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OptiX RTN 310 PDF
OptiX RTN 310 PDF
V100R001C01
Product Description
Issue 01
Date 2012-10-30
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Related Versions
The following table lists the product versions related to this document.
Intended Audience
This document is intended for:
Familiarity with the basic knowledge related to digital microwave communication technology
will help you apply the information in this document.
Symbol Conventions
The symbols that may be found in this document are defined as follows.
Symbol Description
Symbol Description
General Conventions
The general conventions that may be found in this document are defined as follows.
Convention Description
Update History
Updates between document issues are cumulative. Thus, the latest document issue contains all
updates made in previous issues.
Contents
3 Product Structure.........................................................................................................................35
3.1 System Architecture.........................................................................................................................................36
3.2 Service Signal Processing Flow.......................................................................................................................38
6 Technical Specifications.............................................................................................................62
6.1 RF Performance................................................................................................................................................63
6.1.1 Radio Working Modes.............................................................................................................................63
6.1.2 Frequency Band.......................................................................................................................................68
6.1.3 Receiver Sensitivity.................................................................................................................................70
6.1.4 Distortion Sensitivity...............................................................................................................................73
6.1.5 Transceiver Performance.........................................................................................................................73
6.1.6 Baseband Signal Processing Performance of the Modem.......................................................................75
6.2 Predicted Reliability.........................................................................................................................................75
6.2.1 Predicted Equipment Reliability..............................................................................................................76
6.2.2 Predicted Link Reliability........................................................................................................................76
6.3 Ethernet Interface Performance........................................................................................................................76
6.4 Clock Timing and Synchronization Performance............................................................................................77
6.5 Integrated System Performance........................................................................................................................78
7 Accessories....................................................................................................................................80
7.1 Outdoor Power Injector....................................................................................................................................81
7.1.1 Functions and Features............................................................................................................................81
7.1.2 Ports and Indicators.................................................................................................................................81
7.1.3 PI Labels..................................................................................................................................................86
7.1.4 Technical Specifications..........................................................................................................................89
7.2 Hybrid Coupler.................................................................................................................................................91
7.2.1 Types.......................................................................................................................................................91
7.2.2 Functions and Features............................................................................................................................91
7.2.3 Ports.........................................................................................................................................................91
7.2.4 Labels.......................................................................................................................................................92
7.2.5 Technical Specifications..........................................................................................................................94
7.3 OMT.................................................................................................................................................................95
7.3.1 Functions and Features............................................................................................................................96
7.3.2 Ports.........................................................................................................................................................96
7.3.3 Technical Specifications..........................................................................................................................97
7.4 Extra Mounting Components............................................................................................................................98
7.4.1 Mounting Brackets..................................................................................................................................98
7.4.2 Flexible Waveguides...............................................................................................................................99
7.5 Antennas.........................................................................................................................................................101
7.5.1 Types.....................................................................................................................................................101
7.5.2 Functions and Features..........................................................................................................................103
7.5.3 Working Principles................................................................................................................................104
7.5.4 Ports.......................................................................................................................................................105
7.5.5 Antenna Diameters................................................................................................................................106
7.5.6 Technical Specifications........................................................................................................................107
7.6 Antenna Adapters...........................................................................................................................................107
7.7 USB Flash Drives...........................................................................................................................................110
8 Cables...........................................................................................................................................112
8.1 OptiX RTN 310 Power Cables.......................................................................................................................114
8.2 PI Power Cables..............................................................................................................................................114
8.3 P&E Cables.....................................................................................................................................................115
8.4 OptiX RTN 310 PGND Cables......................................................................................................................118
8.5 PI PGND Cables.............................................................................................................................................119
8.6 XPIC Cables...................................................................................................................................................119
8.7 RSSI Cables....................................................................................................................................................120
8.8 Optical Fibers.................................................................................................................................................120
8.9 Outdoor Network Cables................................................................................................................................121
A Appendix....................................................................................................................................125
A.1 Port Loopbacks..............................................................................................................................................126
A.2 Compliance Standards...................................................................................................................................126
A.2.1 ITU-R Standards...................................................................................................................................126
A.2.2 ITU-T Standards...................................................................................................................................127
A.2.3 ETSI Standards.....................................................................................................................................128
A.2.4 CEPT Standards....................................................................................................................................130
A.2.5 IEC Standards.......................................................................................................................................130
A.2.6 IETF Standards.....................................................................................................................................132
A.2.7 IEEE Standards.....................................................................................................................................133
A.2.8 Other Standards....................................................................................................................................133
B Glossary......................................................................................................................................135
1 Product Introduction
The OptiX RTN 310 is a full-outdoor product in the OptiX RTN radio transmission system
series.
NodeB 1
GE
GE
GE
RNC
NodeB 2
NodeB 3
XPIC XPIC
GE GE
cable cable
NodeB FE/GE
CES E1
E1
BTS
BSC
Regional network
1+1
1+1 1+1
cascading cascading
cable cable RNC
NodeB
Item Description
Front Rear
side side
H
W D
GE P&E USB/RSSI/NMS
COMBO PWR
Fiber
To
NodeB
Power cable
P&E cable
(optional)
USB/RSSI/NMS
COMBO
PWR
GE P&E
To
NodeB
Power cable
P&E cable (optional)
To a power To a power
injector supply device
2
1
3
Hybrid coupler
1 2
Fiber
To a power To a power
injector injector
1
2
3
Hybrid coupler
1 2
Fiber
RTN 900 IDU, the OptiX RTN 310s can connect to the power-over-Ethernet ports of an EG4P
board on the IDU using P&E cables, which carry both power signals and Ethernet service signals.
Figure 1-8 and Figure 1-9 illustrate typical configurations at a 1+1 site with 1+1 HSB or 1+1
FD configured.
