Velma aed Ist Edition Deen Cer sac Fundamentals SIEMENSFOREWORD 1 Foreword ‘This is the first part of a two-part handbook on high-voltage metal-oxide surge ar- esters. Part 1: Fundamentals covers the functioning, construction and the layout of the ‘metal-oxide surge arresters, This pat offers a quick overview without going into great ‘detail. Those sections which have been simplified forthe sake of clarity, will contain references tothe second part where extensive explanations can be found. To understand the basic principles, however, it is not necessary fo read the second par. At the end of the frst part erester layouts will be provided forthe most common use of surge ar- ‘esters ~the protection of transformers between phase and ground in an outdoor substa- ton ~ for various system voltages and the different methods of neural earthing. Defini- tions and explanations are given in their shortest possible forms in alpbetical order in the appendix. Part 2: Selected topics deals with specil topics, which are only briefly, or not at ll, ‘mentioned in the fst par. Incled is, for example, the historical development of the surge arresters anda short overview of the lst generation of surge arresters before the introduction of the metal-oxide arester, that is, the gapped silico-carbide arrester, ‘hich is stil being extensively used today. The relevant arrester standards and the tests ‘described in these (which ae in the process of being revised and expanded) willbe in- troduced, followed by a detailed explanation of the important eleticl and mechanical characteristics, constructional details, as well as general and also very special perfor- ‘mance characteristics of metal-oxide surge arresters. Discusion ofthe latest develop- ‘ments inthe aea of asters will encompass polymer housed aresters, whose devel- ‘opment began between the mid to Inte 1980's, and which are presently used at levels up to BO0KV. Other topics include the metal-enclosed designs used in gas-insulsted ‘switchgear, arrester in series compensation installations, which are connected in paral- lel to large banks in order to increase the energy absorption capability, and areters in the HVDC transmission. In adtion, special types of applications, suchas protection of, transformer neutrals or tertiary windings wll be dealt with, The conclusion is @ chapter ‘on arrester monitoring, which not only deals with existing monitoring procedures, but also those which are being curently developed. [At this time, only part 1 is available, Part 2 is stil being worked on, This partis be- ing put together in such a way that current arester topics can be included at the lst ‘moment. So it wil be continuously updated and extended.2 VoRWORT Despite allthis, this first partis now being published. Hopefully in this stat it will so be helpful. All those who have helped with tps, rtique and discussion are much ‘appreciated, Special thanks to Ms. Jennifer Singer, who provided the Engish tans- lation, This English edition incorporates some corrections and additions to the German ‘edition, which was published in July 2000. Moreover, it has been updated with infor- ‘mation from more recently published standards. Further critique and thoughts on i proving this handbook ceatinue, as always, to be welcome. 9 Tuly 2001, Siemens AG PrDHA 13623 Berlin Germany © Slemens AG 2701 CONTENTS 3 Contents Foreword vs Content. ‘Tasks and Operating Principles of Metal-Oxide Arresers s ‘Constructive Design of MO Arrestrs. seed Configuring MO Arresters Choosing the Continuous Operating Voltage andthe Rated Voltage 35 Selecting the Nominal Discharge Curent a. 38 Selecting the Line Discharge C888. sone Selection and Review of the Protective Level... a Selecting the Housing... ‘Service Conditions... Examples Example I: "Solidly earthed neutral 6-LV-system" Example 2: "Resonant earthed neual 110-KV-system’ nr Example 3: "Solidly earthed neutral 220.4V-system.sonsnnnnnnnnnenin62 Example 4: "Solidly earthed neutral 380-KV-system; industrial pollution...64 Example 5: "Sold earthed neutral 00-KV-system:; special requirements™..66 "Resonant earthed or isolated neutral 20-4V-system" Example 7: "Soldly earthed neutral 0-KV-system" 70 vB n iterate nnn Preview of Part2 - Selected Topics Appendix: MO Arrester ia Brie... 19‘TASKS AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF MO ARRESTERS Tasks and Operating Principles of Metal-Oxide Arresters ‘Surge aresters —or shor, aresters ~ constitute an indispensable aid to insulation ‘soordination’ in clerical power supply systems. Figure 1 makes this clear. There the ‘voltages which may appear ina high-voltage electrical power system are given in per- unit ofthe peak value ofthe highest continuous phase-o-earth voltage’, depending on ‘the duration oftheir appearance. — Meant of ove ytage pu Darton of (rer watape Fe: Seema epee ofthe mae of ote an wrt iniphoae ‘Secelpore se versus dation ofthe ppemace (p= 02 "Uy/43) ‘The time axis is roughly divided into the range of lightning overvotages (micro- seconds), switching overvolages (milliseconds), temporary overvoltages (seconds) — which are commonly cited by the abbreviation "TOV" ~ and finally the temporally unlimited highest continuous system operation voltage. The voltage or overvoltage which can be reached without the use of arestes, i a value of several pv. 1 instead, ‘one considers the curve of the withstand voltage of equipment insulation, (here equip- ‘ment means electrical devices such as power transformers) one notices that starting in “Underine em a epine in ge dil in he append In the ecto version ofthe hand book clcking one tes wlan ell up th defitions Pipa Pus > acconting 1 IEC 6071-1, te lining overvoluges belong 0 the fassiant overlies, andthe ‘thing verges belong son ove laa.6 ‘TASKS AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF MO ARRESTERS the range of switching overvoltages, and especially for lighting overvoltages, the ‘equipment insulation cannot withstand the occurring dielectric suesses. At this pont, ‘the arresters intervene, While in operation, itis certain thatthe voltage that oocurs atthe terminal ofthe device — while maintaining an adequate safety martin ~ will stay below ‘the withstand voltage. Arresters! effect, therefore, involves lighning and switching overvoliages?. [Even though a great number of arresters which are gupped arsters with resistors made of ilicon-cabide (SiC), ae sill in use, the asters insalleé today ae almost all ‘metal-oxide (MO) asresters without gaps, which means arrestes wit resistors made of ‘metal-oxide (metal-oxide or MO resistor). The distinctive feature of an MO resistor is its extremely non-linear voltage-curent oc U-I characteristic, rendering unnecessary the = 2 in gear, aes cano nd ae not inode lim temporary overages. Rather they mast be Amore detailed Ucar depicted npr. ‘TASKS AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF MO ARRESTERS Be 8 Pek td ape 2 sean = <75 | Ht ree finite ne, = 2 = TO Peak vale of vatage/AV Beegeees Pos vue pawinearh ete Puri aaawe 33 [||| eine cre = 103A] | Nil core caret = THA of 0 oF 1 wo 0 ig.2: Utraceriiof a piel MO areser in oily eae neural 20 system ‘The power-fequency voltage, while continuously applied tothe arrester, isthe high- ‘est phase-to-erth voltage ofthe system, In this case the peak valve is a= ¥2-U,/V3 = v2-420kV /y3 = 343 KV! ‘Atte same time, the so-called leakage curent flows through the arrester. This con- sats of large capacitive and a considerably smaller, resistive component. Allin all, the leakage current is ~ as can also be seen in Figure 3~ forthe most pat capacitive, Inthe U-tcharacteristc depiction, however, only the resistive component is represented. In ‘this example itis os * 100 1A, whereas the total current as a peak value of about 0.75, mA. ‘The next significant characteristic point isthe continuous operating voltage of the a ‘ester, For this, the formal symbol Uc i used in accordance with the IEC standards; in. ‘Anglo-American circles the term MCOV (Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage) is customary. This is the power-frequency voltage which the arester can be operate at, without any type of restrictions. All properties ofthe arrester which have been demon- strated inthe type tests, are valid assuming that this arrester is energized ata voltage Jevel equivalent to its continuous operating voltage. As is seen in Figure 2, th continu- "eis exmemely iponant wien configuring amesrs nto sat wth be nominate vas (in his ase, 40 LV), bu instead withthe Nghe ntge athe sae Ul, which mos cts Mesicl ‘be highest song So equpmest Uy 9 information on Us aal, Uy shuld be wel in oder ‘bina sabe amen Ip8 ‘TASKS AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF MO ARRESTERS om ¢ Fig. 3: Apia vig an eskage caren ofthe sump ae of Fig.2 ‘Men pune ut pase toner atage (U,= 20 8V, = 336 KV) cous operating voltage is greater than the highest continuously occurring phaseo-earth voltage. An allowance of at last 5% (TEC 60099-5, clause 32.1) is recommended. With this, possible harmonics inthe system voltage are taken into account. In the chosen ex= ample the arrester shows a continuous operating voltage of U, = 268 kV, which is al- ‘most 11% above the bighest continuous possible phaseto-erth voltage. ‘The name of the next characteristic pont is somewhat misleading. Th rated voltage (the symbol: U) of a metal-oxide arester is not, as one might a first assume, a voltage ‘wich canbe limitestly applied (hat one isthe continuous operating voltage mentioned atin), Instead it characterizes the capability of the arrester to deal with temporary ‘overvoltages inthe system. It can only be applied temporarily for atime period of 10 seconds, Some manucturers permit time period of 100 seconds. The characteristic shows that unde these conditions there is leakage current (ore precisely, is resistive ‘component of ca. 1 mA. This would otherwise lea toa significant increase inthe tem- perature of the arrester, but not within atime period of tenor even one hundred seconds, ‘The actual cause of the temporary time limit is the sudden great increase in the tem- perature and the frequent rise in leakage current (the temperstre-dependence ofthe U- [characteristic is not shown in the simplified depiction in Figee 2), ate, for example ‘the ereser has diverted a current impulse o the ground (tha is, aftr it had to "ope te") In this case an extensive aplication ofthe rated voltage could render the arrester "Choosing ihe continous opeting vole tas mma regard as beset een he "subliy ofan aren coniaaus operation; the section called "Configuring MO Aresen”. ‘TASKS AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF MO ARRESTERS 9 ‘incapable of recoolng; instead it would become thermally unstable end would contina- ally heat up untl it reached self destruction (0-called thermal runaway ‘The rated and continuous operating voltage ofan arester ae directly related to each other. The valu ofthis ratio is almost always 1.25, with only a few exception, and is ‘not manuficturr-dependent!. AS a result in the chosen example, the rated volage is U,=125- Upe3364V ‘This concludes the description ofthe part ofthe UcI-characteistic curve relevant to power-requency Voltage. The cuve then continues into an area in whkh even minimal voltage increases lead to significant rise in the current. It is reserved for transient ‘events within atime range of mili- and microseconds in other words for switching and lighting overvokages. Applying power-fequency voltage in this area of the charac- teristic would destroy the arrester ina fraction ofa second. ‘The characteristic in the region of currents greater than about 100 A describes the protetive chancterstc of the arrester. Its most important parameter isthe lighting impulse proteve level depicted in Figure 2. This depics the volage which drops across the arrester terminals when the nominal discharge curent flows through the a- reste, The aforementioned isa lightning curent impulse of standardived shape, whose amplitude is assigned to different classes from 1.5 KA to 20 KA, acecrding to the TEC standard 60099-4, For high-voltage arrestes (in systems with U, 2 123 KV) only lasses 10 KA and 20 KA are common. The nomial discharge current divalgs litle about the properties of te arrester. Two "I0-kA-arresters” can have very different properties. ‘When selecting en arrester the nominal discharge curent therefore cannot be considered on its own. Fer the example in Figure 2, a 10-kA-arrester was selected. The statement “lightning impulse protective level ~ 823 kV" means the following: voltage at a maximum of £23 KV drops across the terminals when impressing a lightning current mpalse of 8 ps of virtual font time, 20 ps of virtual time to alfvalueon te tail and peak value of 10 kA. These relationships are likewise depicted in Figure 4 [A lightning impulse protective level of 823 KV means thatthe peak: value ofthe te minal voltage during a discharge, starting from normal operation at ptase-to-arth volt " Neverthe there i no det py exlinton for this reaonsip. It wat found be psly pial * when nding fin thse cleans. deviations of up 61 RV en oer. Se he layout example at heen ofthe undo0 "TASKS AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF MO ARRESTERS bes seal ° Ht & =e = 500 08 bs te} 0 5 wm 1 2 2 90 38 Times lg 4s Residual voluge of sample ares of Fig. 2 (Uy = 336 KV) at nominal ‘deharge cae (= 105) ‘age, increases by a factor of about 2.4 (823 KV divided by 343 KV), while atthe same time the curent amplitude increases by eight decedes of magnitude (from 100 4A to 10 A). This substantiates the extreme non-linearity of the arresters voltage-curent- characteristic. [Equipment in the 420-KV-system normally has «standard lighting impulse with: ‘stand voltage! of 1425 KV. This (est voltage) value, however, isnot allowed to ever be attained in practice, In accordance with the application guide on insulation coordination, TEC 6007-2, the highest occurring voltage inthe case of a non-selfrestoring insulation {in operation should stay below this value by a factor of 1.15, that i, not exceed 1239 KV. Nevertheless, the lightning impulse protective level of 823 KV of the sample ar- ester seems at first to offer more than enough protection. It should, however, te noted ‘that this value represents voltage across the arrester terminals, caused by the flow of an ideal standardized test current atthe same level a the arrester's nominal discharge ‘current. Taree significant causes can allow the voltage at she terminals ofthe equipment tobe protected to take on a considerably higher valu: 4) Traveling wave processes: Rapidly increasing overvoltages spread inthe form of traveling waves on the line. In those places where the surge impedance of the ine changes, reftaction and reflection occur. Especially, a voltage wave will be totally "Preqcy BI, — bas ighning imps nuleton eel is metoned inthis context. This rm Com. ‘he US snr however, ot Sefned i the IEC sanded (ee the comment on BIL i ape a. ‘TASKS AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF MO ARRESTERS n ig: Simpl arangement ile he ptecivezve ofan anes (explaaton ex) positively reflected when eaching an unterminated end ofthe line. Te voltage level at every instant and at every point onthe line results fom the sum of the different in stantaneous values of each individual voltage wave. Thus, at the terminated end this ‘value will be doubled, A connected transformer appears similar to an unterminsted ‘end since its winding inductivty for rapid functions exhibit a great resistance com- ‘pared with the surge impedance of the line. Tae consequences ofthis are explained by means of a simplified example (Figure 5). An overvolage surge with a front steepness of 1000 KV/is runs towards a transformer. The propagation of such a surge ‘onan overhead line, as inthis example, ovcurs at the speed of igh, that sat 300,000 ‘kms or 300 vps. Is essumed that this arrester isan ideal one, which behaves like an insulator upto voltage level of 823 kV, while higher overvoltages are limited to ‘exactly 823 KV. The overvoliage surge fist passes by the arrester and reaches the ‘transformer 0.1 later, which isthe propagation time on the 30 m long stretch be tween the arrester and the transformer. At tis time the voltage atthe arester has reached a value of 1000 kV/s-0.1p5 = 100 KV. Thus, the arrester is stil behaving like an insulator. At the transformer the ariving surge is reflected. Tht is why an additional vottage surge, wit the same shape and polariy, runs back from there. The superimposition of both surges causes the voltage at tke transformer to increase at double the speed, thus at 2000 KV/ns. Another 0.1 ys means a voltage there of 200, kV, At the same time the reflected surge has reached the arrester, whose voltage up to this point ia time has increased a the original rato of rae and, therefore in the meantime, has also reached a voltage level of 200 KV. From now on the original and ‘the reflcted surges are superimposed on the arrester, ad the voltage increases at 8 steepness of 2000 kV/us not only atthe transformer, but also here. The situation at the arrester doesnot change until the voltage at its terminals has reached the limiting value of 823 KV. In accordance with the starting assurrption, a higher value cannot2 ‘TASKS AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF MO ARRESTERS ‘be taken on. According to the rules of traveling wave processes, this can only be reached if a negative voltage surge with a steepness of 2000 KVi/xs spreads out 10 ‘oth sides from the areser. The superimposition ofthe eriginal surge on that which ‘was reflected from the transformer, and which is now again reflected fom the ar- restr, causes the voltage atthe aresterto maintain a constant value of 823 KV. An- other 0.1 us passes ~ the propagation time needed for the 30 m stretch between the este and the transformer ~ before the negative surge reflected fiom the arester ‘reaches the transformer. During tis time, however, the voltage there has already in- creased by 200 KV. Therefore, it already has a value of 1023 KV. Only now the a= rester makes itself “noticeable” at the transformer and reduces the attained voltage. ‘The example shows thatthe voltage atthe equipment to be protected can be consid erably higher than that found atthe arester. Exactly how high depends mostly upon the distance between the arrester and the device to be protected, and on the font steepness of the voltage surge (tbe same example with double the distance and an only 10% greater rate of increase for the voltage would cause the given maximum permissible voltage of 1239 KV to already be exceeded atthe transformer). This ex- ample makes i lear that the arrester has only limited local protective zone! 