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Chapter 5: Second Law (Thermo) PDF
Chapter 5: Second Law (Thermo) PDF
Thermal
Efficiency
of
the
Engine
(η)
η =
net
work
output/heat
input
𝑸𝑯 ! 𝑸𝑪
η = 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕
𝑸𝑯
=
/𝑸𝑯 /
Carnot
Engine
Cycle
Four
Steps:
(1) A
system
initially
in
thermal
equilibrium
at
TC
with
a
cold
reservoir
undergoes
a
reversible
adiabatic
process
that
causes
its
temperature
to
rise
that
of
a
hot
reservoir,
TH.
(2) The
system
maintains
contact
with
the
hot
reservoir
at
TH
and
undergoes
a
reversible
isothermal
process
during
which
heat
⏐QH⏐
is
absorbed
from
the
hot
reservoir.
(3) The
system
undergoes
a
reversible
adiabatic
process
in
the
opposite
direction
of
step
(1)
that
brings
its
temperature
back
to
that
of
the
cold
reservoir
at
TC.
29 | P a g e
(4) The
system
maintains
contact
with
the
reservoir
at
TC,
and
undergoes
a
reversible
process
in
the
opposite
direction
of
step
(2)
that
returns
it
to
the
initial
state
with
rejection
of
heat
⏐QC⏐
to
the
cold
reservoir.
Carnot
Cycle
for
an
Ideal
Gas
a-‐b
adiabatic
compression
until
the
temperature
rises
from
TC
to
TH.
b-‐c
Isothermal
expansion
to
arbitrary
point
c
with
absorption
of
heat
⏐QH⏐
.
c-‐d
Adiabatic
expansion
until
the
temperature
decreases
to
TC.
d-‐a
Isothermal
compression
to
the
initial
state
with
rejection
of
heat
⏐QC⏐.
𝑸𝑯 𝑸𝑪
=
𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑪
𝑻𝑪
𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏 −
𝑻𝑯
Carnot’s
theorem states
that
for
two
given
heat
reservoirs,
no
engine
can
have
a
higher
thermal
efficiency
than
that
of
a
Carnot
engine.
Problem
1/p158.
A
central
power
plant,
rated
at
800,000
kW,
generates
steam
at
585
K
and
discards
heat
to
a
river
at
295
K.
If
the
thermal
efficiency
of
the
plant
is
70%
of
the
maximum
possible
value,
how
much
heat
is
discarded
to
the
river
at
rated
power?
PROBLEMS:
5.2,
5.3,
5.4,
5.17,
5.42,
5.44
Use
the
diagram
below
in
solving
heat
engine
problems
30 | P a g e
Entropy
-‐ a
state
function
which
allows
us
to
predict
the
natural
direction
of
a
process.
It
is
regarded
as
a
measure
of
the
order
and
disorder
of
particles
in
a
system.
Carnot
engine
equation
may
be
written:
𝑄! /𝑇! = 𝑄! /𝑇!
𝑄! /𝑇! = −𝑄! /𝑇!
𝑄! /𝑇! + 𝑄! /𝑇! = 0
Thus
for
a
complete
cycle
of
a
Carnot
engine,
the
two
quantities
Q/T
associated
with
the
absorption
and
rejection
of
heat
by
the
working
fluid
of
the
engine
sum
to
zero.
This
suggests
the
existence
of
a
property
called
entropy
whose
changes
are
given
by
dQ/T.
Entropy
owes
its
existence
to
the
second
law.
AXIOMATIC
STATEMENTS
OF
THE
SECOND
LAW
Statement
1:
There
exists
a
property
called
entropy1
S,
which
for
systems
at
internal
equilibrium
is
an
intrinsic
property,
functionally
related
to
the
measurable
state
variables
that
characterize
the
system.