Figure 1-8 Typical configuration at a 1+1 site (1+1 HSB/FD, direct mounting)
2
1
1 2
3
Hybrid Coupler
EG4P
STAT
SRV
L/A4
L/A1
L/A2
L/A3
SRV
L/A4
L/A1
L/A2
L/A3
STAT
P1
P2
P1
P2
SRV
L/A1
L/A2
L/A3
L/A4
STAT
P1
P2
Figure 1-9 Typical configuration at a 1+1 site (1+1 HSB/FD, split mounting)
1
2
3
1 2 Hybrid coupler
EG4P
STAT
SRV
L/A1
L/A2
L/A3
L/A4
SRV
L/A1
L/A2
L/A3
L/A4
STAT
P1
P2
P1
P2
L/A4
SRV
L/A1
L/A2
L/A3
STAT
P1
P2
2
1
1 2
3
OMT
XPIC cable
Fiber
P&E cable
P&E cable
To a power To a power
injector injector
1 2 2
XPIC cable
Fiber
P&E P&E
cable cable
To a power
To a power injector
injector
1 2
Fiber
P&E cable
P&E cable
To a power
To a power
injector
injector
When multiple OptiX RTN 310s work with an OptiX RTN 900 IDU to form a multi-direction
site, the maximum number of radio directions are the same as that supported by the IDU. During
installation, an OptiX RTN 310 can connect to the power-over-Ethernet port of an EG4P board
using a P&E cable, which carries both power signals and Ethernet service signals.
Figure 1-13 Typical configurations at a multi-direction site (OptiX RTN 310s networked with
RTN 900)
1 2 3
P&E cable
P&E cable P&E cable
EG4P
EG4P
STAT
SRV
L/A1
L/A2
L/A3
L/A4
SRV
L/A1
L/A2
L/A3
L/A4
STAT
P1
P2
P1
P2
SRV
L/A1
L/A2
L/A3
L/A4
STAT
P1
P2
The OptiX RTN 310 provides a variety of functions and features.It provides high-quality high-
efficient radio links for transmitting Ethernet service from base stations.
2.1 Capacities
This section provides the Ethernet service switching capacity and air interface capacity of the
OptiX RTN 310.
2.2 Adaptive Modulation
Adaptive modulation (AM) technology adjusts the modulation scheme automatically based on
channel quality.
2.3 Cross-Polarization Interference Cancellation
Cross-polarization interference cancellation (XPIC) technology is used together with co-channel
dual-polarization (CCDP) to double the radio link capacity over the same channel.
2.4 Automatic Transmit Power Control
Automatic transmit power control (ATPC) is a method that uses received signal level (RSL) of
the receiver to adjust transmit power within the ATPC control range. This feature reduces
interference with neighboring systems and residual bit error rate (BER).
2.5 Power over Ethernet
The OptiX RTN 310 supports power over Ethernet that can carry -48 V power signals, along
with GE service signals, on Ethernet cables.
2.6 Ethernet Service Processing Capability
The OptiX RTN 310 can process Native Ethernet services.
2.7 QoS
The OptiX RTN 310 supports quality of service (QoS), including simple traffic classification,
queue scheduling, and traffic shaping.
2.8 Clock Features
The clock features of the OptiX RTN 310 satisfy clock transmission requirements of mobile
communications networks and provide a complete selection of clock protection mechanisms.
2.9 Protection Capabilities
The OptiX RTN 310 provides protection schemes for radio links and Ethernet networks.
2.1 Capacities
This section provides the Ethernet service switching capacity and air interface capacity of the
OptiX RTN 310.
The XPIC function can almost double the service capacity of a radio channel without changing
the channel spacing.
The OptiX RTN 310 supports Ethernet frame header compression at air interfaces. The
equivalent throughput of Ethernet services at air interfaces can reach up to 1 Gbit/s.
NOTE
6.1.1 Radio Working Modes provide air interface capacities in various working modes.
When AM technology is used, if using the same channel spacing, the radio service bandwidth
varies according to the modulation scheme: the higher the modulation efficiency, the higher the
bandwidth of the transmitted services. With QoS technology, packet services are groomed to
queues with different priorities. Services in different queues are transmitted to the microwave
port after the queue-scheduling algorithm has been run. Under all channel conditions, the service
capacity varies according to the modulation scheme.
l When conditions for channel quality are favorable good (such as on sunny days), the
equipment uses a higher-order modulation scheme to transmit more user services. This
improves transmission efficiency and spectrum utilization of the system.
l When conditions for channel quality are unfavorable (such as on stormy or foggy days),
the equipment uses a lower-order modulation scheme to ensure that higher-priority services
are transmitted first. If some lower-priority queues become congested due to a lack of
available bandwidth, some or all interfaces in these queues are discarded. This method
improves the anti-interference capabilities of a radio link and ensures link availability for
high-priority services.
Figure 2-1, in which the guaranteed capacity modulation scheme is QPSK Strong and the full
capacity modulation scheme is 256QAM, shows AM shifting step by step depending on weather
changes, and how modulation schemes affect service throughput and reliability.
256 256
QAM 128 64 16 64 128 QAM
QAM QAM 32 16
16 QAM 16 32
QAM QPSK QAM QAM QAM QAM
QAM Strong
QPSK QPSK Strong QAM
Strong
64 QAM 99.92%
32 QAM 99.96%
16 QAM 99.99%
Low-priority Low-priority
service service 99.995%
16 QAM strong
99.998%
QPSK
99.999%
QPSK strong
High-priority service
Time
The AM technology used by the OptiX RTN 310 has the following features:
l Uses QPSK Strong, QPSK, 16QAM Strong, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM,
256QAM, 512QAM, 512QAM Light, 1024QAM, 1024QAM Light, and 2048QAM
modulation schemes. Compared with QPSK/16QAM, QPSK Strong/16QAM Strong, using
different parameters in forward error correction (FEC) coding, has stronger error correction
capability, and therefore has better receiver sensitivity. It has, however, less air interface
bandwidth. Compared with 512QAM/1024QAM, 512QAM Light/1024QAM Light, using
different parameters in forward error correction (FEC) coding, has weaker error correction
capability, and therefore has worse receiver sensitivity. It has, however, higher air interface
bandwidth.
l Can configure both the lowest-order modulation scheme (also called reference scheme or
guaranteed capacity modulation scheme) and the highest-order modulation scheme (also
called nominal scheme or full capacity modulation scheme).
l Can switch modulation schemes without changing the transmit frequency, receive
frequency, or channel spacing.
l Switches modulation schemes step-by-step.
l Features hitless switching. When the modulation scheme is downshifted, high-priority
services are not affected while low-priority services are discarded. Switching is successful
even when 100 dB/s channel fast fading occurs.
