)אE
Rb
Rs = symbols/s
N
W
אא JRb
א JN
אאאאE
M = 2N symbols
אאאאE
360 2π
P = =rad
M M
אאאE
C = B log2 M
W
אא JB
W(S/N)אאא
((PCM)א)
WאאאאאאE١
W(BER)אאE
א(Thermal noise)אאאאאא
Kאא
W(S/N)אאE
(PCM)
- ١٠٠ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
W
(BER)אWאאא J
W(Quantization noise)א J
Wא
(S/N)Q = 22N = M2
W
Kא JM
Kאאא JN
אאאאאאאE٢
ASK,FSK,PSK
V
PCM
* RF mixer IF detector * D/A * LPF
S
( /N) P B (S/N)
or
Eb
No
א(PCM)אאא
Wאא
- ١٠١ -
אא אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
: 6-3
200fw (200x10-15W).אאאאא
אא(300K)אאא
K(425K)
(PCM)אאא
Wא(2Mbit/sec)EbitF
(PSK)אE
(ASK)אE
(ASK)אאאE
( QPSK) آﺸﻒ ﺗﺮاﺑﻄﻲE
- ١٠٢ -
אא א
אא ٢٣٧ א
אא
1. Ashok Ambardar, ‘Analog and Digital Signal Processing’, Thomson Learning Inc, 1999.
2. John B. Anderson, ‘Digital Transmission Engineering’, Prentice Hall, 1999.
3. A.B.Carlson, ‘Communication Systems’ McGraw-Hill, 1992.
4. Simon Haykin: ‘Communication Systems’, 4th Edition, Wiley & Sons, 2001.
5. Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen: ‘Signals and Systems’, John Willey & Sons, Inc, 1999.
6. Simon Haykins, ‘Digital Communication’, John Wiley, 2001.
7. B.P.Lathi, ‘Analog and Digital Communication Systems’, PHI, 1992.
8. Douglas K. Lindner, ‘Signals and Systems’, McGraw-Hill International, 1999.
9. John Pearson : ‘Basic Communication Theory’, Prentice Hall, 2000
10. J. Proakis: ‘Digital Communications’, McGraw Hill, 1995.
11. J. Proakis and M. Salehi: ‘Contemporary Communication Systems Using
MATLAB’, Bookware Companion Series, PWS Publishing, 1998.
12. Proakis, ‘Digital Communication’, McGraw-Hill, 1992.
13. Martin Roben: ‘Analog and Digital Communication Systems’, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 1998
14. K.Sam Shanmugam: ‘Digital and Analog Communication Systems’, John Wiley, 1985.
15. Bernard Sklar: ‘Digital Communications, Fundamentals and Applications’, Second Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2001.
16. Taub & Schilling: ‘Principles of Communication’, McGraw-Hill Publication, 1990.
17. Wayne Tomasi: ‘Advanced Electronic Communication Systems’, Prentice Hall, 2001
18. Rodger E. Ziemer and Roger L. Peterson: ‘Introduction to Digital Communication’,
2nd Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2001.
19. Roger E. Zeimer et al.: ‘Signals and Systems, Continuous and Discrete’, McMillan, 2nd Edition,
1990.
- ١٠٣ -
אא א
א ٢٣٧ א
א
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
١ .................................................................................... אWאא
٢ .................................................................................. Wא١ J١
٥ ................................................................................... EAliasingFא٢ J١
٦ .............................................................ETypes of samplingFאW٣ J١
١١ .............................................................. אא٤ J١
١٤ .................................. אאאאאאא٥ J١
٢٤ ........................................................................ אא٦ J١
٣٠ ..................... אאא א٧ J١
٣٢ ............................................................................. אאWאא
٣٣ .......................................................................אאא١–٢
٤٩ ......................................................................................... א٢–٢
٥٩ ..................................... PCM/TDMאאא٣–٢
٦٦ ......................................................................................... ٤–٢
٧١ ......................................................................... אאWאא
٧٢ .......................................(Baud rate)א(bit rate)אא1-3
٧٣ ................................................................. W(ASK)אא2-3
٨٣ ........................................................................... אא3-3
٩٠ ........................................................................... אא4-3
١٠٣ ..................................................................................................... אא
- ١٠٤ -
אאאאאא
אEאFאא
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