'b) Inductive voltage drops: The curent path shown in Figure 6 of the discharge cur- ‘eat from the termination ofthe arrester tothe overhead line conduetor, down tothe cffctve eat, is ten meters long. Ata specific value of 1 wH per meter (the typical Inductance of a setehed conductor ata great distance from other live or earthed pars) its inductvity is 10 pH. In extreme cases a steepness of 10 KA/ns of light- ‘ng current impulse can be expected, Under these conditions the inductive voltage drop ofthe shown arrangement is 10a 10ka ys 1008 ‘This does not necessarily appear simultencously atthe peak value ofthe arrester re- sidual voltage. However, this value of 100 kV demonstrates the order of magnitude ‘of possible inductive voltage drops which ean superimpose the arester residual volt- age, inet avingnegnve sre rele gan fal agate, not ely dues he weg ie Sri023 kV emt arth uperipostion of alte pr sures the eslrme, but bo 8 vlage {Euston Ions cies ou te enon ate manner dseibe, the tarsformer lakes on x Inngvlage we maxinam vl of 1023 KV. In rei, he ampli and shape ofthe silos te camped y venous ences ns consider ie ‘TASKS AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF MO ARRESTERS 3B areas in onde HI ls Fig 6 Typical arangemet ofan anes in 4204 subetion ‘© Discharge currents higher than the arrester nominal discharge current: the protetve level of the areser is defined as its residual voltage atthe nominal dis- charge current, Higher discharge cutents may also occur. The arrester can withstnd thie undamaged, but it reeults in a higher residual voltage across its terminals de- ‘pending onthe shape ofthe U-t-characteristc. ‘Thus, when choosing an arester protective level certain details must be considered, sich asthe distance between the arrester and the device tobe protected, the particalar station configuration or the typical overvoltage stress in the system, Normally a fac- tor of at east 1.4 between the standard lighining impulse withstand voltage of the one of hereon is that the lng the hosing, the lower the shor-ciretwitstand eapbiybe- ores: Ano eth os poses iltr manufrs nn! fre the rete eng 8 oe pie (CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN OF MO ARRESTERS 25 High-voltage terminal Grading ing Insulating feet Fig 12: Tworlt high-voltage aeser Starting at a length of sbout one and a half to two meters on up, and generally for ar- resters made up of several units, grading rings ae ebsolutely essential. These serve to control the voltage distibtion from the top to the bottom, which is unfevorably nfl ‘enced by the earth capacitines affecting the arester. Without the appropriate counter- measures the MO resistor atthe upper, high-voltage end of the arrester, would be stressed considerably mor than those atte earthed end. The background nd the exact, interdependencies will be covered in greater detail in the second part ofthis handbook. Grading rings differentiate from each other in terms of ther diameters and inthe lengths oftheir fixing braces. The rule of thumb in this case is as follows: the larger the diame ter and the longer the brace, the better the control effet ison the voltage distribution. At the same time there are two reasons for keeping both ofthe sizes mentioned smal, if at all possible:26 (CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN OF MO ARRESTERS = The relevant standards on erecting electrical power installations stipulate a mini ‘mum distance between the conductors of the neighboring phases. These requirements are also valid for the distance between the grading rings of two neighboring aresters. The smaller the grading ring, the smaller the centerline spacing of neighboring aresers canbe, and thus the bay width tobe selected = The braces cannot be lengthened to whatever size desired, since the empty aester housing must flSll certain withstand vollae requirements. Ifthe braces are t00 Tong, flashovers may occur from the grading rng over the neighboring flange to the cart, or directly to the earth, especially while testing with switching impulse voltage. iy 13: Boom ange with nslting fet and mosorng su np “High-voltage sation aresters are usually not directly earthed; instead monitoring de- ‘vies, such as surge counter, monitoring spark gups or leakage curent indicators are connected with the arester in Series, In his ease insulation is provided for by setting the restr up on insalating fet Figure 13). Earhing then occurs through the appropriate ‘monitoring devies, The insulating feet must be mechanically designed in such & way, that they can withstand long-term as well as short-term mechanical forees affecting the restr. They must have adequate electrical strength, so that they do not Mashover un- der the tess ofthe voltage drops across the monitoring devices situted in parallel and ‘caused by the sef'inductance ofthe ground connection. "For expe, the Bropean rmonizason document HD 637 $1, oF document IEC 9935ICD, 1998 (Grjet IEC 619361 Ba 0+ Powerinsaitons exceeding I KV ae Part Common ues) (CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN OF MO ARRESTERS, n ‘The ground connection lead should have a cross section of a least 35 mm? less for "edo a bf count nn | So thar he arester can prec safely, it must be able ro Work absolutely soundly in continuous operations. Thus, the fist step is to establish a minimally required con- ‘tinuous operating voltage U,, au As already mentioned in connection with Figure 2, this rust be as high the continuous phase-o-earth voltage ofthe system, provided with at least an additional 5% The allowance takes into account possible harmonics inthe sys- ‘tem voltage, which may increase is peak value ris oe ‘irate at ge ‘Spe ctanecs i ‘engh efron, rambo us ‘tuchne are ward wtp) ee "continously" applied voltage means every volage which ocaus wihin an uninteruped period of more than 30 minutes. For this reason to determine the contin ous operating valage, the typeof neural eating ofthe sytem i devsive. In slated resonant earthed ncutal systems, the voltage of healthy phase against ound takes system — ieee Uy eel eating i on the value of th phate-o-phase volgen the ease of one-phase earth fal ath a full factor k ~ 1.73). Sine resonant cated neual systems aze operated quite at commonly fr tne peiods of more than 30 minutes in tis condition, the continous 3 1 i "Because of te exeme oon iearyofthe Uehara, he value of powerequeey vat jeoioe1e leojueyoou age plas es of aol than Sapa alu, Which en verproporoaly crease th sive compo ‘rote leagues periodical tte monant of he voluge Peak * Resnat eared real systems a manly fond in cena Europe, fom th meu volage ange up Fig. 8: cee foreoniging an MO arester ‘othe T0KV-ove Syrems at higher vole levels in gener ave oleae pera36 (CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS ‘operating voltage ofthe arester must, in this cas, have the value of the highest voltage ‘of the system, Us. Only the additional ive percent is not taken into consideration here: ‘Solidly earthed neural system: | [solated or resonant earthed neutral system: Ue ie 2 1.05 U5 Usein2 Us With the pre-selection of the minimally required continuous operating voltage, factor which usally ha a velue of 1.25! ~ there are, of course, exceptions ~ helps in achieving arated voltage Uy = 1.25 Ua me This i a posible, though not fina, rated voltage ofthe arester: ‘Solidy earthed neural ystom: | [Isolated or resonant earthed neutral sytem: Un 2125 -1.05-U, 3 Un? 1.25-Us “The required rated voltage aa, however, also be reached by taking a completely df= {erent approsch, namely by examining the temporary overvoliages which may occur in the system, The special cave ofa system, which is operated with a resonant earthed or isolated neutral, and in which the temporary overvoltages are directly decisive forthe continuous operating voltage, has already been mentioned. On the other hand, inthe ‘case of solid neutral earthing, the temporary overvolages may reach values of up t0 1.4 times the maximum phaseto-eath voltage (earth-falt factor k < 1.) fora time period from « few tenths ofa secend to upto several seconds. Power-fequency voltage above its continuous operating voltage can only be applied to an arester fra limited period of time: the higher the voltage, te shorter the permissible time of application i. This cor- relation is depicted in the power-Srequency voltage versus time or Ustcharacteristc (Figure 19). This indicates the ratio ofthe permissible power-frequency voltage andthe rated voltage Us, both given as tm. values, overtime, represented in logarithmic stan- ards. The ratio is called the factor Kay, In this casei is assumed thatthe arester is in an unfavorable state, that i, thatthe arrester has previously been heated up to 60°C, and directly before the aplication of power-fequency voltage it had to absorb its full rated thermal energy. From Figure 19 itis clear that under these conditions the rated voltage U; may be applied fora time peiod of 100 seconds”. The ten-second-volage is, "There are ao ppl eos fr the value of 1.25; twas «purely empiri rsa, which cecared hing the mutter ncopedertdeelopmet of aca allies of MO are, * ne opera dy test (rng the type ts the sed vag eed aly be eplied fora usin of| TDseconas The configuring 100 seconds nh ae prover atonal seu) ‘CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS 3 s Bie fag ce "ig 19: Example oa power-esueny vaiage ver te ( W) carcteriie (on the other hand, 7.5% above the rated voltage and the one-second-volage already 15 % above. The U-t-characterstic is applied in the following manner: the voltage value ‘Use which occurs in system fora time period of 1s, would, for example, be known, This voltage value must comespond, according to the Uct-characteristc curve, 10 1.15, times the arester-rated-oltage (kin = 1.15). In other words, the possibly chosen rated voltage of the arrester, Ua isthe occuring -s-voltage value divided by a factor ki, “which is valid fra ime period of Is inthis case, therefore, Un = Un./ 115. In general this reads as: Solid earthed neutral system: Ua =Uwr ker If further sets of temporary overvoltage values and the time of their occurrences are anailable as a result of knoving the systems condition, then for each one the corr sponding rated voltages must be determined separately. 1fn0 information is available at all, then in the case of solidly earthed neutral, an earh-fault factor of 1.4, and a time Patiod of ten seconds shouldbe assumed for the occurrence of temporary overveltages. The highest value of the different rated voltages determined from the temporary over- veltage conditions as described above, is the rated voltage Ua in Figure 18. Only a ‘small step is now needed to determine the final rated voltage of the arrester ~ U, isthe38 (CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS higher ofthe two values Ur: and Ur, rounded up tothe next highest value divisible by tee! U,=max (Un, Ua) rounded up toa value divisible by three the rated voltage Us is greater than Up, then the continuous operating voltage must obviously be redefined: U.=U,/125 ‘After determining the continuous operating voltage and the rated voltage inthis way, ‘the arrester i then generally designed not onl fora stable normal continuous operation, ‘bt also forall temporary overvoltage conditions in the system. It is, however, recom- ‘mended that a somewhat higher rating than the described minimal rating is selected, as Tong 88 the protective level ofthe arrester does not, as result, become unjustifialy high. In most cases the protective level requirements allow for this. A higher rating increases the stability of the arester and provides additional safety, for example in @ heavily polluted environment, or when unexpectedly higher temporary overvoltages ‘ceur. For tis reason one normally finds aresters inthe systems which have continu: ‘us operating and rated voltages higher than the minimally required ones. However in cach cas this greatly depends on the uit’ individual system management. ‘Selecting the Nominal Discharge Current “The nominal discharge curent serves to classify an MO arrester. IBC 60099-4 speci- ‘ies five different values’, which belong to different ranges of rated voltage: "The andar TEC 60894 eis to sep in which he ated volges ret be sated. These ae betwee TV and 24 KV, depending on how igh the ratedvotage At the same tne ote eps are pemied, ts log ay rent arated yg whieh vn by 6. Canty even Ser steps, 3 KV, a So ofered forthe het rated voles, 2 An eacpion is feud inthe wes a the highs lage level, U2 80 KV. Demands for lower ‘thing input pce lever normal ithe enous tthe ated yuge canbe ied above ‘te minalyequre vals. Aso ane he exanples the endo hs chap. >From IEC 600994 Table. The IEC end in gener inte sominal charge cet vals nam ‘pee. However, bene ts csro work wth losmpere, etal re sow pen ins frm. (CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS 39 15004 | 200A | s000A oom 200004, underconidenton | U,<36KV | Upstate | 3AVSU,<360kV | 360KV 550 kV. Infact, at this voltage level, and sometimes even atthe $50-LV-leve itself, MO resistor ameters andlor parallel connections of resistors are used, which yield much greater ‘energy absorption capability than is necessay fo line discharge clas 5. For these sys- ‘tens it is, however, common to determine the requirements on the energy absorption capability with detailed system studies, 0 thet an exact value forthe energy absorption capability, instead ofthe line discharge elas, is specified by the wer here. ‘When deciding on a definite line discharge class ~ and thereby indirectly on « defi- tite energy absorption capability the required MO resistor diameter has also sutomati- cally ben selected The following clasifiction i a rough orientation: ‘MO resistor danetr (mm) | ne discharge is 2 and? @ Bands 2 Beal @ ands 100 (or? 70m paral) Sana bier ‘After determining the rated voltage end subsequently choosing the MO resistor dia- mater, the protective characteristic of the arrester has been completely established. All residual voltage values result fom the U-Lcharacterstic ofthe selected type of MO " pscnting TEC 6099-5, Tle4 CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS resistor. The next step is to check whether the rettined protective characteristic is adequate. Selection and Review of the Protective Levels ‘The protective characteristic ofan arester is most frequently asessed by means of its lightning impulse protective level. That means itis assessed according to its residual -voltage while the nominal discharge curent is flowing. As already mentioned, accord ing to the aplication guide of insulation coordination, TEC 60071-2, there must be & factor ~ the so-called safety factor, K, of atleast 1.15 between the standard lighting impulse withstand voltage (BIL) ofthe device to be protected with a no-sef-restoring insulation, ard the highest lighting overvoltage which is expected to occur at its termi nals, In ths case it shouldbe noted that, du to traveling wave processes and inductive ‘voltage drops, the voltage at the terminals ofthe device to be protected can generally be higher than tz voltage directly atthe arrester terminals. Besides tha, it should also be ‘noted that ~ hough very unlikely in high-voltage transmission systems ~the discharge current may be higher than the nominal discharge current ofthe arester. If the distance between the arester and the deviee isnot too great ~arresters have & protetive zene of only a few meters in a distribution system and up to about sixty ‘meters in high- and exta-high-volige systems ~ this normally means that a protective level equal othe standard lightning impulse withstand voltage of the device to be pro- tected, divided by « fictor of 1.4, is adequate in protecting against lightning overvol- ages. It should, however, be kept in mind that this simplification might not be adequate for special system configurations and cates of application, or when the distance between the arrester andthe device is great. Thus, the correct and standard procedure is to de- termine the expected evervoltages through calculations and to establish the necessary protective level ofthe arrester by means of insulation coordination studies. Information ‘and instructions for this are found inthe IEC publications 60071-1 and 60071-2, and ‘recommendations forthe application of surge arrester are made in TEC 600995 Its common to cite the lightning impulse residual voltage also forthe double value ofthe nominal discharge curent. The coresponding values are normally between 5% and 15% above the lightning impulse protective level, Inthe exta-high-voltage systems the switching impulse protective level is normally the determing value of an arrester’ protective characteristic, In each case itis gener- CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS 45 ally cited, in accordance with IEC-standard 60099-4, fortwo