Figure 2-2 CCDP channel configuration (with the application of the XPIC technology)
Cross
interference
f1
Service Service
H
Cancellation signal
V
Service f1 Service
Cross
interference
Service singnal
H: horizontal polarization direction
V: vertical polarization direction
One XPIC site requires two OptiX RTN 310s, with their COMBO ports connected by an XPIC
cable to transmit XPIC signals.
l If the RSL is 2 dB or more than 2 dB greater than the value halfway between the upper and
lower ATPC thresholds, the receiver instructs the transmitter to decrease transmit power
so that the RSL does not deviate more than 2 dB from the halfway value.
Figure 2-3 shows the relationship between the RSL and the transmit signal level (TSL).
TSL
Up-fading
The OptiX RTN 310 works with a power injector (PI) or an OptiX RTN 900 IDU to implement
power over Ethernet through its P&E port.
l One PI can power only one OptiX RTN 310. See Figure 2-4.
Port P&E
Port P&E
Injecting
Power
injector
-48 V GE signal
NOTE
Besides power signals, network management signals can also be carried on the P&E cable that
connects the OptiX RTN 310 to a PI, eliminating the need to climb up the tower for maintenance.
l The OptiX RTN 310 can work with EG4P boards, which support power over Ethernet, on
the OptiX RTN 900 IDU. One EG4P board can power a maximum of two OptiX RTN
310s. See Figure 2-5.
EG4P
CSHx
Item Description
Link aggregation group (LAG) l Applies to GE ports and microwave ports. The
microwave port must be the main port in a
LAG.
l Supports manual aggregation and static
aggregation.
l Supports load sharing and non-load sharing.
l Supports the setting of the minimum number
of active links.
Physical link aggregation (PLA) Allows Ethernet channels in radio links provided
by two OptiX RTN 310s to form a PLA group.
Being the Layer 1 LAG technology, PLA
aggregates links and achieves load sharing over
these links based on physical-layer bandwidths.
Link state pass through (LPT) Supports simple LPT. When a radio link is faulty,
the related OptiX RTN 310 automatically disables
the remote Ethernet port that is connected to a UNI
device.
Item Description
NOTE
l The OptiX RTN 310 supports a maximum of 64 E-Line services. The supported E-Line services fall into
the following types:
l Port-based E-Line services
l Port+VLAN-based E-Line services
l The OptiX RTN 310 supports only one E-LAN service. The supported E-LAN services fall into the following
types:
l IEEE 802.1d bridge-based E-LAN services
l IEEE 802.1q bridge-based E-LAN services
2.7 QoS
The OptiX RTN 310 supports quality of service (QoS), including simple traffic classification,
queue scheduling, and traffic shaping.
classification
DiffServ
Port traffic
Forwarding
shaping
...
PIR
Mapping
Scheduling Token
bucket
...... ......
...
CoS x
Drop
...... ......
...
CoS z
QoS Features
Feature Performance
Item Description
Item Description
Radio link 1+1 hot standby (HSB), 1+1 frequency diversity (FD), or 1+1 space
diversity (SD), which provides radio link—level protection and NE-
level protection
Ethernet network Link aggregation group (LAG) for Ethernet links and radio links
Inband Radio All inband DCN channels are marked by one VLAN
DCN link ID. The bandwidth of each inband DCN channel is
configurable.
Start
End
Performing Network planners provide network plans, which are archived in the
network planning network management center (NMC).
Procedure Description
Obtaining a blank Software commissioning personnel obtain a blank USB flash drive,
USB flash drive which can be reused, from warehouses.
Copying data to Software commissioning personnel at the NMC need to make the
the USB flash following preparations:
drive l Convert network plan data into a script using a script generation tool,
and copy the script to the \script directory of the USB flash drive.
l Place the upgrade software on the USB flash drive if you need to
upgrade the NE during the deployment.
l Create an authentication file for the USB flash drive using the NMS,
and copy the file to the root directory of the USB flash drive.
Attach a label to the USB flash drive.
Obtaining the USB Hardware installation personnel obtain the USB flash drive with the
flash drive with the scripts from the customer' NMC. A USB flash drive contains the script
script for only one NE.
Inserting the USB After installing the OptiX RTN 310, hardware installation personnel
flash drive insert the mapping USB flash drive into the USB port. The NE then
automatically downloads data.
Packet OAM l Supports IEEE 802.1ag- and IEEE 802.3ah-compliant ETH OAM
functions.
l Supports ITU-T Y.1731-compliant packet loss measurement,
delay measurement, and delay variation measurement.
l Supports loopback tests for Ethernet services.
Function Description
Fault locating Port monitoring l Reports alarms indicating Ethernet signal loss.
l Reports alarms indicating Ethernet port auto-
negotiation failures (half-duplex alarms).
l Microwave interfaces: The FEC encoding mode is adopted and the adaptive time-domain
equalizer for baseband signals is used. This enables the microwave interfaces to tolerate
strong interference. Therefore, an interceptor cannot restore the contents in a data frame if
coding details and service configurations are not obtained.
l Modular design: Control units are separated from service units and service units are
separated from each other. In this manner, a fault on any unit can be properly isolated,
minimizing the impact of the fault on other units in the system.
l CPU flow control: Data flow sent to the CPU for processing is classified and controlled to
prevent the CPU from being attacked by a large number of packets. This ensures that the
CPU operates properly under attacks.
l USB port control: The USB port is disabled when the USB port is not used, to avoid invalid
access.
The OptiX RTN 310 processes two categories of data: O&M data and service data. The preceding
data is transmitted over independent paths and does not affect each other. Therefore, services
on the OptiX RTN 310 are processed on two planes:
l Management plane
l Data plane
The management plane provides access to the required equipment and management functions,
such as managing accounts and passwords, communication protocols, and alarm
reporting.Security features on the management plane implement security access, integrated
security management, and all-round security audits. The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) features
provide security access to the required equipment. The Remote Authentication Dial-In User
Service (RADIUS) feature implements centralized security authentication for the equipment on
the entire network. The Syslog feature implements offline storage of more security-related logs
for audits.
The data plane processes the service data flow entering the equipment and forwards service
packets according to the forwarding table. Security features on the data plane ensure
confidentiality and integrat ion of user data by preventing malicious theft, modification, and
removal of user service packets. They ensure stable and reliable operation of the forwarding
plane by protecting forwarding entries against malicious attacks and falsification. The data plane
provides:
l User service separation methods
l Access control methods
l Methods for controlling and managing ingress and egress bandwidth of the equipment to
ensure reliable operation, such as flow control and QoS.