Differential
changes
in
this
property
are
given
by
the
equation:
𝒅𝑸
By
definition,
entropy
change
is
𝒅𝑺 =
𝑻
(1) Adiabatic
and
reversible
process:
dQrev
=
0
,
thus
dS
=
0.
The
entropy
of
a
system
is
constant
during
a
reversible
and
adiabatic
process
and
the
process
is
said
to
be
isentropic.
(2) Reversible
process:
The
change
in
entropy
of
any
system
undergoing
a
reversible
process
is
!"#$!
found
by
integration
of
𝑑𝑆 =
!
(3) Irreversible
process:
A
reversible
process
is
chosen
that
accomplishes
the
same
change
in
state
at
the
irreversible
process.
The
entropy
change
is
then
evaluated
by
equation
(1).
Since
entropy
is
a
state
function,
the
entropy
changes
of
the
irreversible
and
reversible
processes
are
identical
for
the
same
change
in
state.
(4) Constant
pressure
process:
(solid,
liquid
or
gas)
𝑑𝑄𝑝 = 𝑛𝐶𝑝𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑄𝑝
𝑑𝑆! =
𝑇
𝒏𝑪𝒑𝒅𝑻
𝒅𝑺𝒑 =
𝑻
(5) Constant-‐
volume
process:
(solid,
liquid
or
gas)
𝑑𝑄𝑣 = 𝑛𝐶𝑣𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑄𝑣
𝑑𝑆! =
𝑇
𝒏𝑪𝒗𝒅𝑻
𝒅𝑺𝒗 =
𝑻
31 | P a g e
Problem
2.
If
10
mol
of
ethylene
is
heated
from
200
to
1100oC
in
a
steady-‐flow
process
at
approximately
atmospheric
pressure,
what
is
its
entropy
change?
A
=
1.424
B
=
14.394
x
10-‐3
C
=
-‐4.392
x
10-‐6
Entropy
Changes
of
an
Ideal
Gas
𝒅𝑯 𝒅𝑷
𝒅𝑺 = − 𝒏𝑹
𝑻 𝑷
∆! ! !" !" !
= !" − ln
! ! ! !"
Note:
ΔS
is
determined
by
actual
integration
of
the
equation
or
using
the
mean
heat
capacity
value
for
entropy
calculations.
Mathematical
Statement
of
the
Second
Law
Consider
two
heat
reservoirs,
one
at
temperature
TH
and
the
second
at
the
lower
temperature
TC.
Let
a
quantity
of
heat
(Q
considered
positive)
be
transferred
from
the
hotter
to
the
cooler
reservoir.
Entropy
decrease
of
reservoir
at
TH:
ΔSH
=
-‐Q/TH
Entropy
increase
of
the
reservoir
at
TC
ΔSC
=
Q/TC
Total
increase
in
entropy
ΔST
>
0
This
is
the
mathematical
statement
of
the
second
law
of
thermodynamics.
Statement
2:
(The
Second
Law
of
Thermodynamics)
The
entropy
change
of
any
system
and
its
surroundings,
considered
together,
and
resulting
from
any
real
process,
is
positive,
approaching
zero
when
the
process
approaches
reversibility.
32 | P a g e
Problem
3.
5.4/p175.
A
steel
casting
(Cp=
0.5
kJ/kg-‐K)
weighing
40
kg
and
at
a
temperature
of
450oC
is
quenched
in
150
kg
of
oil
(Cp=2.5
kJ/kg-‐K)
at
25oC.
If
there
are
no
heat
losses,
what
is
the
change
in
entropy
of
(a) the
casting
(b) the
oil
(c) both
considered
together.
Problem
4.
A
rigid
vessel
of
0.06
m3
volume
contains
an
ideal
gas,
CV
=
(5/2)R,
at
500
K
and
1
bar.
If
heat
in
the
amount
of
15,000
J
is
transferred
to
the
gas,
determine
its
entropy
change.
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑛𝐶𝑣𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑛𝐶𝑣𝑑𝑇/𝑇
33 | P a g e