different switching curent impulse values ‘Arvesrclass | Swing eave! impale (AD 20KA, LD ands 00 and 2000 1OKA, LD 250d 100 TOK, LD | aod? 125 500 ‘The switching impulse residual voltage is typically between 75 % and 90 % of the 10 KA lighting curent impulse residual voltage, depending each time on the MO resistor in use and the actual switching current impulse value. Inthe case of @ 1 KA switching current impulse, one can take 85 % of the 10 KA lighting curent impulse residual value asa guideline! Just as with the lightning impulse protective level, the switching impulse protective level isto be selected on the bass thatthe switching overvolage on the device to be roteced isnot higher than its standard switching impulse withstand voltage divided by the safety factor K,(K, = 1.15 inthe case of non-self-restoring insulation). As a re- sult of the comparatively slow process, voltage increases induced by traveling wave effects or inductive voltage drops, need not be considered. That means that the switeh- ing impulse protective level does not need to be lower than the standard switehing im- pulse withstand voltage ofthe device, divided by a factr of 1.15 In a few special applications, itis necessary to know the ssp curtent impulse protective level. Thus, itis also typically mentioned in the datasheet ofthe arrester. The residual voliage of MO resistors is about 5% higher for steep current impulses com- pared with lightning curent impulses ofthe same value’. However, the published data ‘of the step current impulse protective level should be interpreted carefully, Basically the residual voltage during step current rises (ron times within the range of < 1 ps) is influenced by two different effects which nevertheless always occur together. One of these isthe fact that the temporal behavior of the MO material during the tention from the non-conducting to a conducting state presents itself, when seen only exter- * attire depen devintion re poase a his context SL the bs switching impulse insulin levels equ mestione. Tis tm, ‘nnd in th US sandr however, ot efiod in the TEC sada (e explanation 9 SIL te append). » See he chapter on protective charac n pat46 CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS nally, as inductive bchavior (the residual voltage peak value les temporally ahead of the ‘peak value of the current, see Figure 4). Another is that of the inductivity of the geometrical arrangement having an effect of ca. 1 uH{ per meter onthe overall eight. ‘The latter influence can increase the residual voltage by an additonal 5%, oF even ‘more. The TEC standard 60099-4in its present form isnot clear on whether both effects ae tobe treated separately of not, while determining the steep current impulse residual voltage’. Accordingly, either both parts can be included inthe stoop current impulse residual voltage, which i cited inthe data sheets, or only the temporal behavior of the [MO material alone (in which case the geometric influence must have been very care- {ally compenstted during the measurement). there are any doubts, inquiries should be made, If, when checking the protective levels of all the cited curent impulse stresses, the requirements are fulfilled, then the choice ofthe electrical characteristic of the arrester is finished at this point. What, however, should be done, if any ofthese values are 10 high? For a piven type of MO resistor all the residual voltage values, as wel as the con- tinuous operating and rated voltage, compris a fixed ratio, Thus, none of these values ‘can be decreased alone. Instead the whole characteristic would have to be shifted downwards, inorder, for example, to obtain a lower switching impulse protective level. ‘This, however, is not allowed, asthe continuous operating end rated voltage would also ulomatically become lower by the same percentage, and a stable continuous operation ‘could no longer be guaranteed. In this cas there is normally only ne single permissible ‘means: MO resistors with larger cross sections must be selected. This canbe achieved by choosing a larger diameter or by connecting several resistors in parallel. Generally is the case thatthe ratio ofthe lighting impulse protective level tothe rated voltage is smaller (in other words, the U-t-charactristc is fatter) the bigger the MO resistor ‘cross section i. Therefore, fr a given continuous operating and rated voltage, respec- tively larger resistor cross section will result ina lower protective level. The ratio of the residual voltage a lightning current impulse of 10KA, tothe rms. value of the rated voltage, is between over three in distribution aesters almost down to two for heavy mult-column high-voltage aresters. Requirements for low residual voltage v "Caren eran: IHU O99, Eton, 98-02. AL preset “Amendment 2a vote pon at ‘he IEC Teel (Dorument SID6BFDIS, voting deadline September 16,201 a which, ame ther tings, the Focetue for serining the seep caren impulse residual volage wil be cy esa lsh. > re inva fsa aly ery manafcnrer dependent Mower, hy ae etubihed wihn ‘sage CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS a ‘ues are thus frequently the reason that larger resistors and greater numbers of them, re- spectively, are wed, than would actually be needed for the required energy absorption capability (or the line discharge class) Therefore, lower residual voltage values should only be requested when they are absolutely necessary forthe application in question. Selecting the Housing Dielectric and mechanical requirements are generally taken into account when s2- leetng the housing. The length, the creepage distance, the shed profil, the diameter and ‘the material must all be determined, The minimal housing length frst of all obviously results from the demand thatthe MO resistor column (the active part) must fit. The length ofthis column is determined by th electrical dta which was gathered durin the selection steps taken up to that point. Normally, however, ths is not the dimensioning requirement. Generally further demands cause the housing lengths to be much greater ‘han those of the active pars, Fist of al, the clearance which results from the withstand voltage requirement, ‘must be determined. According to TEC 60099-4 the arrester housing. must Fulfill the following test requirements: k= 10KA and 205A $A and High Lighing Duty Ae vzz00kv | v,<200K¥ reser (LV $1, $5249) "Test wih ging Bae pls age 13 gino impale protective lee “Ter with swiching - i ‘pls olage| ‘Tex wit power 1.06 switching ‘teqaney volage - Impulse pre" | 088 ghinginpuseprteive level (duation |) ‘ele! ‘Test voltages resulting from these requirements are below those of the other devices ‘of the system, a5 the following example of the lightning impulse withstand voltage shows: a typical arester in a 420-KV-system bas a lightning impulse protective level of| £823 KV (see Figure 2), Its housing must, therefor, be tested with lightning impulse voltage of 13-823 kV= 1070 RV, which only comprises 75 % of the standard li ning impulse withstand voltage of 1425 KV, as it is normally applied inthis system. ‘This is clearly justified because the arrester housing isthe bestprotected insulation ‘within the system. No higher voltages occur here other than the voltage drop directly48 CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS sacros the enclosed MO resistors. At the sume time the factors cited inthe table already take different atmospheric conditions into account — such as installation a heights of up to 1000 m ~as well as the possibility of having arester currents higher than the nomi- al discharge current, Nevertheless the same withstand voltage values are frequently re- _quested forthe arrester housings as those ofthe rest of the devices, whick consequently leads to unnecessarily long housings. The result is then uneconomical and a the same timetechncally disvantageous arrester housings ‘ie site altitude is over 1000 m - which according to the corresponding IEC defi- nition no longer counts as ¢ “normal service condition"? ~ then greater clearances and housing lengths must be chosen in order to maintain the required withstand voltage val- ‘es in conditions of lower air dens 'A much more frequent reason for longer housings are, however, reepage distance requirements, The shortest posible housing as a result of the length ofthe active part can normally be achieved only by designing for pollution levels of Yor 1 for spe- cific reepage distances of 16 mm/KV of 20 mnvkV (with reference to Us). For central European requirements this is often adequate. Worldwide, however, levels II and IV also play an important role. These lead to reepage distance requirements of 25 mmvkV and 31 mm/kV. In addition, there ae locations which make the use of even longer creepage distances necessary, for example those with maritime desert climates, or in ‘some cases, these conditions in combination with industrial pollution. In such extreme conditions it should be noted, however, that thee are often other, mare appropriate means of improving the operational reliability than ineresing the creepage distance. For example, one can select a higher continuous operating and rated voltage (naturally, with assccated higher protective levels), or use MO resistors with great: diameters, of ‘housings with greater distances between the active part and the housing wall. At any ‘ate one should keepin mind that "artificial" extensions ofthe active pert (by inserting, ‘etl spacers), which are brought about by creepage distance extensions, can also have ‘a egative effect on the rest of the operation behavior, as already mentioned in comnee- tion wit withstand voltage requirements, * Gang fogetouings can fr example rest ower hort-ciet rengh oa indvatagenus ol ‘See dtbuton slong th reser a » qrexplnaton wil be ined tein tis secon, > aor tthe defiian ia IEC 60813, Tobe “dee dei wil be neon hs nt apr nthe espe on perfomance wer poled eoo- ‘ons. CONFIGURINGMOARRESTERS ‘The diferent shed proiles and some of their characteristics were dealt with in the ‘chapter on "Constructive Design of MO Arresters". A general recommendation for a specific shed profile cannot be given here. When in doubt, in each case, one should be ‘chosen which has proved to be effective in service atthe particular sit ‘After the housing parameters have thus far been determined in order to full the electrical requirements, new in the next and last steps the mechanical eriteria flow. ‘They indirectly lead to the selection of the housing material andthe housing diameter. (fen there is only a vague idea as tothe mechanical stess of an arester in servic, and sccordingly no requiremeats are made, of, maybe even Worse, ones in which the values ae t00 high. I'there is ne information available about the actual requirements, the fol- lowing values can serve asa guideline forthe necessary static head loads: Fa = 400. ‘up to and including Us = 420 kV, Fu = 600 N for Us = $50 kV and Fa = B00 N for Uy '= 800 KV. These values represent absolute minimal requirements assuming that the a rester is connected by sti relieving conductor loops and a wind velocity of 34 m/s (© 120 kam is not exceeded, which according to TEC 60694 belongs to the “normal service conditions. Besides the static head loads, which normally cause the arester few problews, 6y- requirements must also be considered. These can, for example, occur as aresult ‘of shorcireuitcurents onthe line, or of gusting winds. In this case aresters with por- celtin housing ean, beeause ofthe brittle properties and statistical behavior ofthe por- ‘eltn, be strained at only up to 40% ofits dynamic strength. The specified permissible ‘dynamic head Toads should prove, on the other hand, to have atleast a 20 % safety mar~ ‘in to the actual breaking value, ascertained during tests, The head load values men- tioned above are accordingly expanded upon inthe following table: Highest yt vag U0] Fann) [Fan ona(¥) | Minium breking va (8) 5400 00 1000 1200 350 0, 1500 1800 0 0 2000 2100 ‘The mtios look somenhat different for polymer housed arresters, However, sppro~ priate rules and standards have sill not been established, At any rate a smaller distance can be adopted berween she stale and the dynamic loads, since the polymer housing "a in accordance wth IN A811 and TC dome 768coma rs Mo ARRESTERS, (orth the exception ofthe cat resin housing, which har britle characteristics similar 0 those of porcelain, and thus, s considered in exacly the same manner) diverges less in its mechanical characteristics. According to current findings, a static strength utilization of et least 70 % ofthe breaking value (whereby the breaking value is, atthe same time, difficult to define and determine) is unquestionably permissible. Polymer housings, in contrast to porelsin housings, sre visibly deflected under the influence of mechanical forces. Generilly this is not a consideration, however, in those cases in which this srt of behavior would cause problems, choosing a mechanically stronger housing must be ‘considered, which wil be less strained under the loads oveurring her, and thus be less deflected, the values cited in the table indicate relatively minimal demands on the hous ing strength, these can escalate enormously when taking seismic requirements into ac- count. Such requirements go beyond the "normal operation conditions”, and the esso- ciated demends must be explicitly described in an enquiry. There are various standard- ized calculation and tet procedures which determine the behavior of an arrester under ‘sch conditions, Typically a completely assembled arester is subjected to an earth- ‘See the hapter on eo perfomance input 2. CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS st ‘quake test on a shaking table, on which atleast two axes are accelerated atthe same time (Figure 21). The excitation may be carried out sinusoidal temporary ot transient or vccur au ypecirum of diffrent frequencies and amplitude, in order, as nearly as possible, fo simulate areal earthquake (time-history‘est), Extreme requitements can ‘in many cases more easly be fulfilled wth the use of polymer housing, than with por- ‘elain housing. ‘Taking seismic requirements into consideration is «common need for only afew lo- cations worldwide. However, out of the previous list of mechanical characteristics, the short-circuit withstand capability must be considered in every ease. It characterizes the failure mode of an arrester after the occurrence of an operational overload of the MO resistors. On very rate occasions an overload may occur, for example in distribution system asa result of «nearby direct lightning stoke of ~ even less frequently — because ‘of apower-trequency voltage transfer in high-voltage system from one system with & higher to another with a lower voltage, caused by a damaged conductor or line gallop- ing. After overloading, an ac develop inside of the arester housing, through which the site specific power-frequency short-ieuitcurent flows, In an arrester with an enclosed ig. 2: Pore Bouse aes afer pcture reef to with rated oreo came (2 EA, 200m). With ihe exception of some sheds hich wae rok the hosing remained inc. "Also see in pst 2 "Overading sort cic withand cpa, preseue le belavar”2 (CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS ‘gas volume, pressure then increases instantancously within the inner-housing. Pressure relief devices, however, prevent the housing from exploding. Accordingly, til recently, the relevant IEC-standard thus refered to the “pressure relief behavior" and "pressure relief tests". As the new polymer insulated arrestrs in part no longer contain enclosed ‘gs volumes in their housing, it makes sense to refer more generally to “short-cireuit behavior", and accordingly the associated tests are now called "short-circuit tests". The ‘goal, however, emaits the same: in the case ofan arrester overloading, according tothe test requirements, the housing must either remain intact, or if it breaks, the housing fragments and the ejected parts mus fall to the ground within a circumference around the areser, whose maius is about the same asthe height ofthe arester, Housing break age which fulills these requirements is expressly permissible, Under no circumstances, however, isa violent shattering ofthe housing allowed, whereby "violent shattering" is efined as oceurting when fragments fll outside the area around the arrester in which the parts are required to remain’, The chance ofa housing breakage must be considered ‘when building a subsation, Because ofthis isk tis generally visable, for example, t0 void using an arese asa pot insulator fora conductor or a busbar, If this, however, is desired, polymer housed aresters should be used, whereby it should be noted thatthe required behavior cannot automatically be found in all designs” “The maximum short-ireuit current, flowing for a period of 200 ms, at which an ar ‘ester can sil fulfil the above mentioned test requirements, was, until recently, divided into different classes inthe TEC standards. This was done by giving the short-cireuit current @ numerical value in kiloamperes, or in some eases, a eter. Today the standard only cites rated short-circuit (withstand) currents given in amperes. The following tables present the classifications according to the old and new standards "The penne ei tt inlig te one for meta-xie aes tous aps ice oly et nd TEC 6099. A revision of ett inte form af "Amendmest ha eet been blake {GEC eo a 3.1, 19913, "Ammen 3 ts IEC 600-4, preely big vied pan a ‘oeuneet 2680S, wil aclse fe own secon fr short est for met-oxie aesters ‘ethut gap but as en Infrae Arex oly. In bots douments the tests ave been lied onl Trai nome importa! points Fur fare inforaton fer opt 2 ° This definition is ot wit it problens. Aer as oferise sucess short-crcitcumet et ny Deli pine ce Megut fund