Table 2-8 lists the security functions provided by the OptiX RTN 310.
3 Product Structure
This chapter describes the system architecture, service signal processing flow, external ports,
and indicator status explanation.
Physically, the SHXA2 board is divided into multiple function units based on logical functions.
Block Diagram
SHXA2
HSM signal XPIC signal
Power Supplies power
-48 V
unit to other units
NMS signal
PI P&E signal Baseband processing unit Antenna
-48 V
Ethernet Ethernet MUX Modem RF
FE/GE signal
access switching unit unit processing
GE signal unit unit unit
Control signal
NMS port
SCC unit
USB port
Function Units
Function Unit Description
4 Ethernet access unit Performs parallel/serial conversion and transmits the Ethernet
signals.
3.3.1 Ports
The OptiX RTN 310 has one GE port, one COMBO port, one P&E port, one USB port, RSSI/
NMS port, and one antenna port.
Port Positions
6. PGND
ground point
1. GE port 2. COMBO port 3. P&E port 4. PWR port 5. USB/RSSI/NMS port 7. Antenna port
2 COMBO Composite port that can function as either of SFP module l XPIC port:
the following ports through software setting: l SFP electrical 8.6 XPIC
l XPIC port module Cables
l GE optical port (provided by l GE optical
an XPIC cable) port/1+1
l 1+1 cascade port for an XPIC cascade
port port: 8.8
l SFP optical Optical
module for a Fibers
GE optical port
l SFP optical
module for a 1
+1 cascade
port
3 P&E Power over Ethernet port, which can P&E connector 8.3 P&E
concurrently receive GE electrical signals, Cables
-48 V power signals, and NMS signals
NOTE
You can select either the P&E port or the COMBO
port to receive/transmit Ethernet services by
setting software, because the COMBO port
functioning as a GE optical port and the GE
electrical sub-port of the P&E port share one
service channel.
5 USB/RSSI/ There are three ports: USB port, RSSI port, USB port: USB -
NMS and NMS port. connector
l USB port: You can insert a USB flash RSSI port/NMS
drive into the USB port to import initial port: RJ45
configuration data, to back up NE data, or connector
to upgrade software.
l RSSI port: You can obtain the received
signal level (RSL) of an OptiX RTN 310
by testing the voltage at the RSSI port
using a multimeter.
l NMS port: The NMS port transmits
network management signals, sharing an
RJ45 connector with the RSSI port but
using different pins from the RSSI port.
NOTE
l On the NMS, the Ethernet service port that the P&E and COMBO ports share is displayed as GE1, and
the GE optical port is displayed as GE2.
l Unused ports must be capped.
GE Optical Port
A GE optical port receives/transmits Ethernet services using an SFP optical module.
An SFP optical module provides one TX port and one RX port. For details, see Figure 3-4, in
which TX represents the transmit port and RX represents the receive port.
TX RX
Table 3-4 lists the types of SFP optical modules that the GE optical port supports.
COMBO Port
A COMBO port is a composite port and can be configured as a GE optical port, a 1+1 cascade
port or an XPIC port.
l If a COMBO port is configured as a GE optical port, it supports the same types of SFP
optical modules as the GE optical port, and the P&E port cannot receive Ethernet
services.
l If a COMBO port is configured as a 1+1 cascade port, it uses a 1000BASE-SX optical
module. Two OptiX RTN 310s can be configured as a 1+1 protection group by connecting
their 1+1 cascade ports.
l If the COMBO port is configured as an XPIC port, two OptiX RTN 310s can be added into
an XPIC workgroup after they are connected using an XPIC cable.
P&E Port
A P&E port is a power-over-Ethernet port and can simultaneously receive GE electrical signals,
-48 V power signals, and NMS signals. It is either connected to a PI or an EG4P board on an
OptiX RTN 900.
PWR Port
A PWR port supplies -48 V power signals to the OptiX RTN 310 and must be used if the OptiX
RTN 310 is more than 100 meters away from a power supply device.
USB/RSSI/NMS Ports
The USB and RSSI/NMS ports are independent from each other but share one protective cap.
For details, see Figure 3-7.
The RSSI port shares an RJ45 connector with the NMS port, with pin assignments provided in
Table 3-6.
Table 3-6 Pin assignments for the RJ45 connector on the RSSI/NMS port
Pin No. Signal
4 Ground
5 Reserved
8 Reserved
NOTE
The NMS port inside the P&E port and the NMS port inside the RSSI/NMS port physically share the same
port, so use only the P&E port or the RSSI/NMS port as an NMS port at one time. The RSSI/NMS port is
used as an NMS port only when no 12–core P&E cable is available to connect the equipment to the NMS
for service commissioning or maintenance.
3.3.2 Indicators
The OptiX RTN 310 has one GE optical port indicator, one USB port indicator, and one system
indicator.
The indicators are on the inner sides of ports, and indicate the operating status of equipment
during the installation, commissioning, and maintenance processes.
NOTE
After you load script data to the OptiX RTN 310 using a USB flash drive, the OptiX RTN 310 automatically
resets. All the indicates are off during the reset. After the reset is complete, observe the system indicator
to learn about the status of the OptiX RTN 310.
3.4 Labels
Product nameplate labels, qualification card labels, electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection
labels, radiation warning labels, grounding labels, laser safety class labels, high temperature
warning labels, and other types of labels are affixed in their respective positions on chassis.
Adhere to any warnings and instructions on the labels when performing various tasks to avoid
any personal injury or damage to equipment.
Label Positions
Bar code
High temperature
warning label
Grounding label
Label Description
2: Tx frequency Indicates a Tx
range frequency range
(MHz).
OptiX RTN 310s can independently form chain or ring networks at the tails of mobile backhaul
networks, or work with OptiX RTN 900s at convergence links.
GE
XPIC
NodeB 1 FE/GE
1+0
1+0
FE/GE GE
NodeB 2
FE/GE
NodeB 3
l Ethernet ring protection switching (ERPS) can be configured to protect Ethernet services
on the ring network.
l Two OptiX RTN 310s must be installed at one site.
