Step 3 - to understand the waves behavior in open and enclosure mediums

Individual work

Ferney Andres Velasco

Group:

203058A_614

Identification Number:

1130680766

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2019 30-10
 Introduction

The study of the basic concepts regarding the laws that govern the behavior of Electromagnetic
Waves and their propagation in different means of transmission. The development of this guide
will allow to acquire a conceptual and theoretical understanding of the behavior of electromagnetic
waves in different media and the parameters that govern their behavior as well as their importance
in the field of telecommunications.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

R// The propagation of electromagnetic waves through free space is often called: radio
frequency (RF) propagation; As mentioned earlier, electromagnetic waves in free space can
travel at the speed of light. However, in the atmosphere there are losses in the signal that
are not found in a vacuum, transverse electromagnetic waves can propagate through any
dielectric material including air. However, the waves do not propagate well through
conductors with losses as an example: seawater because the electric fields in this type of
materials cause currents to flow that dissipate wave energy rapidly.

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

R// An electromagnetic wave is made up of intimately linked electric and magnetic fields
that propagate in space. The direction of the electric field corresponds to the polarization of
this wave
The polarization mode is characterized by the phase and amplitude difference
between the transverse electromagnetic field components that generate the wave
electromagnetic

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

R// The appearance of an interesting phenomenon follows from Snell's Law, which occurs
when the refractive index of the substance in which the wave originates (n1) is greater than
that of the substance to which it tries to pass (n2).
4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?
R// total refraction does not occur from a specific angle, but at a specific angle, if the angle
of incidence varies slightly, the phenomenon. The angle at which this condition occurs is
called the Brewster angle
5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?

R// Snell-Descartes Law that describes the behavior of a ray of light coming out of one
medium and entering another, as in the example of the glass of water coming out of the
medium of the air to enter an aqueous medium.
This law, establishes a relationship between the index of refraction of each medium with the
angle of shift with respect to the normal one, is called the index of refraction to the
relationship between the speed of light in a vacuum with the speed of light in the means,
medium.
 Application exercises:
2
mW /m ¿
1. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHzand P+¿=2001 , incident from the air (η1 =120 π Ω)
, perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=CCC Ω . Calculate the
−¿ ¿ +¿¿
reflected power P1 and the transmitted power P2 to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

GG=614
CC=133
Reflection coefficient
ŋ2−ŋ 1 133Ω−120 π
ᴦ = ŋ 2+ ŋ1 = 133 Ω+120 π = -0.48 = 0.48 <180°

The percentage of reflectance is of:

R = ¿ ᴦ ∨¿2 =(0.48)2=0.23=23 % ¿

The percentage of transmittance is of:

T =1−R=77 %

The reflected power is of:

2 2
% X 200 mW /m =46 mW /m ¿
¿ P−¿∨¿23
1
The transmitted power is of:

2 2
77% X 200mW / m =154 mW / m ¿
¿ P+¿∨¿
2

2
mW /m ¿
2. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHzand P+¿=200
1 , coming from a wave generator
located 30 cm from the wall, which impinges from the air ( η1 =120 π Ω )perpendicularly
on a wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=CCC Ω and 10 cm thick. The wall is made of a
non-magnetic and non-dissipative material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver
located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

GG=614
CC=133
We need to calculate the propagation constants on the wall

2
Ɛ r = 120 π =8.03
(133 )
Wall phase constant

2 π∗614∗106
∗√ 8.03=36.45 Rad /m
3∗108

β=36.45 Rad /m

Having the phase constant, we can find the intrinsic input impedance:

120 π + j 133 tan ⁡(36.45∗0.10)

n¿ =133 Ω
133+ j120 π tan ⁡(36.45∗10)
n¿ =142.96− j 149.92

Absolute value: 207.15

Angle: 46.36 °

First reflection coefficient:

( 142.96− j149.92 )−120 π

ᴦ= =−0.34− j0.39
( 142.96− j149.92 ) +120 π

Absolute value: ¿ 0.51∨¿

Angle: −131 °
First transmission coefficient
2 2
τ 1 =1−|ᴦ | =1−|0.51| =0.74

% Power=74 %

Percentage of reflectance in the first wall:

R1=1−τ 1=0.26

% Reflectance =26 %

To obtain the power received by the receiver, a second one must be taken into account reflection
that occurs on the face of the wall facing the receiver

120 π −133Ω
=0.48
120 π +133 Ω

Transmittance equivalent to:

2 2
τ 2=1−| ᴦ 2| =1−|0.48| =0.77

% transmittance=77 %

The power transmitted from the generator to the receiver is obtained as a result of the
transmittance

Total transmittance:
T t=0.77∗0.74=0.57

Percentage transmittance:
57 %

Power transmitted to the receiver:

2 2
57% X 200mW / m =114 mW /m ¿
¿ P+¿∨¿
3

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B, forming an angle of
θa =44,9 ° . Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the wave to determine the
value of "d". Note that each layer is CCC mm thick and that at point C there is a total refractive
effect, so it is necessary to identify which material is in layer 3 by calculating its refractive index

GG=614
LAYER IS: 113 mm
Initial An gle:θ a=44,9° .

DT =D1 + D2+ D 3
 A

θa =44,9 °

θb =?

B
D1

we use snell's law

n1 ice sin θ a=n2 air sinθ b

n 1ice sin θ a
sin θb =¿ ¿
n2 air
1.31 sin 44.9
sin θb =¿ ¿
1

sin−1 θb =θb=67.62º

To find D1 we use pitagoras

D 1=tan θb=D 1 /133mm

D 1=133 mm tan 67.62

D 1=274 mm
 B

θ B=67.62 °

θC =?

C
D2

n1 aire sin θ b=n2 ? sin θc

According to the theory, for there to be total refraction, it must be fulfilled that:
θ1 +θ2=90 °

we have to
θb =67.62°

θc =? °

θc =90° −67.62°

θc =22.38°

n1 aire sin θ b=n2 sin θc

sin 67.62
n2 = =2.43 Diamond Aprox
sin 22.38

Figure 4: refractive index

To find D2 we use pitagoras
D 2=tan θC =D 2 /133mm

D 2=133 mm tan22.38 °

D 2=57.76 mm

θC =22.38°

θ D=?

D3 D

we use snell's law

n1 Diam sin θc =n2 glass sin θ d

n1 2.43 sin 22.38

sin θ D=
n2 1.52
sin θ D=0.61

sin−1 θ D=37.5°

To find D3 we use pitagoras

D 3=tan θ D=D 3 /133mm

D 3=133 mm tan 37.5 °

D 3=102.05 mm

D T =D 1 + D 2+ D 3

D T =2.74 .43mm +54.76mm +102.05 mm=431.24 mm

Conclusions

Conclusion 1:

Conclusion 2:

The conclusions should be written with their own words and should focus on the
concepts explored, learned, discovered and practiced in the development of the
activity, it is suggested to present a conclusion by topic, the result of learning
obtained as evidence of conceptual assimilation.
To obtain a good writing it is suggested to read the written several times, correcting
and adjusting the text until obtaining a clear and coherent postulate. Avoid
superficiality and simplicity.

Bibliography

Bibliography 1:

Examples of bibliography format:

Physical book.
Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). City, Country:
Editorial.

Chapter of a physical book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the book
(pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial.

Ebook.
Surname, A. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). Country: Editorial. Retrieved from
http: // ...

Chapter of an electronic book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the book
(pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial. Retrieved from http: // ...

Internet video.
Surname, N. (Year). Title of the video Video server [Video]. Retrieved from http: // ...