ouside te rads, which were red ofr ely beens of the IMesnduced presse wave. >For iter infrmation sete caper polymer housed ares in put CONFIGURNGMOARRESTERS 0S 0 (ccording to TBC 6205.1, 1981-5) Pronmerieteem | “SSoereucatt (A) o e000 6 3.000 3 50000 oa aoa 20@) 20000 106) 10000 16) 600d 5@) 5.00 New (scoring 0 TEC 6099-1 E31 198-12 Rated or sie erent(ay | FB wer ofthe sme wa 30000 000 e000 50000 | 0000 0000 20000 31500 3150 20000 20060 16000 16000 10000 0000 000 508 ‘The designated pressure relief class or rated short-circuit (withstand) eurent should ‘at least comply with the maximum short-itcut curent expected atthe location of the aster. Not inchudedin the table isthe "low short-circuit current” of consistently 800 A sccording tothe old of 600 A + 200 A according to the new standard, which must also “be tested in all classes and ratings during the pressure relief test It lows fora duration ‘of one second, and within this time period the pressure relief devices (ifexiting inthe definitely sufficient BIL/O\044 e200 Hight of the MO resistor columa: go = 600 mm Selecting a Housing Since inthis case no futher information is available, a housing would be chosen which fulfils the following minimal requirements lightning impulse withstand voltage = 1.3 lightning impulse protective level = 1.3168 k\ ower-frequency withstand voltage 1 min, wet = 1.06) /2 switching impulse protective evel = 1.6/2 131 kV =98 kV reepage distance: 16 mm/kV + 72.5 kV = 1160 mm permissible head lad static: 400 N permissible head lad dynamic: 1000 N rated short-cireuit errent: 40 kA = possible length ofthe active part: 600 mm = mumber of units: 1 = grading ring: no 19koo CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS Example 2: "Resonant earthed neutral 110-kV-system"* {All the information which i astrisked(*) are typical. Individually, however, these are ‘manufacturer-dependent values.) ‘Tacitly assumed, if no further information is given and no special requests are made: U2 Un =123V standard lightning impulse withstand voltage (BIL) of equipment = $50 kV ‘operation under earth fault conditions for> 30 min. required nominal discharge current I,= 10 kA required line discharge class 2 pollution ive 1 maximum short-circuit curent: 40 KA Determining the minimally required continuous operating and rated voltage = 123 kV Ucrin= 125° “Us nip 125° 123 KV = 1546 (The ratee voltage, however, has no technical significance in a resonant earthed system) Vee [Establishing the actual continuous operating and rated voltage: U,= Us eu rounded up tothe next value divisible by 3 156 kV UJLaS* = 156 KV/1.25"= 124 kV" Selecting an MO resistor suitable for I, 10 kA and LD-class 2 (MO diameter: 60° mm Qiou/U; = 2.39% (This factor is characteristic for the MO resistor used when ‘configuring it forthe line discharge class 2.) ‘Note: Compared with example 1, an MO resistor diameter of 60 mm was chosen Ihre in order to achieve a lower lightning impulse protection level. Tis is usually a concem in resonant earthed and isolated neutral systems because of the required high continuous operating voltage. Alzo ree example 6, compared with example 7. * Power-egunsyvlage vals rounded dowa to whole mane GONMOURINGMOARRESTERS ‘The resulting protective characteristics lightning impulse protective lve (Oa axon) 367 KV" (in accordance withthe German aplication guide DIN EN 60099-S/VDE 0675, Part 5 lightning impulse protective level «370 kV) ‘itching impale protective lve (sna seo) 298 kV step cument impulse protesive level (Quay) 389 KV ‘Qhecking the protective values: BIL/Oio44 120, = SS0KV/367 KV = LS -> generally sufficient “ight of the MO resistor column: Inyo = 1260" mm Selecting a Housing ‘Minimal requirements lightning impulse withstand voltage = 1.3 lightning impulse protective level = 1.3 -367 KV =447 kV power-frequency withstend voltage 1 min, wet= 1.06/ V2 - switching impulse protective level = 1,06/ V2 - 294 k\ ‘reepage distance: 16 mmvkV- 123 kV » 1968 mm permissible head lod static: 400. permissible head load dynamic: 1000'N rated short-ireuitcurent: 40 KA possible length ofthe active part: 1260 mm ‘number of units: 1 sreding ring: no 221 kv "Resa vkage vals ar rouded up o whole mame.a (CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS 6 Example 3: "Solidly earthed neutral 220-KV-system” (Checking the protective values: BILsouq.ana™ 950 KV/485 RV = 1.96» definitely sufficient (All the information whick is stersked (*) are typical Individually, however, these are sanufierrer-dependent values) eight ofthe MO resistor column: yo 1679" mm ‘Tactly assumed, f no further Information is given and no special requests are made Selecting « Housing Ur Ua 245 KV Minimal requirements: standard lighting impulse withstand voltage (BIL) of equipment = 950 kV arth fault factor k= 14 ‘maximum duration of temporary overvoltage: 108 required nominal discharge cutentIy= 10 kA required line discharge clas: 3 pollution fevel ‘maximum short-citeuitcurent $0 kA Determining the minimally required continuous operating and rated voltage ‘Ue mia ™ 1.05 - Uy/V3 = 1.05 - 245//3 kV = 149 kV sin 125* Us aie 1.25% 149 KV = 187 KV 1.4 = (Uy V3) Ky, 104 14» (245/-V3)/ 1.075" RV = 185 kV (yo om Figure 19) Ua. aie [Establishing the actual continuous operating and rated voltage: ‘Ur Uru 10unded up to the next value divisible by 3= 189 kV "Normally an arrester with a rated voltage of at last 198 KV is used inthis system. ‘This leads to a consiferably more stable layout, and nevertheless offers « sufi- ciently low protective level U,= 198kV U,=UsL.25* = 198 KW/L.25* 1s8kev Selecting an MO resistor suitable for I,=10 KA and LD-class 3 (MO diameter: 60° mm Biou/U, = 245% (This factor is characteristic for the MO resistor used when ‘configuring it forthe line discharge class 3. Compare with example 2) ‘The resulting protective characteristics’ lightning impulse protective level (80.442): 485 KV switching impulse protective level (0 sos): 402 KV «steep current impulse protective level (eu 122): 514 KV lightning impulse withstand voltage = 1.3 lighting impulse protective level= 1.3 - 485 kV = 631 4V ower-frequency withstand voltage 1 min, wet 1.06/-V2 - switching impulse protective level = 1.06/ V2 - 402 kV = 302 kV creepage stance: 16 mm/kV -245 kV = 3920 mm permissible head load static: 400 N permissible head load dynamic: 1000. ‘ted shortcut current: 50 KA possible length ofthe active part: 1670 mm ‘umber of units: 1 (Borderline case when using a porcelain housing!) wading ring: no (Borderline case! If this arrester ~ for example, because of higher ‘reepage stance requirements — were designed in two pars, a grading ring would indeed be -equred:)64 ‘CONFIGURING MO ABRESTERS Example 4: "Solidly earthed neutral 380-kV-system; industrial pollu- tion” (All the information which i esterisked(*) are typical. Individually, however, these are ‘manuficturer-dependent values.) ‘Tacitly assumed, if no further information is given and no special requests are made: Up Ua = 4201 standard lightning impulse withstand voltage (BIL) of equipment earth fault factor k= 1.4 ‘maximum duration of temporary overvoltage: 10 8 required nominal discharge current y= 10 KA required line discharge class:3 pollution fevel I ‘maximum short-circuit curent 50 KA Determining the minimally requred continuous operating and rated voltage Usa 1.05: U/W = 105 420/{3KV =255 KV = Unmia= 1.25® - Us nin 1.25* 255 KV = 319 kV ayaa 14: (WA) ka on™ 14 20/Y3)/1.075¢ RV =316 KV (Key, 105 from Figure 19) Establishing the actual continuous operating and rated voltage: ‘Un me Founded up tothe next value divisible by 3= 321 kV. [Normally an arrester witha rated voltage of at least 336 kV is used in tis system. ‘This leads toa considerably more stable layout and nevertheless offers sufficiently low protective level U.= 336 kV Us Usl.25* = 336 KV/1.25" = 268 kV 10 KA and LD-class 3 ‘Selecting an MO resistor suitable for (MO diameter: 60* mm joug/U, = 245% (This factor is characteristic for the MO resistor used when configuring it forthe ine discharge class 3. Compare with example 2!) ‘The resulting protective characteristics": lightning impulse protective level (ious): 823 KV switching impulse protective level (0 12042) 683 KV steep curent impulse protective level (jo 124): 872 KV CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS (Checking the protective values: BILLion, goa = 1425 KV/823 KV = 1.73 -> definitely sulficient Height of the MO resistor column: hyo = 2820 mm Seketing Hoosing Mima! regiments: lighning impulse withstand votge = 13 lightning impulse protective level = 1.3923 kV = 1070 LV switching impulse withstand voage 125 switehing impale protective level~ 1.25 683 XV = 854 KV crsepage distance: 25 mmkV 420 kV permissible head load stati 400 8 permissible hed lod dynamic: 1000 N ‘ned short-circuit cues: SOKA posible length ofthe active part: 2820 mm (21610 mny* umber of units: 2" = grading ring: yes 65“ (CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS Example $: "Solidly earthed neutral S00-KV-system; special require- ments” (All the information whichis asterisked (*) are typical. Individually, however, these are smanufacturer-dependent values.) ‘Tocitly assumed, if no further information {5 given and no special requests are made: Us=Un=5S0kV standard lighting impulse withstand voltage (BIL) of eqeipment = 1550 kV cath fut factor k= 14 maximum duration of temporary overvoltage: 10 8 required nominal discharge current I,= 20 kA required line discharge class: $ polltion level ‘maximum shor-circit curent: SOKA. ‘Special information and requirements: U.=S25KV switching impalse protective level (834,160): 760 KV" ‘energy absorption capability > 5 MI ‘roepage distance 25 mm/kV seismic withstand capaility: ground acceleration 0.5. ace. to US standard IEEE 693 (> arrester base acceleration I-g)? Deterling the minimally required continuous operating and rated voltage Ucasa™ 105 -U/V3 = 105. 525/3RV=318 kV Une” 1.28" -Usige” 125 -3IBKV= 398 KV Usain 14 (UY) kat" 14 (525/3)/ 1.078" KV: (Gs Hor igure 19) "Demands for low switching impale poective levels sre spel of extahgh-voluge sjsems, see apier “Consign MO Arse" ® pscording to EEE 693 an ress am performance i rfeby verified by x m-aes "ine ‘Rory teen a shaking ble Ith amet tte woot edetal (hich, for practic! aso {te ual ce) the acelin a the reer bas mit be douhle he vas of he egured wound ‘Seelntion, stning an ampienton factor of wo fra piel poles Furherore,acodag 2 TEE 63, «meshaneal ser of rt moe than 50% ofthe seers mechani being stengh is Alone to ont drng he tes Thee ae the esos hat an oxieney high mectacl seen is ‘eceaiaryt fll the 0g round celeron requiremet. ~ permissible head load sti: 11500 N CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS o i Establishing the actual continuous operating and rated voltage: + Us= Unzmerounded upto the next value divisible by 3 =399 kV and rated voltage are acuslly established here. Otherwise the required extzcmely Moet pra eve he lente pe | in tng rnd | ‘Selecting an MO resistor suitable for I, =20 kA and LD- 72 M0 total ‘Checking the protective values: BIL. n20 52 = 1S5CKV!927 KV = 1.67 -> definitely sufficient ‘witching impulse protective level requirement fulfilled nergy absorption capability requirement fulfilled Height ofthe MO resistor columa(s): ayo = 3700” mm Selecting a Housing (composite hollow core insulator* in order to fulfil the selomie requirements) ‘Minimal requirements: lightning impulse withsand voltage = 1.3 lightning impulse protective level= 1.3 -927 kV = 1205 kV + switching impulse withstand voltage 1.25 -switehing impulse protective level = 1.25 760 kV = 950 kV. ‘roepage distance: 25 mmn/kV «$25 KV = 13125 mm Permissible head load dymamie: 16400 N (due to seismic requirements!) 0 % of the dynamic value) ‘ated short-circuit cures $0 KA possible length ofthe active part: 3700 mm (21850 mmm)*8 CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS Example 6; "Resonant earthed or isolated neutral 20-kV-system' (All the information which is asterisked (*) are typical. Individually however, these are ‘manfseturer-dependent values.) Tacitly assumed, if no further Information is given and no special requests are made: Up Un =24KV standard lightning impulse withstand voltage (BIL) of equipment = 125 kV ‘operation under earth fault conditions for > 30 min required nominal discharge curent = 10 kA pollution level I ‘maximum short-circuit current: 20 kA Determining the minimally required continuous operating and rated voltage sia Us= 24 KV Upmin” 1.25* Uc ma 1.25* 24 KV =30 KV (The rated voltage, however, has no technical significance in a resonant earthed or isolated system.) Establishing the actual continuous operating and rated voltage: 'U,= Ur le founded up tothe next value divisible by 3= 30 kV U,= Ujl.25* = 30 KV/1 25" = 24 KV ‘Selecting an MO resistor suitable for Ty = 10 kA ‘MO diameter: 40° mm ‘oua/U, = 2.667 (This factor is characteristic for the MO resistor used if the protective level requirements of central European distribution systems must be met.) ‘The resulting protective characteristics lightning impulse protective level (014.020): 80KV (in accordance with the German application guide DIN EN 60099-S/VDE 0675, Part: lighting impulse protective level < 80 KV) steep current impulse protective level (844 060): 85 KV (Checking the protective values: [BI/O,oa4 an .= 125 KV/RO RV = 1.56 -> sufficient CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS al CONFIGURING MOARRESTERS gw Height ofthe MO resistor column: ‘nyo =200* mm Selecting a Housing (polymeric type) Minimal requirements: ighning impulse withstand voltage ~ 1.3 lightning impulse protective level= 1.3 - 80 kV = 104 kV ower-requency withstand voltage 1 mi, wet = 0.88/,/2- lightning impulse protective evel = 0.88/ 3 - 80 kV = 50 kV sreepage distance: 16 mm/kV - 24 KV = 384 mm permissible head load stati: 400 N permissible ead load dynamic: 600 N shor circuit withstand capability: 201A possible length ofthe active par: 200 mm ‘umber of units: 1 (in medium voltage this is generally the case) _sading ring: for medium voltage arrestrs this is generally not necessary(CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS Example 7: "Solidly earthed neutral 20-kV-system" (All the infermation whichis astersked (*) ae typical. Individually however, these are smanuficturer dependent values ) ‘Tacitly assumed, if no further information is piven and no speclal requests are uy ‘standard ighting impulse withstand voltage (BIL) of equipment = 125 kV ‘art fault factor k= 14 ‘maximum duration of temporary overvoltage: 10 8 Ua=244V OKA required nominal discharge curent pollution level -maximun short-circuit current: 20 kA Determining the minimally required continuous operating and rated voltage : 05 U3 =1.05 24/3 RV = 14.6 kV ‘U,=Un aie Tounded up tothe next value divisible by 3= 21 kV U.= Us1.25* = 21 KV/1.25*= 16.8 KV Selecting ax MO resistor suitable for [y= 10 kA. ‘MO diameter: 40¥ mam ‘ie /U, = 2.76% (This factor is characteristic forthe MO resistor used if there are ‘no particular protective level requirements.) "The resulting protective characteristies" lightning impulse protective level (8o4a.s20y): 58 KV steep extent impulse protective level (aa so): 62 KV ‘Checking the protective values: [BILIO0.4 ays = 125 KV/SB KV = 2.15 > definitely sufficient CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS Height ofthe MO resistor columa: yo = 135% mm ‘Selecting a Housing (polymerie type) Minimal requirements: lightning impulse withstand voltage = 1.3 lighting impulse protective level= 1.3.58 kV = 76 KV. Power-frequency withstand voltage 1 min, wet = (0.88) /2 lightning impulse protective level = 0,88/V/2 «58 kV =37 kV roepage distance: 16 mm/RV -24 kV = 384 mm permissible head load state: 400 N + permissible heed load dynamic: 600 N shor circuit withsand capability: 20 kA possible length ofthe active par: 135 mm ~ tumber of units: 1 (in medium voltage this is generally the case) ~ grading rng: for medium voltage srrestrs tis is generally not necessary in‘STANDARDS B Sea Standards ‘The selection below describes the curent state ofthe most important IEC (and some ‘other standards on arrester andthe associated topics. Also some important IEC docu- ‘ments which are curently inthe committe draft state ar listed. Since January 1997, the IEC publications have been numbered differently, inorder to 1chieve comespondence to European and international standards. Tis is done by adding ‘the number 60000 tothe old number. The seme hold tue forthe publicstions published before 1997, even ithey curently sil have the old number: ‘The US standards and application guides on arresters and insulation coordination have also been inclided because oftheir importance for the American and other nae ‘ional markets \@)IEC arrester standards and draft documents ai ‘IRC 60099-1, Faiton 3.1, 1999-12 ‘Edition 3: 1991 consolidated with amendment 1: 1999) Surge arresters ~ Part 1: Non-linear resistor type gapped surge aresters fora. systems TEC 60099-4, Edition 1.1, 1998-08 (Edition 1; 1991 consolidated with amendment 1: 1998) ‘Surge arrester ~ Part 4: Meta-oxide surge arrester without gaps for ac. sys- tems ‘Note: Amendment 1 is "Annex F (normative): Articial pollution test with re- spect to the thermal siess on porcelan-housed mult-nit metal-onide surge arrester TEC 37/268/FDIS, July 13,2001" ‘Amendment 2 to IEC 60099-4 Ed "The pressor of his document -37251/CDV ~ was voted on in 6 diferent tos Al ction wee basally accepted Inthe atl FDIS Final raf ltrs Saar) sage ll tins hve ‘een pt togetier agin Asa major change ote CDV docunent, however, Case 27 "Shor et ‘exh beome te nfrmative Amex O, Desi ere rl 0 fil nto peeent oie tes pocedies,” STANDARDS ‘Note: Amendment 2 contains the following new or revised sections, clauses, sub-clause and annexes: Table 1 