NodeB 1
FE/GE
GE
RNC
GE
GE
FE/GE
NodeB 2
OptiX RTN 310
XPIC XPIC
GE GE
cable cable
NodeB FE/GE
CES E1
E1
BTS
BSC
Regional network
1+1
1+1 1+1
cascading cascading
cable cable RNC
NodeB
This chapter describes the network management solution and the network management system
(NMS) software that constitutes this solution.
WAN/LAN
Backbone layer
Aggregation layer
Access layer
Function Overview
Function Description
Hop management l Parameters on both ends of a hop can be set on the same
interface.
l After the parameters on one end of a hop are set, the
settings are automatically duplicated on the other end.
5.3 U2000
The U2000 is a network-level network management system. A user can access the U2000 server
through a U2000 client to manage Huawei transport subnets in a unified manner. The U2000
can provide NE-level and network-level management functions.
Function Overview
6 Technical Specifications
This chapter describes the technical specifications of the OptiX RTN 310.
6.1 RF Performance
This chapter describes the radio frequency (RF) performance and various technical
specifications related to microwaves.
6.2 Predicted Reliability
Predicted reliability includes predicted equipment reliability and predicted link reliability.
Reliability is measured by mean time between failures (MTBF), and predicated equipment
reliability complies with the Bellcore TR-332 standard.
6.3 Ethernet Interface Performance
Ethernet interface performance complies with IEEE 802.3.
6.4 Clock Timing and Synchronization Performance
The clock timing performance and synchronization performance of the product meet relevant
ITU-T recommendations.
6.5 Integrated System Performance
Integrated system performance includes the dimensions, weight, power consumption, power
supply, EMC, surge protection, safety, and environment.
6.1 RF Performance
This chapter describes the radio frequency (RF) performance and various technical
specifications related to microwaves.
7 QPSK 8 to 10 8 to 13 8 to 19 8 to 24
Strong
QPSK 10 to 13 10 to 16 10 to 25 11 to 31
16QAM 17 to 22 17 to 26 17 to 41 18 to 51
Strong
16QAM 20 to 26 20 to 32 20 to 49 22 to 61
32QAM 25 to 32 25 to 39 25 to 60 26 to 75
64QAM 32 to 40 33 to 50 32 to 76 33 to 95
128QAM 37 to 48 38 to 59 37 to 90 39 to 112
14 QPSK 18 to 22 18 to 27 18 to 42 18 to 51
Strong
QPSK 21 to 27 22 to 33 22 to 50 22 to 62
16QAM 36 to 44 36 to 55 36 to 85 36 to 104
Strong
28 QPSK 37 to 46 37 to 57 37 to 87 37 to 107
Strong
7 QPSK 8 to 10 8 to 12 8 to 19 8 to 24
Strong
QPSK 10 to 12 10 to 15 10 to 24 10 to 30
16QAM 16 to 21 16 to 26 16 to 40 16 to 49
Strong
16QAM 19 to 25 20 to 31 20 to 48 20 to 59
32QAM 24 to 31 24 to 38 24 to 59 24 to 73
64QAM 31 to 39 31 to 48 31 to 74 31 to 92
128QAM 36 to 46 36 to 56 36 to 87 36 to 108
14 QPSK 16 to 21 16 to 26 16 to 40 16 to 49
Strong
QPSK 20 to 25 20 to 31 20 to 48 20 to 60
16QAM 34 to 43 34 to 53 34 to 82 34 to 101
Strong
16QAM 40 to 51 40 to 62 40 to 97 40 to 102
28 QPSK 37 to 46 37 to 57 37 to 87 37 to 107
Strong
NOTE
l The throughput specifications listed in the tables are based on the following conditions.
l Without compression: untagged Ethernet frames with a length ranging from 64 bytes to 9600 bytes
l With L2 frame header compression: untagged Ethernet frames with a length ranging from 64 bytes
to 9600 bytes
l With L2+L3 frame header compression (IPv4): tagged Ethernet frames with a length ranging from
64 bytes to 9600 bytes
l With L2+L3 frame header compression (IPv6): tagged Ethernet frames with a length ranging from
90 bytes to 9600 bytes
Frequency Band
Frequency Information
@13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz @38 GHz
@13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz @38 GHz
@13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz @38 GHz
@13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz @38 GHz
@13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz @38 GHz
@13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz @38 GHz
QPSK
16QAM 23 23 22 22 17
Strong
16QAM
32QAM 23 23 22 22 17
64QAM 22 22 21 21 16
128QAM 22 22 21 21 16
256QAM 21 21 20 20 15
512QAM 20 20 19 19 14
512QAM
Light
1024QAM 18 18 17 17 12
1024QAM
Light
2048QAM 16 16 15 15 –
Frequency stability
Frequency stability : ±5 ppm
Item Performance
MTTR (hour) 1
Availability 99.99969%
Item Performance
MTTR (hour) 1
Availability 99.99937%
Item Performance
Item Performance
Item Performance
Noise generation
Noise tolerance
Power 42 W 42 W 44 W 44 W 43 W
Consumptio
n
Electromagnetic Compatibility
l Passes CE authentication.
l Compliant with ETSI EN 301 489-1.
l Compliant with ETSI EN 301 489-4.
l Compliant with ETSI EN 300 385.
l Compliant with ETSI EN 300 386.
Lightning Protection
l Compliant with ITU-T K.27.
l Compliant with ETSI EN 300 253.
Safety
l Passes CE authentication.
Environment
The OptiX RTN 310 is used outdoors.
7 Accessories
The OptiX RTN 310 has accessories including power injectors (PIs), USB flash drives, hybrid
couplers, orthogonal mode transducers (OMTs), and mounting components.
NOTE
The OptiX RTN 310 of an earlier version provides indoor PIs, which have the same ports and functions as
outdoor PIs. Indoor PIs and outdoor PIs have difference appearance and apply to different environments.
1 BIDA+ BIDA+ 1
2 BIDA- BIDA- 2
4 BIDC+ BIDC+ 4
BGND
5 BIDC- BIDC- 5 DC
converter
-48 V
3 BIDB+ BIDB+ 3 -48 V
6 BIDB- BIDB- 6
7 BIDD+ BIDD+ 7
8 BIDD- BIDD- 8
(PI) ( RTN 310)
There is no interference between DC power signals and Ethernet service signals, which can
be transmitted over the same twisted pair.
l On an outdoor wall
l On a pole with a diameter ranging between 51 mm to 114 mm
l On a tower
Front Panel
An outdoor PI has a protective cover, as shown in Figure 7-2 and Figure 7-3.