Arester classification and tet requirements 54 Internal paral discharges 5.14 Mechanical loads -u General 73.1 Steep current impulse resduel voltage test 7.52 Accelerated ageing procedure .u7 ‘Short-circuit ests (> Informative Annex O) 18 Intemal partial discharge test 81 Routine tests + 821 Standard acceptance tests 9 ‘Test equirements on polyme: housed surge arrester 10 ‘Test requirements on gas-inselated metal-enclosed aresters (GIS-arrestess) n Separable and deadfront arreters n Liquid immersed arrester B ‘Mechanical considerations for surge arresters ‘Annex L (informative): Ageing test procedure — Anenius law — Problems with higher temperatures ‘Annex M (informative): Guide for determnation ofthe voltage Aistribution along meta-oxide surge aresters ‘Annex N (normative): Mechanical considerations TEC 60099-5, Baltion 11, 2000-08 (Edition 1: 1996 consolidated with amendment 1: 1999) ‘Surg aresters~ Part 5: Selection and application recommendations ‘Note: Amendrrent 1 isthe new Section 6 "Disgnostc indicators of metal-oxide surge arrester in service” TEC 37/261/CDY, November 17,2000 EC 60099.6; Surge aresters ~ Part 6: Surge aresters containing both series and parallel gapped stractures ~ Rated 52 KV and less) STANDARDS 1 ee eee eceeeeean tS 9) HEC standards and draft documents on insulation coordination — O8RaaaewweeS TEC 60071-1, Seventh Edition, 1993-12 Insulation co-ordination — Part |: Definitions, principles and rales OT IEC 60071-2, Third Edition, 1996-12 Insulation co-ordination ~ Part 2: Application guide Ss TEC 28/138/CD, February 9, 2001 (EC 60071-4, Ed. 1: Insulation co-ordination - Part 4: Computational Guide to Insulation Co-ordination & Modeling of Electcal Networks) IEC 28/139/CDY, February 9,2001 (GEC 60071-5: Inculation co-ordination ~ Pan 5: Procelutes for HVDC Con- verter Stations) ©) Other international and national standards, also relevant for arvesiers _—$—$—$_$ $$ Qq“OQreVve EC 60060-1, Second Ealtion, 1989-11 High-voltage test techniques, Part 1: General definitions and test requirements {TEC 60507, Second edition 1991-04 Anica pollution ess on high-voltage insuators tobe used in ac. systems TEC 60672-3, Second Edition, 1997-10 (Ceramic and glass-insulating materials —Part3: Specifications for individual materials ee TEC 60694, Second Edition, 1996-05 ‘Common speifiations for high-voltage switchgear and control standards TECITR 60815, First edition, 1986-05 Guide forthe selection of insulators in respec: of polluted conditions TEC 61166, First Baition, 1993.03, High-voltagealtemating curentcizcuit-breakors ~ Gude for seismic6 STANDARDS ‘qualification of high-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers TEBE Std 693-1997 ‘Recommended Practice for Seismic Design of Substations TEC 36/166/CD, January 28,2001 (IEC 62073: Guide to the measurement of wetabilty of insulator surfaces) 1D 637 S1:1999 ‘Power installations exceeding AC 1 kV TEC 99/35/CD, 1998 Project IEC 61936-1 Ed, 0: Power installations exceeding 1 kV ac. ~ Pat (Common rules DIN 48 113, September 1973 ‘Statzsolatoren fr Scaltgerate und Scheltanlagen fr Spannungen Uber 1 kV ~ Zaordnung der Begriff fir Biegefestigkeit (od American standards on aresiers and insulation coordination TREE €62.11-1999 IEEE Standard for Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters fir AC Power Circuits (1 kV) Note: Ths standard, in contrast to IEC 60099-4, applies to both MO arrester, with and without gaps TEEE Std. €62.22-1997 IEEE Guide for the Applicaton of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for Alternating ‘Current Systems IEEE Standard 1313.1-1996 IEEE Standard for Insulation Coordination ~Defnitions Principles, and Rules IEEE Standard 1313.2-1990 IEEE Guide fr the Application of Insulation Cocrdination LITERATURE, . CLAM ATURG See eae Literature ‘Consult the following literature for further information on the fundamentals of MO arestes E. C, Sakshaug, J. 8. Kresge,$. A. Miske ‘Annew Concep in Station Arrester Design IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS.96, no. 2, Mareh/Apail 1977, pp. 647 - 656 CIGRE Working Group 33,06 Meral-oxde surge asters in AC systems Part 1: General properties ofthe meal-oxide surge arester Pert 2: Performance of metal-oxide surge arresters under operstng voltage Part 3: Temporary overvoltages and ther stresses on metal-oxide surge aresters ELECTRA 128, pp. 99.125, CIGRE Working Group 33.06 ‘Meta-oxide surge aresters in AC systems Part 4: Streses in metal-oxide surge amestrs due to temporary harmonic overvolt- ages ELECTRA 130, pp. 78-115, ‘CIGRE Working Group 33.06 Metal-oxide suge arrester in AC systems Part: Protecton performance of metl-onide surge aresters Part 6: Selection of meal-oxie surge ester characteristic fom the standerds ELECTRA 133, pp. 133-165PREVIEW OF PART2 a Preview of Part 2 - Selected Topics ‘The following selection provides an overview of the topics to be covered in the second part ofthe handbook. © Historical development of arrestrs, gapped aresers (© Amester standards IEC, IEEE/ANSI: current status and developmental tendencies, © Arester tests ‘ype tests routine tests acceptance tests + Protective characteristics - UsLcharacterstic in detail ‘+ Energy absorption capability + thermal energy absorption capability single impulse energy absorption capability: influence of current waveform ‘4c, eneray absorption capability line discharge class Jong duration current impulse withstand capability + Overloading, short-circuit withstand capability, pressure relief behavior TEC test requirements: current and future cfet ef arrester design on short-circuit withstand capability cffect ef the current lop (geometrical layout ofthe circuit) ‘+ Performance in polluted environments effet of housing diameter effet ofthe distance between the active part and the housing inner wall effect ofthe roepage distance fect of housing materials: porcelain, silicone rubber, EPDM - effect of internal partial discharges effect o higher rated voltage afc pollution test with respect to thermal stress | (Annex F of TEC 60099-4, Ba 1.1) © Polymer heused aresers ifferenes in design ~ use of composite hollow core insulatorsPREVIEW OF PART2 iectly wrapped designs directly molded designs mechanical strength definition according to TEC 60099-4/A2 achievable strength seismic performance overload performance (short-circuit withstand capability, failure mode) Aisferences in material silicone rubber: RTV, LSR/LR, HTV EPDM blends special tests according to IEC 60099-4/A2 station layout using arestes with composite hollow core insulator housings Seismic performance requirement standards) calculation methods test methods ‘Voltage and temperature distribution on arresters ~ eauses, influences, countermeasures (external grading system) Aifferences between voltage and temperature distribution ‘measuring methods Normal sence conditions. ‘Acceptance tests: According to IEC 60099-4, the following standard tess are cartied ‘ox on MO arresters without gis, if avceptance tests have been aanged for. They must be performed on the nearest lover whole number to the cube rot of the total quantity of anesters to be supplied: + Measurement of power-frequency voltage on the complete arrester at the reference curent "Measurement of the > lightning impulse residual voltage on the complet arrester ron the individual >amester units, if posible at nominal discharge current * Patil discharge test on the complete arester or on the individual arrester units * Tighmess test ‘Active part ofan arrester: the MO resistor column(s) ofan arrester, including metalic spacers and the supporting construction. ‘Alumina porcelain: a type of porcelain in accordance with subgroup "C 120: slumi- ‘nous porcelains" ofthe standard IEC 60672-3. Arrester disconnector: >Disconnector Arrester section: Section ofan arrester ‘Arrester unit: Unit ofan anester "Unetned terms repent keywords which farther expe in geter del Inthe ecto vr- ‘on oft bndoot liking on th ems wi euomaeally call the denon,a APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF Back flashover: Dashoverof line insulator caused by the potential rise of a tower or pole during a lighting stroke to the overhead ground or shield wire, orto the tower ot sole itself. Back flashovers are particularly common when high tower footing im- redances are present, since they eause high voltage drops during the flow of lightning scharge curent. ‘Basle ightning impulse insulation level: >BIL Basic switehing impulse insulation level: SIL BIL: abbreviation for "basic lightning impulse insulation level". Even though this term is frequently wsed when referring to TEC standards it is only defined by IEEE and ANSI (gee standards IEEE Std 1313,1-1996, IEEE Std C62.2-1987, IEEE Std €52.22-1997, ‘ANSI 92,1-1982), The IEC standard 60071-1, Seventh edition, 1993-12, uses the term > standard lightning impulse withstand voltage instead © 110: Quartz porcelain (© 120: Alumina porcelain Composite hollow core insulator: « hollow core insulator made out of an ERP tube with applied polymeric sheds. The FRP tube can be of the Pwe-processal or ‘>vacuum-impregnated type. The sheds almost always consist of silicone rubber, ‘with differences between ->RTV.silicone rubber, >HTV silicone rubber, and DLSRILR, They are applied using different manufacturing processes: >push-on nethod, direct molding ‘Conditioning: Conditioning is «par ofthe >aperting duty test and takes place before ‘he actual proof of thermal stability, after energy has been injected. It should cause possible sleccal agsing (degradation) to occur, so tha the actual operating duty test isnot caried out ina simplified manner on brand new MO resistors. The conditioning consists of twenty lightning curent impulse strescs of ->nominal discharge curen which are superimposed on an applied power-fequency voltage with 1.2 times the continuous operating vohage. For the operating duty test on arresters of line dis: charge classes 2 to 5, two consecutive high curent impulses with 100 KA peak value cach, are additionally spplied. Continuous operating voltage of an arrester: (symbol: Uc) The continuous opeating ‘voltage i the designated permissible root-mean-square value of power-fequeney vot- APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF i. APPENDIC:MOARRESTERSINBRIEF os ‘age, whieh is allowed to continuously be applied between the arrester terminals (IEC 60099-4, clause 2.) Coordination withstand voltage: a term from the insulation coordination: value of ‘the withstand voltage ofan insulation configuration in actual service conditions, for which an acceptable failure rate (the so-called "performance criterion") results. The ap- plication of surge aresters ensures thatthe value of the coordination withstand voltage ‘is never exceeded it the terminal ofthe device to be protected, Foran exact definition ‘of the terms mentioned above, and their meaning and determination during the process ‘of insulation coord:nation, see TEC 60071-1 and 60071-2. (Current impulse: unidirectional curent impulse, which ideally inreases quickly to ak value and then ~ generally more slowly — returns to zero. The partmeters which efine a current impulse are polarity, peak value, virtual fiont time T and > virtual, time to-half-value on the tail T; in microseconds (exception; ->long duration cuzent pulse, which is characterized by polarity, peak valu, virtual duration ofthe peak and virtual total duration). This is represented as TyTs, without information about the time ‘nit. For example, the lighting curent impulse (T;=8 ps, T:~ 20 ps) is desribed 8a current of the form 8/20. Degradation: >Elzctrical ageing DIN: Abbreviation for "Deutsches Institut fir Normung e.V.", 8 German organization {or standardization based in Bertin Direct molding: a means of putting silicone sheds on an aresteror onthe FRP core of 8 Pcomposite hollow core insulator or composite line insulator (as opposed to the push-on method) In this case different technologies are uilzed. Mos fequently the ‘body whichis tobe recast is set ina tightly closed lengthwise-divided mold, and com- pletely recast in one pouring. Tis is possible and usual for lengths of up to about two ‘eters. For even longer bodies the sheds are raised in several pourings, one after an- other, whereby cath segment is vulcanized to the previous one. The resulting ‘encapsulation creates two lengthwise molding lines (frequently, but mistakenly, called "seams". However, if this is carried out carefully, it does not negatively affect the op- ‘rating behavior In different procedure the encapsulation is accomplished by raising the sheds one after inother, by means of a one-piece form, which surrounds the body in 8 ring, and which is passed along the body step by step. Another known procedure is ‘that in which the sitcone rubber is raised spirally witha form which moves along the ‘tating body. The result is not single separate sheds, bu instead one continuous spiralAPPEND DE: Mo ARRESTERS IVBRIEF Yacharge voltage: Residual voltage Disconnector: a device st the earth terminal ofthe arrester, which separates the arrester fom the system after an overloading. This is especially important in conjunction with polymer housed arresters, since their housing does not decay during a feilure, nd the puncture and flashover channels as well as black earbon and burn traces then form an carth fault (while a porcelain srrestr often totally breaks apart, thereby becoming iso- lated from the line). Without a disconnector~ atleast ina solidly earthed neutral system ‘8 subsequent operation of the appropriate line section would no longer be possible. (One disadvantage, however, is that ater the disconnection of the arrester — which often 00s unnoticed ~ protection against overvoltage is no longer feasible. Disconnecors are caly installed in distribution systems or in association with “Pline aresters. One ofthe oct commen working principle of disconnoctors currently being manufactured isthe ignition of a small explosive device (eg, the eatridge ofa gas pistol) caused by the ‘ermal effet of the power-froquency earth fault current, which flows after an arester flue. The explosive device tears the surounding polymeric housing and emcses the ‘exible earthing ead to disconnect from the arester: Arresecide terminal Polymer housing Comprccion and sntac ping Insttig tude ‘Bypaes and heating resistor ‘Spat gap Exlclve devie (cargo) Earttermina Distributed constant inpulse generator: generator to simulate the equivalent cect ‘of a line by disvibuted, series connected xcelements (series inductors and shunt capacitors) In cument impulse laboratories for arrester testing, distebuted constant n= ‘pulse generators ae used for the “long duration cument impulse withstand test (TEC $60088-4,sub-lawse 7.43), the line discharge test (IEC 60099-4, sub-clause 7.42) and the Pswitching sue operating duty text (TEC 60089-4, sub-clause 7.5.5). An example of distributed constant impulse generators given in TEC 60058-4, Annex arth fault factor: (syrbol:k) at a given location, th rato ofthe root-mean-square ‘value of the highest power-ffequency phase-o-earth voltage on a healthy phase during APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF a7 APPENDIX: MOARRESTERSINBRIEF 87. ‘an earth fault, affecting one or more phases at any point on the system, tothe root- ‘mean-square value ofthe power-fequency phase-to-earh voltage which would be ob- tained at the given location inthe absence of any such faut TEC 60071-1, clause 3.15) ‘The earth fault factor only refers to a particular pot of a three-phase system, and to @ particular system condition. The magnitude ofthe earth fast factor depends on the way the neutrals of «system are earthed: k < 1.4 for a solidly earthed newtal system, and 2 1.73 for Presonant earthed or >isolated neutral sytens, ‘lectrical ageing: (also: degradation) changes (or rather, deterioration) of the ‘volage-current-charcteristic of an MO resistor or arestr in the leakage current region, Wit the level of technology used to manufacture MO resistors today, and under ‘nergy stress within the manufsctuers' specified limits, electrical ageing is not to be ‘expected. It can, however, occur under conditions of extaondinrily high current ime pulse stress. Also, certain compounds inthe gaseous atmosphere surounding the MO resistor, or other soli or liquid insulating material in dtet contact with the resistors an, through chemical influences, cause electrical ageing, i no direct measures are un- ertaken to prevent this during development and production ofthe MO resistors and the ‘arresters. Electrical ageing is panally reversible (the voltage-current-characterstic "recovers Energy absorption capability: Single impulse enemy sbsortion capability, > ‘Thermal energy absorption capability, >Line discharge class Fastront overvoltage: transient overvolage, normally unidirectional, with time to Peak of greater than 0.1 ys upto and including 20s, and tail duration below 300 1s (IBC 60071-1, clause 3.17), Fiber-glass reinforced plastic: (abbreviated: FRP) This material is frequently utilized in an arester for the MO resistor column supporting construction. Ia polymer housed auresters it i the most important component for achieving the mechanical strength of the housing, eg, in the form of rods, loops, tubes or wound mats. FRP: > Fiber-slassreinforeed plastic (Gapped arrester: an arrester having one or more gups in eres with one or more non- linear resistors (IEC 60099-1, clause 2.2) Even though there are also metal-oxie ar- ‘esters with gaps, intemal as well as extemal ones (line arrester), and even though there are also designs with shunt gaps (which are connected in parallel tothe non-linear resistors), generally @ "gapped arrester" i used to desribe only those silcon-carbide88 APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF (SiC) aresters with intemal series gap, which were in use before the introduction of the metal-oxide aresters without gaps. Guaranteed creepage distance: creepage distance ofan insultor as guaranteed by the ‘manufacturer, taking into account possible dimensional tolerances which originate in the manufacturing process; normally a few percent less than the ->nominal creepage distance “igh current impulse: peak value ofa > current impulse 4/10, used to test the stability ofan arrester on nearby direct lightning strokes (IEC 60099-4, clause 2:31). It should be ‘noted, however that high current impulse with an smplitude of, for example, 100 kA, ‘has little todo with areal lightning discharge curren! at the same value, which can last several ten to hundred microseconds. Especially while testing aresters with MO resis. tors of more than 40 mm in diameter, isthe high impulse curent then less an energy, and much more a dielectric stress (because of the entaordinarily high “residual vot- age). High cutent impulses are needed in the labortory forthe operating duly tests ‘on arresters or arrester sections. They are produced by a capacitor discharge in an periodically damped RLC circuit. The current plitude is within a range of 10 KA to 100 KA (see IEC 60099-4, Table 6). The following oseillogram illustrates an example of ‘igh current impulse test on an arester section at a surent amplitude of 100 KA: asvbusses High current impulse operating duty test: see IEC 60099-4, sub-clause 7.54. To be: caried ou on all arrester with nominal discharge current of 1.5 KA, 2.5 kA or kA and on arresters with nominal discharge current of 10 KA and “line discharge class 1. ‘The sequence is schematically depicted in the diagram following a the end of this para- graph, Also the 20-KA High Lightning Duty arresters forthe voltage range 1 kV to $2 EV are subjected to high current impulse operating duty test. However, itis carried out ina different sequence (see IEC 60099-4, Annex C). APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF 9 APPENDIX; MOARRESTERSINBRIEF 89. soma “Highest system voltage: Highest voltage ofa system Hlighest voltage for equipment: (symbol: Ua ) root-mean-square value ofthe highest phase-to-phase voltage for which the equipment is designed with reference o its insula- tion and other chareteristis which relate to ths voltage inthe relevant equipment stan- dard (EC 60071-1, clause 3.10). ‘Highest voltage ofa system: (symbol: U,) the highest value of operating voltage which ‘curs under normal operating conditions at any time and at any point inthe system (GEC 60071-1, clause 99; the symbol U, ie found in TEC 60071 2, clause 1.3). HITY silicone rubber: High temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber. A single compo- ‘ent type of silicone rubber, which is delivered in extremely high visecus conditions (Comparable to natral rubber). It is injected into the mold under high pressures (several fen MPa) and temperatures (> 150°C) and finally >yuleanized at similarly high temperatures. Hydrophobicity: the characteristic of repelling water. No closed water film can form ‘on & hydrophobic surfie. Instead water on the surface pulls together te form single silicone rubber.90 APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF TEC: Abbreviation for “Intemational Electrotechnical Commission". Commission for the worldwide stazdardization in the area of electrotechnology, with headquarter in Ge- neva, Switzerland IEE: Abbreviation for "Institue of Electrical and Electronics Engineers’, an Ameri can organization which, besides other tasks, develops standards onthe feld of electrical ‘and information teshnology, based in New York City, USA. [Impedance earthed neutral sytem: a system in which one or more neutral points we carted through an impedance to limit earth felt currents (IEC 60071-1, clause 3.13). 1: >Nominal discharge eurent Inductance of an arrester: MO ressors, when sessed by otherwise equal cure, smplitades, exhibit increasing residual voltage with greater front stecmess ofthe cir- rent impulse, Thus, inthe case of sleep current impulse stress, «5% increase in re- sidual voltage is expected compared with that under equally high lightning curcetin- pale ses. In ain, however, for very short se times of the dacharge cue (ron times of ess than about 1 ps) inductive voltage drops due to he spatial expansion ‘ofthe arrester, mast be taken into account For outdooearesters the inductance of stright, stotced line with large clearance to othe lines or earthed parts may be a= sumed. An arrangement ike this hasan inductance of about 1 p/m. At the same tine, only 03 lfm is effective for a gavinsulated, meta-enclosed arrester because ofits couxal desig. When viewing the protestive level fr steep current impulse stress in its catty, the indudance of the connecting leads between overhead line conductor end asester high-voltage terminal as well as between is earthing terminal and effectve sation earth, must lo be considered (se Figure 6). Insulation coordination: te selection of the dielectric strength of equipment in rela- tion to the voltages which can appear en the system for which the equipment is in- ‘tended, while taking the service environment and the characteristics of the available covervoltage protective devices into account (IEC 60071-1, elause 3.1) 1: According to daft document 37764FDIS of July 2001 (clause 7.7 and Annex 0: ~ shor-creuit tess), Ii the symbol forthe rated shor-ireuit (withstand) curtent, In the already published standard TEC 60099-1, Fa. 3.1, 1999-12 for gapped arrester, the term rated short-circuit (withstand) curent has already been introduced, however not ‘the coresponding symbol, APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF 3 APPENDIX:MOARRESTERSINBRIEF Isolated neutral system: a system in which the neural points are not intentionally carted, excet for high impedance connections for protection of measurement purposes (Ec 60071-1, 3.11, Keraunie level: (Jrequenty, but mistakenly called isokeraunic level) the average 2um- ber of thunderstorm days per year. From the kerauni level the ground flash density and ‘consequently the expected arrester stress in the system can be deduced, 1K: > Safety factor Ks ‘Leakage current: current which flows through the arrester at continuously applied ower-ffequency voltage. At alternating voltage it consists of a strongly capacitive and 8 considerably smaller resistive component, both of which depend on the MO resistors ‘sed. The capacitive partis heavily affected by stray capacitances and therefore also depends on the actual location ofthe arrester and on its overall dimensions. The peak value of the leakage curent, as measured on sit, is usually within the range of 05 mA, to2ma. Leakage current indicator: a device atached to the outside of the artestr (soe pic ‘ture), which measures the leakage curent flowing through the arrester. Usually the ‘peak value of the current is recorded, Either the peak value itself or an apparent root- ‘mean-square value over scaling factor is indicated. Mos leakage current indicetor are combined with a surge counter inthe same housing (see picture below). Leakage eur- Feat indicators are series-connected with the arrester in is earth connection. This r= {quires instalation ofthe arester isolated fom the ground by means of insulating fet. .- Regier eS mA Motor catiaAPPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF Lightning current impulse: eurrent impulse 8/20 with a >ffont tne between 7 ps tnd 9 us and a rime to hal-value on the tail between 18 us and 22 ys (IEC 60099-4, clause 2.17). Lighting current impulses are used in the laboratory :0 ascertain the > voltage-curent characteristic of arrester, arrester seotions or MO resistors, a8 well as during the >eonditioning as part of the operating duty test They are pro- duced by a capacitor discharge in an aperiodically damped RLC cireat. The current ‘mpliades are within a range of 100 A to 40 KA. The oscillogram depicts en example of ‘residual voltage measurement on an MO resistor ata lightning eurest impulse of 10 kat Lightning impulse protective level: maximum value of the residual voltage of an srester at > nominal discharge current. [Lightning impulse resideal voltage: residual voltage of an arrester, ares unit, arrester section or MO resistor at lightning curent impulse, [Lightning overvoltage: vansient overvoliage caused by direct lightning stole to an ‘overhead line conductor, shield wire of a tower, or induced by lighting curents in neighboring lines or met structures. Most of the lightning strokes (80 % .. 90%) ‘have a negative polarity. The currents are normally within the ange of 30 KA to $0 KA, ‘with measured maximum values of more than 300 KA. The front time is only a few microseconds, the total duration about 10 us to 100 ys. Normally a lighting flash, ‘consists of multiple strokes which occur a intervals of about $ ms to 200 ms, wsing the same path at the initial sroke, The level of overvoltage caused by a lightning stroke results from the lightning current impulse amplitude and the surge impedance ofthe line and amounts to sever] million volts. However when a flashover occurs aloag line insulator, the level i actually limited t0 the value ofthe insulator flashover voltage. (Only these overvages renin the substation and have to continue tobe limited by the APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF 93 AEE MO ABRESTERS IN BRIBE ee einanineeeanse 99) ‘reser installed there, Lightning overvoltage belongs to the class of > fast-front over: voltages, according to TEC 6007I-1, clause 3.17 ‘Line arrester: als: transmission line arrester (TLA) or transmission line surge rrester (TLSA); erester whichis installed in an overhead line in parallel to a line insulator to Prevent flashovers of the insulator. Line aresters are preferably installed where frequent hack fashovers occur due to missing or inadequate overhead ground or shield wire rotection and/or high tower footing impedances (e.g, in rocky terran). In order to im- prove the supply quality of an already existing transmission or distribution line, install ‘ng line aresters onal, or only on some, of the towers or poles is in many cases a cost- saving alternative to improving the shielding ofthe line ofthe grounding of towers or poles, Line aresters are used not only in gaplese technology, but also in conjunction ‘with an exteral serial spark gap, which insulates the arester from the line during nor- ‘mal operation (and after overloading), [Line discharge class: The line discharge las isthe oly possibility in TEC 60099-4 to specify the energy absorption capability of an arrester. There ae five line discharge lasses (1 to 5) which are defined by increasing demands on the energy absorption ca- Debilty. They differ according to the testing parameters in the line discharge test (IEC 60099-4, Table 4). The thermal energy absorption capability of an arrester can be derived from its line discharge class in conjunction with the switching impulse ‘ssdual_ voltage (see TEC 60099-4, Annex E). Also see Figure 20 with the accompany- ing explanation [Line discharge test: The line discharge testis special form of the long duration ‘cunt impulse withstand test In this test IEC 60099-4, sub-clause 7.4.2), an arrester, ‘sn arsstr section, ora single ->MO resistor is exposed to 18 Jong duration curent impulses, which are in detail specified in IEC 60099-4, Table 4, The tes is considered assed ifthe resistors show no evidence of puncture, flashover, cracking or other sig- nificant damage and their lightning impulse residual voluge at nominal discharge ‘sure has not changed by more than 5%, Long duration current impulse: > a rectangular curent impulse, Which quickly rises to its maximum value, resins substantially constant fora specified ime period, and then quickly falls to zero, Characteristic parameters ofa long duration current impulse {include polarity, peak valu, vrtal duration ofthe peak and viral total duration (IEC 0099-4, clause 2.18). Long duration current impulses are needed in laboratories forthe long duration curent impulse withstand test andthe switching sure operating duty {est on individual >MO resistors, Parrester sections or aresters. They are usualyAPPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF generated by the discharge ofa ~ distributed constant impulse generator, which is made up of capacitors and nir-core inductors. The current impulses have peak values of up to 2 KA and virtual total durations of up to several milliseconds. The following oscil Joga depicts an example of along duration current impulse withstand test on an a restr section with a curent peak value of about 700 A and a viral duration of the otk of 2-4 me (comrsponds to the typical current form of a line discharge test for > ine discharge class 3) any Long duration current impulse withstand capability: This is not a standard IEC 6099-4 term. It is, however, listed by practically all the manufacturer, since i is a 00d measure ofthe single impulse energy absorption capability (whichis sso not defined in TEC 60099-). I is generally common to list the long duration current im- pulse withstand capability as a maximum permited Pong duration current impulse of «virtual duration of peak of 2 ms or 2.4 ms, At this eurent single MO resistors are stressed eighten times in suceession following the test pecfcation ofthe Pong drt: sion curent impulse withstand test. The testis considered passed if the resistors show 0 evidence of puncture, Dashover, cracking or other significant damage and their > lishtnng impulse residual voltage et nominal discarge current bas not changed by ‘more than 5% Long duration current impulse withstand test: This test, according to TEC 60099-4, clause 74, serves ~ indirectly ~a8 a proof ofthe > single impulse energy absorption ca- ability, though this is not defined inthe IEC standaré, The test is cased out on indi- vidual MO resistors in open air according othe following diagram: ke - 95 ‘The test is considered pased if the resistors show no evidence of puncture, flashover, racking or other significant damage and thir lighining impulse residual voltage at nominal discharge current hs not changed by mare than 5%, LR: 318K LLSR: (also known as LR) abbreviation for ligui silicone rubber. A type of silicone rubber which i delivered ina state of medium viscosity. It is mixed out of two compo- ‘ens in more or less equal parts and can be filled into mlds under moderate pressure at ‘Process temperatures ranging from 110°C to 200 °C. LS is increasingly replacing the widely used RTV silicone nbber, since itis more economical to purchase and proc- ss and has similarly good operating characteristics MCOV: (ebbreviation for: maximum continous operaing vollage) a term which is ‘only defined in the American areser standard IEEE Std C62.11-1999 as, "the maxi- ‘mum designated root-mean-square (rms) value of power-iequency voltage thet may be ‘pplied continuously between the terminals of the arese”. Corresponds to the con- ‘invous operating voltage U,, according to EC 60099-4 Metal-oxide arrester: (more precisely: metal-oxide arrester without gaps) According to TBC 60099-4, clause 21, an arester with non-linear (voltage-dependent) meta-oxide resistors, which are connected in serie or in parallel wihout any integrated series or Parallel gaps. According to the American arester standard IEEE C62.11, clause 3.51, ‘however, a "metal-oxide surge arrester (MOSA)" isnot suiomatically a gapless arcester ‘but may contain intemal series or parallel gaps “Metal-oxide resistor: (MO resistor) resistor with an extremely non-linear voltege-cur- rent-charactersti. All resistors curently designated as metal-oxide resistors consist of about 90% zine-oxide (ZnO; consequently, the metal-oxide areser is occasionally called a Z90 arrester). The other 10% is composed of about 10 different additives in the form of the oxides of rare earths (Bi, Sb, Co, Ma), which finally make up anywhere ‘between afew ppm and up toa few percent ofthe total mess, The components ae care- {ally milled into powder and mixed. A slury is prepared fom the powder, which is ‘granulated and pressed into cylindrical (sometimes also tidal) forms, dried and then sintered to 2 homogenous ceramic at temperatures of up t» 1200 °C. The end faces ere lapped or grinded, afterwards plated with aluminum or ite, an finally the eireumfer- {ence is coated (e.g. glazed), The common dimensions of retal-oxide resistors curently ‘being manufactured include diameters of between about 3¢ mm and 100 mm: the height isat the most ca, 45 mm,96 APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF ‘Metaloxide surge arrester: ->Metal-oxide arester (MO arrester: > Metal-oxide arester (MO resistor: >Metal-oxide resistor Monitoring spsrk gap: a device whichis attached to the ouside of the arrester, whose removable contol electrodes record, by means of sparkover marks, the number, inten- siyy (amplitude an duration) and polarity of arrester operations. Monitoring spark gaps se scres-connected with the arrester in its earth connection. This requis installation ofthe arrester isolated from the ground by means of insulating feet. The thee pictures show a monitoring spark gap mounted on an arrester (top let), in opened condition with the control elecrodes removed (top right), as well as examples of sparkover marks on the contol electodes (below). Nearby direct lightning stroke: Ths tem, inthe arester context, refers to lightning which directly strikes an overhead line conductor ata point whichis so cose to an ar- restr that an insulator flashover doesnot oocur before the overvoltage surge — in the {orm of a traveling wave ~ reaches the arrester, This frequently happens in distribution stems and usually destroys the affected arester. Arresters — particularly station arest ‘e3~ are