H
D
W
1:2 1:1
peeling
indicator
-48.0 V power
Ports
RTN (+) 0 V power input port OT terminal block 8.2 PI Power Cables
The GE service port, NMS port, and P&E port use RJ45 connectors. Figure 7-4 shows the front
view of an RJ45 connector.
1 2 3 4 5 6 78
The GE electrical port is compatible with an FE electrical port and supports the MDI, MDI-X,
and auto-MDI/MDI-X modes. Table 7-2 and Table 7-3 show pin assignments for an RJ45 port
in MDI and MDI-X modes.
NOTE
The P&E port can transmit -48 V power signals through pins 1, 2, 3, and 6.
The NMS and MGMT ports transmit network management signals. Table 7-4 lists their pin
assignments.
Table 7-4 Pin assignments for the NMS and MGMT ports
4 Reserved -
5 Reserved -
7 Reserved -
8 Reserved -
NOTE
The NMS port supports the MDI, MDI-X, and auto-MDI/MDI-X modes; that is, the NMS port can transmit
data through pins 3 and 6 and receive data through pins 1 and 2.
Indicators
7.1.3 PI Labels
This section lists the labels that are attached to a power injector (PI). Adhere to any warnings
and instructions on the labels when performing various tasks to avoid any personal injury or
damage to equipment.
Qualification
Operation card label
warning
合格证/QUALIFICATION CARD
label
HUAWEI
华为技术有限公司 中国制造
Grounding
label
B
Product nameplate Indicates the
label product name
and certification.
HUAWEI
华为技术有限公司 中国制造
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD. MADE IN CHINA
PI model 1: Product -
OptiX RTN PI – DC B 10
name
1 2 3 4
2: Power DC: direct
supply current
mode
3: l A: indoor
Applicatio l B: outdoor
n
environme
nt
Power Supply
Item Specifications
Outdoor PI
Item Specifications
Outdoor PI
Weight 1.3 kg
Electromagnetic Compatibility
l Passes CE authentication.
l Compliant with ETSI EN 301 489-1.
l Compliant with ETSI EN 301 489-4.
l Compliant with ETSI EN 300 385.
l Compliant with ETSI EN 300 386.
Safety
l Passes CE authentication.
l Compliant with IEC 60825.
l Compliant with IEC 60215.
l Compliant with IEC 60950-1
l Compliant with K.20.
l Compliant with K.21.
l Compliant with EN 41003
Environment
7.2.1 Types
Hybrid couplers are available as 3 dB balanced and 6 dB unbalanced hybrid couplers.
3 dB balanced and 6 dB unbalanced hybrid couplers are described as follows:
l A 3 dB balanced hybrid coupler splits one RF signal into two almost equivalent RF branch
signals. Each branch signal is attenuated by about 3 dB, compared to the original RF signal.
l A 6 dB unbalanced hybrid coupler splits one RF signal into two RF signals with different
power levels. The lower-power branch signal is attenuated by about 6 dB and the higher-
power branch signal is attenuated by about 2 dB, compared to the original RF signal.
7.2.3 Ports
A hybrid coupler has one antenna port, one main tributary port, and one extension tributary port.
Figure 7-6 shows ports on a hybrid coupler.
7.2.4 Labels
Labels are attached to a hybrid coupler and its packaging to provide the basic information of the
device.
Figure 7-7 shows the label of a hybrid coupler.
3: tributary B: balanced
features U: unbalanced
Attenuation of the ≤ 3.8 (3 dB balanced hybrid coupler, for use at frequency bands 13
main tributary (dB) GHz and 15 GHz)
≤ 3.6 (3 dB balanced hybrid coupler, for use at frequency bands 18
GHz and 23 GHz)
≤ 4.1 (3 dB balanced hybrid coupler, for use at frequency band 38
GHz)
≤ 1.9 (6 dB unbalanced hybrid coupler, for use at frequency bands
13 GHz and 15 GHz)
≤1.7 (6 dB unbalanced hybrid coupler, for use at frequency band 18
GHz and 23 GHz)
≤ 2.1 (6 dB unbalanced hybrid coupler, for use at frequency band 38
GHz)
Standing wave ratio ≤ 1.3 (for use at frequency bands 13 GHz, 15 GHz, 18 GHz and 23
GHz)
≤ 1.4 (for use at frequency band 38 GHz)
Weight ≤ 5 kg
7.3 OMT
An orthogonal mode transducer (OMT), which is a type of polarized hybrid coupler, helps mount
one horizontally polarized OptiX RTN 310 and one vertically polarized OptiX RTN 310 directly
on an antenna.
NOTE
OMTs are produced by Huawei's partner company Andrew and must work in conjunction with Andrew dual-
polarized antennas. All copyrights and information about OMTs are the property of Andrew.
7.3.2 Ports
An OMT has one antenna port, one V-polarized port, and one H-polarized port.
l The antenna port is a round recessed waveguide port.
l The V-polarized and H-polarized ports are rectangular protruding waveguide ports.
Weight ≤ 5.79 kg
Appearance
Figure 7-9 shows a mounting bracket.
3
5
1. Main fixture 2. Conversion bracket 3. Stay bolt 4. Double-headed nut 5. Assistant fixture
Mounting brackets can fit onto poles with diameters ranging from 51 mm to 114 mm.
Mounting brackets are fixed on poles using main fixtures, assistant fixtures, stay bolts, and
double-headed nuts. Conversion brackets are used to attach OptiX RTN 310s or hybrid couplers
to main fixtures.
Appearance
Figure 7-10 shows a flexible waveguide.
Technical Specifications
Table 7-15 lists the technical specifications of flexible waveguides.