normally configured with the assumption thatthe greatest part ofthe contained ‘charge inthe lightning discharge is already diverted to ground by means of flashed over lin insulators before it reaches the are APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF 7 APPENDIX MOARRESTERSINBRIEF 9 NEMA: Abbreviation for "National Electrical Manufacturers Assocation’, an Ameri- can organization for developing standards forthe electrical manufacturing industry, based in Rosslyn, Virginia, USA. ‘Neutral earthing ofa system: Power transmission and distribution systems, depending fon how the neutral points are connected to eath ‘Nominal zreepage distance: the crepage distance assigned to an insulator. The actual ‘reepage distance may deviate by a few percent more of less, as result of manufactur: {ing tolerances, Also see guaranteed creepage distance ‘Nominal discharge current: the peak value of lighting curren impulse which is sed to classify an arrester. IEC 60099-4 lists five different posible nominal discharge current valves: 15 KA, 25 KA, $ KA, 10 kA and 20 KA. For dstibuton aresters the nominal dscherge curent can be taken as direct measure ofthe energy absorption ‘capability. For high-voltage arresters the operating characteristics are not fully de- scribed by the nominal discharge current. Further parameters must be considered as wel, suchas the line discharge clas. Nominal system voltage: >Nominal voltage of a sytem ‘Nominal voltage ofa system: a suitable approximate value of vctage used to designate oF identify a system (EC 60071-1, clause 3.8). Also see highest voltage of a system, ‘Dhiahes rola 1. Normal service conditions: According to IEC 60099-4, sub-clause 4.41, the following conditions ae considered to be normal service conditions: ‘Ambient air temperature within the range of -40° Cto 40°C "Sole radiation 1.1 kWin? * Altitude not exceeding 1000 m above se level 1+ Frequency ofthe a, power supply not less than 48 Hz and not exceeding 62 He * Powsrfrequency voltage applied continuously between tke terminals of the e- rester not exceeding the arrester’s continuous operating voltage ‘According o document IEC 37/268/FDIS (Amendment 2 to IEC 60099-4), sub-clause 13.4.1, @ wind velocity not exceeding 34 mvs, at well as verticl mounting ofthe ar- ester, confine to be normal service conditions. Also see abnormal service con- sdtions.fa APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF ‘Operating duty test: In the operating duty test (IEC 60099-4, clase 75) itis proved that after energy has been injected, the areser remains thermally stable (Le, cools ‘ick down to normal operating temperature) under the conditions of simultaneously ‘occurring temporary overvolage. The test parameters ae chosen to reflect worst case canditions wit regard to possible electrical ageing (degradation) of the MO resistors and to the ambient and the operating temperature. The operating duty tet may be car- ried out on Parrester sections, which represent the actual arrester with regard to the cocrical and thermal behavior ( thermally equivalent prorated section). Distinctions se made between the high cutent impulse operating duty test and the switching sage operating duty test Partial discharge test: This test proves that when a voltage of 1.05 times the continuous operating voltage is applied, the aster is sufficiently free of intemal partial discharges. According othe curently applicable IEC 60099-4, Fa. 1.1, 1998-08, "uffciently fee” means a partial discharge level of < $0 pC. In Amendment 2 (doci- ‘nent IEC 37/268/FDIS), whichis to be published soon as a standard, this value has teen reduced to <10pC, and the partial discharge test has also become part of the ype tests, while to date its only defined as a routine test and an acceptance test ‘Plelement: (r-clement) A segment of an electcal equivalent circuit is designated as ‘element when itis made up of one series element in the line and two paalel elements cated infront oft and behind it, which are connected between the line andthe ground reference. A power transmission or distribution line can be represented as a series con- ‘ection of relements, whose series elements consis of inductances and whose parallel ‘ements consist of capacitances to earth, se diagram: ee aces ceo Portland cement: 2 type of cement whichis, for example, used to fix the metal end fitings and Manges of porcelain long-rod and hollow core insulators. Since corosion sppeats shen in contact with aluminom, an interface layer or coating e.g, bitumen) rust be applied before the embedding if aluminum flanges are used. This can be voided by using > sulfur cement. APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF 9 pees MO ABRESTERS IN BRIBE pee 90 Power-trequency voltage versus time characteristic: (eso: U--charateristic of V+ characteristic) representation ofthe dependency of applied permissible powercfrequency voltage on permissible time durtion. The voltage is refered to &s the root-mean-square value related to the rated or to the continuous operating voltage. The time axis is loga- rithmially scaled and extend, for example, over «time range of 100 mis to 1000s, See ‘Figure 19 for an example ofa power frequency vokage versus time characteristic Pressure relief elass: according to TEC 60099-1, Edition 3, 1991-05, the rootmean- square value of the symmetrical highest shor-cicuit curent (given in kiloamperes, ‘party also in letters from A to D) which can flow after an arester has been overloaded, Without causing violent shattering ofthe houzing. Inthe recently pubis! IBC 60099- 1, edition 3.1, 1999-12, the pressure relief class has been replaced by the rated short. stout (withstand) curren (ee tables on page $3). The short-circuit (or pressure relief) ‘behavior is proved by means of the short-citeut tests (Formerly: pressure relief tests) ‘Also see short-circuit withstand (capability), ‘Pressure relief tests: > Shor-circuit tats Primer: a chemical Sud, which is applied befor silicone rubber is molded onto other components, and which brings about a strong chemical bonding between the sili- ‘cone rubber and any other material (aluminun, ERP, >MO resistors) after Puuleanizing Protective level of an arrester: maximum value of the residual voltage of an arrester a a sandard ourent impulse. In this case there is difference between the lihtnng impulse protective level the Pswitching impulse protective level and the steep current impulse protective level. Protective zone of an arrester: An arester usually has & limited protective zone of only few meters to up to several ten meters, where the protective one is defined asthe ‘maximum separation distance for which the insulton coordination requirements are fulfilled for » given arrester protective evel and ->coordination withstand voltage LEC 60099.5, sub-clause 4.3.1). Amesters,therefire, should be installed as close as Possible to the device to be protected. Since >fastéfont overvoltages spread out over the line inthe form of traveling waves, te voltage a the terminals ofthe device to be protected can be considerably higher than the residual voltage ofthe assigned ar- reste. The arrester is “effective” only after atime interval, which depends on the prope- ‘ation rate ofthe traveling wave and the distance, tat is, the propagation time between the arrester and the device tobe protected, The steepness ofthe overvoltage also has &100 APPENDIX: NO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF ovisive effect. Generally, the protective level and the location of the arrester must be ‘coordinated in such a way that the coordination withstand voltage ofthe device to be ‘wotected is not exceeded. See IEC 60099-S, 6007I-1 an¢ 60071-2 for details on the ‘rocedure. The protective zone of an arrester, forthe simple arangement of trans- former connected tothe end of single feeder, canbe estimated withthe use ofthe fo- Iowing rle-of thumb formula: with x, protective zone in m ‘Uy standard lighting impulse withstand voltage (BIL) of the device to be protected in kV up lightning impulse protective evel ofthe arrester in kV 5 front steepness of the lightning overvoltage in KV/us (typical value 1000 Vins) propagation speed ofa traveling wave in m/s (overhead lin: v= (velocity of light) = 300 m/s; eable: v= 150 mus) Accordingly, when considering the connection of the equipment 10 an overhead line, ‘his roughly results ina maximum protective zone of about 60 m fora solidly earthed $20-V-system (up = 1425 kV, vp = 825 kV), while for a 24-KV resonant earthed disti- bution system (Uy = 125 KV, up= 80 RV), the protective zon is only slightly more than ‘our meters! Also, see Figure $ withthe accompanying example. Push-on method: « method of equipping the ERP rods (when manufacturing com- ‘posite Tong-tod line insulators) or FRP tubes (when manuficturing composite hollow ore insulators) with > silicone rubber sheds. Normally two procedures are common: 1) Onto the FRP core a smooth cover out of the same ora similar material as that of the sheds is molded, extruded or shrunken on. After that, pre-manufactred sheds ‘ace pushed on, The number of sheds and ther distance o each other depends on the ‘roepage path requirements 2) Pre-asembled sheds are pushed direlly onto the FRP core. There are no gps ‘between the sheds, instead they overlap atthe ends like shingles. By using primers, > interlayers of RTV silicone rubber and heating it afterwards in 1m oven, a bonding ofthe sheds tothe core and to each otter, respectively, is produced, Which is neaely impossible to detach Designs exist, however, in which the sheds are only pushed on in an expanded condition, and which only because of the mechanical strain remain attached tothe core. APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF 01 (Quartz porcelain: « type of porcelain in accordance with subgroup °C 110: siliceous porcelains” ofthe standard IEC 60672-3, ‘Ranges of highest voltage for equipment: According to IEC 600711 clause 48, the standard highest voltages for equipment are categorized into two ranges + Range I: 1 KV < Un S245 kV Range I: Uy> 245 KV Rated short-circuit (withstand) current: (symbol: 1) according to the recently pub- lished IEC 60099-1, Ed. 3.1, 1999-12, the root-mean-square value ofthe symmetrical highest short-circuit current which ean flow ater an arrester has been overloaded, with- ‘oo causing violent shattering ofthe housing. Replaces the > pressure elie class ofthe ‘earlier edition ofthe IEC standard, 60099-1, Fd. 3, 1991-05. Ths behavior is proved by ‘means ofthe short-circuit tess (formerly: pressure relief tess). Ako see tables on page 3. Rated voltage of an arrester: (symbol: U;) maximum permissible rot-mean-square value of power-frequency voltage between the arrester terminals at which itis designed to operate correctly under temporary overvoltage conditions as established in the Ponsratng duty tests. Normally, the manufacturer specifies whether ican be applied ‘to the anester fora duration of 10 seconds (which corresponds tothe value inthe oper- ‘ating duty test) or 100 seconds, The rated voltage is the reference parameter for deter- ‘mining the operating characteristics (IEC 60099-4, clause 2.8). Rectangular current impulse: Long duration current impulse Reference current: the peak value of a power-frequency current (in the case of asym- metrical curent, the higher peak value of the two polaris), through which the Preference voltae is ascertained. The reference current is specified by the manufae- ‘turer for every MO resistor type, and can be found within a range of about 0.5 mA to 10, ‘mA. It should be selected such that itis large enough forthe peak value to clearly be caused by the resistive component in the leakage curent, so that the reference voltage reading i not influenced by stray capacitances. An example of a reference voltage reading a reference current can be found under Preference voltage Reference voltage: (symbol: Un) the peak value of power-frequency voltage divided bby-/2 benween the arrester terminals while the Preference current is flowing. The refer- ‘ence voluge is used when choosing a test sample and determining the test parameters for the Poperting duty test. Inthe routine test it serves as e simple, indirect proof102 APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF ‘hat an arrester or an -Parrester unit was assembled in accordance with the residual voltage requirements (the respective residual voltages and the reference voltages form a fixed rao). The following oscllogram gives an example ofa reference voltage reading ‘onan arrester nit during a routine test ‘Required withstand voltage: (symbol: Uj) a term from the > nsulation coordination: the tes voltage thatthe insulation must withstand in a standaxd withstand test to ensure ‘an acceptable failure rate (the so-called "performance criteicn) in actual service con- ditions, For an exact definition ofthe term and its meaning and determination during the process of insulation coordination, see IEC 60071-1 and 6(07I-2. Also see “safety factor Ks. Residual voltage: (symbol: Un, according to TEC 60099-4) (frequently also called *cischarge voltage”) the voltage drop between the terminals ef'theareter when injet- ‘ng »->curent impulse. For curet impulses which have the shape and value ofa stan- ard test current impulse (>lighining current impulse, switching curentimpuls, Dteep_current impulse), the simultaneously occuring residual voltages are the > protetie levee which are assigned to ths current shape end value (> lignin m= pulse protective level, Pawiishing impulse proestive level steep curent impulse protective level). Resonant earthed (neutral system: system, in which one or more neutal point are carted through a reactance. Asa result the capacitive component ofa singlephase-to- ‘arth faults, forthe most pat, compensated (Wich is the resson that the tem "com- pensated system" is also common). With resonant earthing the residual current in & fault is Himited to a value at which a burning are in the air normally self-extinguishes. (BC 60071-1,3.14) APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF 103 Routine test: Acorting to TEC 6009-4, MO aresters without gaps must be subjected toat least the following routine tts: + Measurement ofthe reference vole * Residual vollige test (onthe complete enester, azester units or samples comprising one er more >MO resistor) + >Panial scha est + Tighmess test, + Curent sharing est (in case of multicolumn aresters) [TV sllicone rubber: room temperature vulcanizing silicone uber, A type of silicone rubber which is delivered in a state of low viscosity. tie mixed out of two components in greatly differing quaattative ratios and can be filled into molds without any pressure at process temperatures starting ffom room temperature, The vuleanzing, however, ‘usually occurs at higher temperatures, in order to reduce the processing time. Inceas- ‘ingly being replaced by LSR (or LR). Safety factor Ky 0 fictor by which the coordination withstand voltage must be ‘ultplied o obtain the > required withstand voltage ofa device (and, consequent, its ‘> sndard withstand voltage. Stated simply itis necesary to ensure that no voltage ‘occurs onthe terminals of the equipment, that is higher than its standard withstand vott- ages, divided by the safety factor, Ky, Arresters usually protect non-elfrestoring insu- lations (an exception are, for example, lin asters). In these cases K,= 1.15 applies. ‘Thus, for example to protect a transformer, which has a stander lighinng impulse withstand voltage of 1425 kV in a system with U, = 420 KV, the “lightning impulse ‘protective Jevel andthe location ofthe aresters must be chosen, such that atthe termi- nals ofthe transformer bushings a lightning overvoltage of 1425 kV/I.15 = 1239 kV is ‘not exceeded. See TEC 60071-1 and 60071-2 for exact definitions of the tems men- ‘ioned and how they are determined and applied during the ineulation coordination pro- codure ‘Section of an arrester: a complete, suitably assembled part of an arrester which repro- ‘duces the behavior ofthe complete arrester with respect to a particular test. A section of ‘an arrester is not necessarily a Dunit of an arester (IEC 60099-4, clause 2.5), An exam ple for he section ofan arester isthe >ihermally equivalent prorated section, Short-ircuit current siength: > Shor-crcuit withstand (capability) Short-cireuit rating: Shortcircuit withstand (capability)104 APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF Short-ircult tests: (previously: pressure-elief tests) On aresters for which the manu- facturerclains a short-circuit withstand capability (previously: on arestes which are ‘equipped with pressure relief devices), these tests prove, among other things, thatthe aarester howing is able to withstand shor-ireuit curents under specified test con- pressue reli clas, ‘or more recently as rated shortcut (withstand) curent and proved by means of shorsiraittests, or pressure iets SIC resistor: > Silicon-carbide resistor SIL: abbreviation for “basic switching impulse insulation level". Eventhough this term is frequently wsed when referring to TEC standards its only defined by IEEE and ANST (Gee standards IEEE Std 1313.1-1996, IEEE Std C62.2-1987, IEEE Std C62.22-1997, ANSI.C92,1-1982). The IEC standard 60071-1, Seventh edition, 1993-12, uses the term standard switching impulse withstand voltage instead. Silicon-carblde resistor: (SiC resistor) non-linear resistor, which wes used in the ar- resters befere the introduction of >metal-oxide resistor. The novlinearity of its ‘> voltage-carent-characterstic is considerably less pronounced than in a metal-oxide ‘resistor. Ths arrester with silcon-carbide resistors need serial spark gaps, which sepa- rate the arster ffom the line during continuous operation, and which interrupt the powersfrequency follow current which