Item Specifications
Item Specifications
Standing wave ratio ≤ 1.1 (for use at frequency bands 13 GHz and 15
GHz)
≤ 1.2 (for use at frequency band 18 GHz, 23 GHz,
and 38 GHz)
Maximum twist degree (assuming that 220°/ 330°/ 440°/ 660° (for use at frequency band 13
a whole flexible waveguide is GHz, corresponding to lengths of flexible
uniformly twisted) waveguides 0.6 m/0.9 m/1.2 m/1.8 m)
270°/ 405° (for use at frequency band 15 GHz,
corresponding to lengths of flexible waveguides 0.6
m/0.9 m)
310°/ 465° (for use at frequency band 18 GHz and
23 GHz, corresponding to lengths of flexible
waveguides 0.6 m/0.9 m)
310°/ 465° (for use at frequency band 38 GHz,
corresponding to lengths of flexible waveguides 0.6
m/0.9 m)
7.5 Antennas
Radio equipment uses parabolic antennas to emit and receive electromagnetic waves. The
antennas that are described in this document are parabolic antennas compatible with OptiX RTN
310s.
7.5.1 Types
Antennas are classified into single-polarized antennas and dual-polarized antennas.
Figure 7-11 Feed of a single-polarized antenna with a diameter of 1.8 meters or less
Figure 7-12 Feed of a single-polarized antenna with a diameter more than 1.8 meters
l In the transmit direction, antennas convert RF signals received from OptiX RTN 310s into
directional electromagnetic waves and emit these waves into free space.
l In the receive direction, antennas receive and assemble electromagnetic waves from free
space, convert these waves into RF signals, and transmit the RF signals to OptiX RTN
310s.
NOTE
This section considers a single-polarized antenna as an example. A dual-polarized antenna has two feed
ports and can concurrently transmit electromagnetic waves in both the vertical and horizontal polarization
directions. The working principles of each component of a dual-polarized antenna are almost the same as
those of its counterpart of a single-polarized antenna.
NOTE
Antennas must have the same polarization directions as their connected OptiX RTN 310s or hybrid
couplers. Antennas of certain types use feeds with round waveguides. To adjust the polarization
directions of these antennas, follow their installation instructions and check their polarization marks.
Horizontal
polarization
Vertical
polarization
l Reflectors
Generally taking the form of rotatable paraboloids, antenna reflectors reflect
electromagnetic waves and increase directive gain.
– In the transmit direction, reflectors reflect the electromagnetic waves emitted from feeds
so the reflected electromagnetic waves are directional.
– In the receive direction, reflectors focus the electromagnetic waves from free space to
feeds' output ports.
l Radomes
Radomes protect antennas from being damaged by wind, rain, snow, or ice. Radomes do
not prevent electromagnetic waves penetrating to the reflector.
l Shields
Shields are installed on high-performance antennas and help prevent side-lobe radiation.
l Mounting brackets
Mounting brackets are used to attach antennas onto poles and help achieve fine elevation
and azimuth adjustments. Large antennas generally require reinforcing rods besides
mounting brackets. For details, see specific antenna documentation.
7.5.4 Ports
Directly mounted, single-polarized antennas use waveguide ports as feed ports, whereas dual-
polarized antennas and separately mounted, single-polarized antennas use flange ports as feed
ports.
Table 7-16 lists specifications of feed ports on antennas compatible with OptiX RTN 310s.
Table 7-17 to Table 7-19 list diameters that antennas of different types support. "Yes" indicates
that the corresponding antenna diameter is supported. "NA" indicates that the corresponding
antenna diameter is not supported.
1. Port on the OptiX RTN 310/hybrid coupler 2. Polarization mark 3. Port on the antenna side 4. Hook trough
side
Technical Specifications
Table 7-20 lists the technical specifications of antenna adapters.
Item Specifications
Standing wave ratio ≤ 1.2 (for use at frequency bands 13 GHz, 15 GHz, 18 GHz,
23 GHz and 38 GHz)
Weight ≤ 2.5 kg
Labels
Antenna adapters have nameplate labels and bar codes providing adapter information.
l Nameplate label
Figure 7-18 shows a nameplate label attached to an antenna adapter.
l Bar code
Table 7-22 shows the bar code of an antenna adapter and describes the meaning of the bar
code.
Application Scenario
l For deployment and commissioning of the OptiX RTN 310, the license, scripts, and
software are stored on a USB flash drive. After the USB flash drive is plugged in and
functioning, the OptiX RTN 310 downloads software, scripts, and license in sequence.
l For an upgrade or downgrade of the OptiX RTN 310, only the software of the target version
is stored on a USB flash drive. After the USB flash drive is plugged in and functioning, the
OptiX RTN 310 compares the versions of the running software and the software stored on
the USB flash drive. If the versions are not the same, the OptiX RTN 310 automatically
downloads the software from the USB flash drive for an upgrade or downgrade.
l During OptiX RTN 310 replacement, an empty USB flash drive is inserted into a faulty
device, which automatically backs up its data to the drive. After the faulty device is replaced,
the drive holding the backup data is inserted into the new device, which automatically
downloads the backed up NE data, software, license, and system parameters and restores
the NE data.
Data uploading
A USB flash drive contains the following folders:
l The root directory stores a RTN.CER file.
NOTE
The RTN.CER file, which stores administrator-level account and password information, is used for
authenticating the USB flash drive. The file is generated by a system administrator at the NMC using
a dedicated tool.
When a USB flash drive is connected to an OptiX RTN 310, the OptiX RTN 310 checks the
folders on the USB flash drive in the following order:
1. Checks for the RTN.CER file in the root directory. If the file exists, the USB flash drive
is authenticated. Otherwise, the USB flash drive fails to be identified.
2. Checks the NE software folder pkg. If the NE software version is different from that of the
local OptiX RTN 310, the OptiX RTN 310 upgrades its software.
3. Checks the patch software folder patch. If the patch software version is different from that
of the local OptiX RTN 310, the OptiX RTN 310 loads the patch software from the folder.
4. Checks the system parameter folder sysdata. If the folder contains data, the OptiX RTN
310 imports system parameters from the folder.
5. Checks the script folder script. If the folder contains data, the OptiX RTN 310 imports
script data from the folder.
6. Checks the database folder db. If the folder contains data, the OptiX RTN 310 loads the
database from the folder.
7. Checks the license folder license. If the folder contains the license, the OptiX RTN 310
loads the license from the folder.
8. If any of the preceding folders contains no data or does not exist, the OptiX RTN 310 checks
the next folder. If the OptiX RTN 310 finds none of the preceding folders, it exports its
data to the USB flash drive.
Ensure that USB flash drives have only the preceding folders, as extra folders may lead to
malfunctions.