flows through the arrester after a discharge op- ration, Scone rubber: (correct chemical short form: SI, or, depending on te particular type: ‘MQ, VMQ, PMQ, PVMQ; in the literature frequently: SIR). The basic Si-0-Si-O structure wit its attached methyl groups (CHS) is characteristic of silicone rubber: APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF 105 CH, CH Crys fas 0-$i-0-Si-0-Si-CH, fanaa) Ch CH, cH Cy Fillers, suchas aluminum trihydrate (ATH) or special aditves affect the tracking and ‘rosin resistance which is needed in high-voltage applications. Not only does silicone rubber provide such important advantages as high elasticity and tear resistance, high ‘temperature resistance (trouble-free application within the temperature range of 45 °C to +180 °C), flame retardant properties (if buming does eceur, only silica acid remains) sand high electric field strength, but also the most notable property of silicone rubber, its Phudrophobicin: water simply rips off the silicone surface. Tis property also tans- fers to pollution layer films, in that the silicone rubber insulator is water repellant even in heavily polluted conditions, and thus lends the associatod devices expecially good operating characteristics in polluted environments. The hydrophobicity can indeed de- ‘crease when exposed to the longterm effects of moisture orto electric discharge sctivi- ties; however, after these conditions discontinue, the original water-epellent properties ‘return within a shor time (in afew hours or days) ~a mechanism, whose effect, os far 18 is presently known, is interminable. Silicone rubber is processed into three different ‘asic forms: PHY silicone rubber, >RIV silicone mbter and >LSR or LR. ‘Single impulse energy absorption capability: the maximum absorbable energy of an arrester during a single discharge operation. Besides some other influencing factors, ts ‘mainly imited by the maximum allowable thermo-mechencal stress on the ceramic of ‘the MO resistors. IF this energy valu is exceeded, puncturing, cracking or breaking of the MO resistors may occur (see picture). The single impulse energy absorption capa- bility is smaller than the -Pihermal energy ebsorpion capsbility. Both energies, how- ‘ever, are not stated such in the IEC standards, and thus are not specified by every ‘manufacturer; and if they ae, then frequently under different and incomparable basic conditions. ->Long duration curent impulse withstand capability can be considered to ‘be an indirect measure ofthe single impulse energy absorption capability. According to106 APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF TEC 60099-4, however, the energy absorption capability can only be defined by the fine discharge css. SIR: Silicone rubber Slow-front overveltage: transient overvoliage, normally unidirectional, with times to peak of 20 ps upto $000 ps and times to half-value on the tail of not more than 20 m5 (EC 60071-1, clase 3.17) Solidly earthed neutral system: a system within which one or more neural points are iretly connectedto the eath (TEC 60071-1, 3.12). ‘Standard lighting impulse (voltage: a standard test voltage defined in IEC 60060-1, ‘used to prove that the insulation can withstand the stress imposed by >fastftont ‘overvoliages, The standard lighting impulse 1./50 has a front time of 1.2 us and a rime io halfvalue on the al of 0 ps. The following two oscillograms show the san- ard lightning impale in two different time resolutions: poo i bousseegs 8 s s a ‘Standard lightning impulse withstand voltage: (also known in American standardsas BIL for "basic lightning impulse insulation level”) a standard value of @ lightning impulse test voltage whichis used ina standard withstand test to prove thatthe insu tion complies with the required withstand voltage. The different standard lighining im- pulse withstand voltage values associated with the highest voltage for equipment, ‘Un, se found in TEC 6007-1, Tables 2 and 3. ‘Standard switching impulse (voltage: a standard test voltage defined in IEC 60060-1 ‘sed to prove that the insulation can withstand the stress imposed by >slow-front over. voles. The standard switching impulse 250/2500 has a front time of 250 ys and a ime fo alf-value on the til of 2500 ys. The following two oseillograms show the standard switching impulse in two different time resolutions: ee : slo Hoy ‘Standard switching impulse withstand voltage: (also known in American standards 8 PSL for "base switching impylse insulation level”) a standard value ofa switching impulse test voltage which is used ina standard withstand test to prove thet the insula- tion complies with the required withstand voltage. According to TEC 60071-1, standard ‘switching impulse withstand voliages are only specified for range D, that is voltage levels of Ua > 245 KV. The diferent standard switching impulse withstand voltage val- es associated withthe highest voltage for equiment, Um, are found in IEC 60071-1, ‘Table 3. Standard withstand voltage: (symbol: U,) a term from the insulaion coordination: the standard value ofthe tes voluge applied ina standard withstand test. For an exact, definition ofthe term and its meaning and determination during the proces of insula: ‘tion coordination, see IEC 60071-1 and 60071-2. Also soe safety factor Ks, Steep current Impulse: curest impulse with a front time between 09 us and 1.1 us and a time to half-value on the tal of not more than 20 us (IEC 60099-4, ‘clause 2.16). Steep curent impulses are used in the laboratory to ascertain the voltage-curent-characteristic of aresters, Damester sections or 2MO resistors. ‘They are produced in a low-inductance, fequently coaxial test setup by a practically undamped capacitor discharge ino the test sample. The curent amplitudes ae within a range of 1.5 KA 10 20 KA. The folowing oscillogram depicts an example ofa residual ‘oltage measurement on an MO resistor ata steep current impulse of 10 KA:108 APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF Steep current impulse protective level: maximum value ofthe rssidul voltage of an ereser at « steep cuet impulse ofthe same peak vlue as tbe nominal dis: shargecurent Sulfur cement: a type of cement which, for example, is used to cement metal anges on porcelain insulators. Sulfur cement consists of about 65 % highly pure sulfur and shout 35 % mineral fillers, Its poured at temperatures of about 140 °C and begins to fet when the temperature falls below 120°C. The advartage of sulfur cement over ‘>Porland cement, is, among others, its trouble-free contict with aluminum. The dis- advantage isthe loss of strength which begins to occur ai temperatures above 90°C, Since these temperatures are not achieved in arrester lange, sulfur cement is frequently used for aresters. Sarge counter: a device extemally fixed to the arester (se picture below), which has ‘an electromechanieal or electronical register to record the mamber of arester operations. ‘The surge counter is seres-connected with the arester in is earth connection. Tis e- ‘quire installation ofthe arrester isolated from the ground by means of insulating feet. é — restr side rina cs Rocister “Ear terminal Surge impedance: inpedance relevant for traveling wave processes on a line, Ignoring the resistive component, the surge impedance results from the inductance and the ca- -pactance per unit length ofthe line as: ‘with supe impedance in 1Lindvctance per unit length in Hin (© caracitane per unit lena in Fk APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF 109 From the equation above itis clear tht the surge impedance isnot dependent upon the ‘eng, tat is itis the sume on every location onthe line. For high-voltage transmission lines its value is between about 300 0 (U, = 800 kV) and 450 9 (U, 245 KV) (se IEC 60099-1, Table C.1). ‘Switching current impulse: peak value of a > euent impulse with a > front ime of ‘between 30 us and 100 us and a time to halfvalue onthe tail of roughly double the font tims (IEC 60099-4, clause 2.32. Switching current impulses are used in the labo- ‘tory to ascertain the ~>voltage-curent-charactristc of arresters, arrester sections ‘or 9MO resisiors, They are produced by a capacitor discharge in an aperidically damped 2LC ciruit. The current amplitudes are within a range of 125 A to 2 KA (see TEC 60099-4, Table 3). The oscillogram depicts an example of a residual voltage ‘measurement on an MO resistor ata switching impulse eurent of 2 kA: om 0 wm 10 1 m0 ‘Switching impulse protective level: maximum value ofan arrester’ residual voltage at standard > ywitching current impulses. It is listed in each case fortwo diferent cur- ‘ent impulse peak values within the range of 125 A to 2000A (IEC 60099-4, Table 3) ‘Switching impulse residual voltage: residual voltage of an arrester, arrester unt, ‘arrests section or ->MO resistor st switching cutent impulse. The switching cur rent impulse peak values are found in TEC 60099-4, Table 3. ‘Switching overvoltage: transient overvolage caused by transient phenomena as a result of switching operations or system failures (earth faults, inductive or capacitive ‘switching, oad rejection, ferroresonance, et.). The frequency is within « range of 100 Hz > 10 k#z, and front times occur in the order of magnitude of 30 ys to 3000s ‘The voltage amplitudes can take on between 2 pu. and 3 pu. (1 pu. = ¥2-U,/¥3), depending on the system voltage. Switching overvoltage belongs to the slow-front ‘overvoltsges, according to IEC 60071-1.uo APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF ‘Switching surge operating duty test: see IEC 60099-4, sub-clause 7.5.5. To be carried ‘out on 10-kAccrrestes of line discharge castes 2 and 3, a8 wells on 20-kA-aresters, cof line discharge classes 4 and 5, The sequence is schematically depicted inthe follow- ing diagram: an — FS psi | patted al [inte ae ‘Temporary overvoliage: (abbreviation: TOV) power-requency overvoltage which can ‘occur for @ duration of several tenths of a second to upto few seconds, aba reault of a ‘switching operation or system failure. Its value depends on the type of neutral samthing in the system. A special case would involve resonant earthed and isolated neutral systems, in which the phase-o-earth voltage ofthe healthy phase takes on the value ofthe phase-to phase voltage, in case of an earth fault, Ths operating condition can las fora Tong time (up to several hous), ‘Tests: Type tests, >Routin tess, > Acceptance tests ‘Thermal energy absorption capability: maximum amount of energy which can be absorbed by an areser in the form of several subsequent discharges within a short time imerval, without leating to thermal instability. The thermal energy absorption capability is greater than the single impulse enerey absorption capability, Both ener- ies, however, are no stated as such in the TEC standards, and thus are not specified by every manufuetuer; and if they are, then frequently under different and incomparable ‘asic conditions. It makes sense to refer to the switching surge eperating duty tes ia ‘his Context; in that ease the thermal energy absorption capebilty would be the maxi- ‘mum energy which canbe injected int the restr in the form of two “long duration ‘current impulses, by the procedure, under the conditions and according to the pass crite- ‘a ofthe operating duty tes. According to TEC 60099-4, the energy absorption capabil- ity is only defined by ‘he line dischage class ‘Thermally equivalent prorated section: (also known as "thermal equivalent") « section of an arestr used inthe operating duty test, which reproduces the electi- APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF m ‘al a5 wel asthe thermal behavior of a complete arrester. The requirements on this sec- tion are found ia IEC 6099-4, sub-clause 7.5.32. In principle, a thermally equivalent ‘prorated section is cutout ofthe original ester, whose terminals are so well ther- mally insulated, thatthe hect is mostly dissipated radially (as it isthe case with the ral arrester). The picture shows an example which represents a porcelain housed high-volt- age aester. ‘Thermal instability the (unstable) operating condition ofan arrester, which hs been Inated beyond its Ptbemal stability Limit by injecting impermissibly high energy, while being connected to power-frequency voltage, If tis not disconnected quickly thc sor bets el up Doone of de grealy crated leakage cutee ti it self-destroys (also known as "thermal runaway"). ‘Thermal model ofan arrester: Thermally equivalent prorated section ‘Thermal runaway: Thermal instability ‘Thermal stability limit: highest temperature ofthe MO resistors, at which an arrester at applied power-fequeney voltage and at the highest ambient temperature of +40°C, 1 defined by the normal serve conditions, can stil cool down to its normal operst- ing temperature. Also see Figure 7 with the accompanying explanation. The values of the thermal stability limit, depending on the actual arrester design, ae inthe range of| 170°C to about 200°C. ‘TLA: Line arrester ‘TASA: >Linearesterm2 ‘Transmission line surge) arrester: Line arrester ‘Traveling wave: Vollage and current impulses spread as traveling waves on the line when thei: duration of eppearance is shorter than the propagation time of an electro- ‘magnetic wave on a line. The amplitudes of the voltage and current waves in this case «are linkedto each other bythe surge impedance of the line. Accerdng to the rules of ‘raveling vave processes, reffaction and reflection occur where the surge impedance of the line changes. This especially can lead to voltage increases (in extreme cases, up to Aouble the amount) and isto be taken into account when determining the protective level of anarester and its location (>protective zane of an arrester) Type tests: According to IEC 60099.4, MO aresters without gaps ae tobe subjected tothe following type tests: ‘+ Insuiation withstand tests on the housing + PResidual voltage tests * Long duration cutest impulse withstand test * POperating duty test + Pressure reliefshort-creut test il in accordance with IEC 60099-1) * Anite pollution test (in accordance with Annex F of IEC 60099.4) Current sharing tes (only inthe case of multi-column arrester) The following additional requirements apply according to the dia document IEC 37268: + Paria discharge test 1 Testof the bending moment * Eavizonmental tests + Tiphness test, ‘Us Continuous operating voltage of an arrester ‘UsLcharacterste: > Volage-curent-sharactrstic ‘Un’ > Hlishest voltage for equipment ‘Unit of an arrester: a completely housed part of an arrester which may be connected in series and/or in parallel with other units to construct an areser of higher voltage and/or ‘current ating (TEC 60099-4, clause 2.6). Ue: Ratedvotage ofan areeter Una: >Refeence voltage APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF 13 Uys: >Required withstand voltage ‘Uy Highest voltage of system U-t-characteristc: > Power-ffequency voltage versus time characteristic Uy: > Standard withstand voltage Vacuum-impregnated FRP tube: implementation of an ERP tube which is smanuftctured by impregnating the previously wound dry fiber-lass construction in resin, under vacuum conditions By using ths manufacturing process, total absence of| ‘voids canbe achieved (thus eliminating the risk of internal partial discharges and related Voltage-current-charaterisic ‘Victual front time of a current impulse (T;): the time in microseconds equal to 1.25 the time in microseconds forthe current to increase from 10 % to 90% of its peak value (IBC 60098-4, clause 2.23), Virtual time to half-value on the tail of an impulse (T2): the time interval between the virtual origin of the impulse and the instant in which the voltage or the curent has decreased to half ofits peak value; expressed in microseconds (IEC 600994, clause 228) ‘Voltage-current-characteristi: (also: U-I-characteristic or V-L-characteristc) repre- sentation ofthe dependency of arester voltage on current. Usually the voltage peak ‘vals are on the ordinate, Requently with values related to the “lightning impulse protective level. The current peak values (resistive component only are onthe absciss, represented logarthmicelly and within a range of several decades of magnitude (eg from 10 HA to 100 kA). See Figure? for an example of avolige-current characteristic. ‘V-t-characterstle: >Power-frequency voltage verus time characteristicua APPENDIX: MO ARRESTERS IN BRIEF ‘Vuleanization: cross-linking of the individual molecule chains ofa polymer material 0 4 three-dimensional network. The cross-linked material is often designated with an ad- ditional "XL". Example: the thermoplastic polyethylene (PE) becomes thermo-clastic cross-litked polyethylene (XLPE). Wet-processed FRP tube: DERP tube, which is manufactured >y winding up resin impregnated fiberglass rovings on a core. This production process requires thatthe ‘las fiters can only be set up diagonally (thus, for example, not exactly in the direction ofthe ee axis sis posible with >vacuum-impregnated FRP tubes). As a result the achievable bending strength usually remains below that of « similarly dimensioned ‘vacuunimpregnated tube when the direction of the lass bers is mostly in axial direc tion, In addition, voids cannot totally be avoided; these can cause dielectric and ageing problems under extremely high electric field stress in service (rk of interna partial discharges; however, the critical elecee field stress is never achieved when the FRP tubes are wed forthe composite housings of outdoor aresters), We-processd tubes are casier to manufacture than vacuun-impregnated tubes. ‘Withstand voltage: the value ofthe test voliage to be applied under specified condi- tions in a withstand test, during which a specified number of disruptive discharges is ‘oleated (IEC 6007-1 clause 3.23; se there also for additional details).