The following are working principles of USB flash drives in various scenarios:
NOTE
A device reads data from a USB flash drive at different rates in different scenarios. The user can check
whether the device is reading data from a USB flash drive by observing the USB port or USB flash drive
indicator.
1 Netac U208 4 GB
8 Cables
This chapter describes the purposes, appearances, and connections of various cables used with
OptiX RTN 310s.
Fitted with RJ45 connectors at both ends, outdoor network cables connect outdoor power
injectors (PIs) to indoor Ethernet equipment.
Cable Diagram
Cable Parameters
OptiX RTN 310 power cable Power cable, 600 V/1000 V, Waterproof round connector,
ROV-K, 4 mm2, black jacket 2-pin, 500 V, 30 A, straight
(core in blue/brown), 36 A, female, 4 mm2 (12 AWG),
shielded outdoor cable matching cables with
external diameters ranging
from 9.7 mm to 12.3 mm
NOTE
Power cables can extend for a maximum distance of 300 m.
Cable Diagram
Cable Parameters
Outdoor-PI power cable Power cable, 600 V, ROV-K, OT terminal, M4, 2.5 mm2
2.5 mm2, black jacket (the
color of core is blue and
brown), 27 A, shielded style
outdoor cable
Cable Diagram
View B
Label 1
B
Main label
P&E port connected to
an OptiX RTN 310 P&E port connected to a PI
Label 1: P&E
Label 2: MGMT
View C
View A
A
B
Label 1: P&E
View B
View A
Pin Assignments
Length
Both 12-core and 8-core P&E cables are available in four lengths:
l 30 m
l 50 m
l 70 m
l 100 m
Select among the preceding lengths depending on distances between OptiX RTN 310s and power
supply devices, or make cables with site-specific lengths (a maximum length of 100 ms is
allowed).
Cable Diagram
1500 mm
Cable Diagram
1500 mm
Cable Diagram
2 2
1 1
A
Cable Parameters
Cable Diagram
H.S. tube
Tin View A
X1
W
A
Connected to a
multimeter testing RSSI
Connected to port RSSI
on an OptiX RTN Smart
Pin Assignments
An RSSI cable uses two cores to detect level signals.
Fiber Diagram
DLC/UPC
DLC/UPC
Junction implement Blue
(With glue)(Black)
NOTE
Technical Specifications
Optical fibers for GE optical ports are available in 10 lengths, ranging from 10 meters to 150
meters. Select optical fibers of appropriate lengths based on transmission distances.
Optical fibers for 1+1 cascade ports are available in two lengths, 2 meters and 20 meters. A 2-
meter optical fiber is used when 1+1 hot standby (HSB) or 1+1 frequency diversity (FD)
protection is configured. A 20-meter optical fiber is used when 1+1 space diversity (SD)
protection is configured. You can use optical fibers of appropriate lengths if the two lengths
cannot meet onsite requirements.
Two types of interfaces use RJ45 connectors: medium dependent interfaces (MDIs) and medium
dependent interface crossovers (MDI-Xs). MDIs are used by terminal equipment (for example,
network cards) and their pin assignments are provided in Table 8-7. MDI-Xs are used by network
equipment and their pin assignments are provided in Table 8-8.
Straight-through cables are used between MDIs and MDI-Xs, and crossover cables are used
between MDIs or between MDI-Xs. The only difference between straight-through cables and
crossover cables is with regard to their pin assignments.
The NMS ports and GE electrical ports of PIs support the MDI, MDI-X, and auto-MDI/MDI-
X modes. Straight-through cables and crossover cables can be used to connect NMS ports and
GE electrical ports to MDIs or MDI-Xs. Straight-through cables are recommended if network
cables are made onsite.
Cable Diagram
8 8
1 1
Pin Assignments
Braided shield
Braided shield
NOTE
When an outdoor PI is installed indoors or connects to a personal computer, you can use a network cable
without the braided shield.
A Appendix
Standard Description
ITU-R P.530-13 Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of
terrestrial line-of-sight systems
ITU-R P.453-9 The radio refractive index: its formula and refractivity data
Standard Description
ITU-R P.838-3 Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods
ITU-R F.1101 Characteristics of digital fixed wireless systems below about 17 GHz
ITU-R F.1605 Error performance and availability estimation for synchronous digital
hierarchy terrestrial fixed wireless systems
ITU-R F.1703 Availability objectives for real digital fixed wireless links used in 27
500 km hypothetical reference paths and connections
Standard Description
ETSI EN 302 217-1 Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics and requirements for point-to-
V1.3.1 point equipment and antennas; Part 1: Overview and system-
independent common characteristics
ETSI EN 302 Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics and requirements for point-to-
217-2-1 V1.3.1 point equipment and antennas; Part 2-1: System-dependent
requirements for digital systems operating in frequency bands where
frequency co-ordination is applied
ETSI EN 302 Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics and requirements for point-to-
217-2-2 V1.4.1 point equipment and antennas; Part 2-2: Harmonized EN covering
essential requirements of Article 3.2 of R&TTE Directive for digital
systems operating in frequency bands where frequency co-ordination
is applied
Standard Description
ETSI EN 302 217-3 Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics and requirements for point-to-
V1.4.1 point equipment and antennas; Part 3: Harmonized EN covering
essential requirements of Article 3.2 of R&TTE Directive for
equipment operating in frequency bands where no frequency co-
ordination is applied
ETSI EN 302 Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics and requirements for point-to-
217-4-1 V1.4.1 point equipment and antennas; Part 4-1: System-dependent
requirements for antennas
ETSI EN 302 Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics and requirements for point-to-
217-4-2 V1.5.1 point equipment and antennas; Part 4-2: Harmonized EN covering
essential requirements of Article 3.2 of R&TTE Directive for
antennas
ETSI EN 301 126-1 Fixed Radio Systems; Conformance testing; Part 1: Point-to-Point
V1.1.2 equipment - Definitions, general requirements and test procedures
ETSI EN 301 Fixed Radio Systems; Conformance testing; Part 3-1: Point-to-Point
126-3-1 V1.1.2 antennas; Definitions, general requirements and test procedures
ETSI EN 301 390 Fixed Radio Systems; Point-to-point and Multipoint Systems;
V1.2.1 Spurious emissions and receiver immunity limits at equipment/
antenna port of Digital Fixed Radio Systems
ETSI EN 300 385 Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for fixed radio links
and ancillary equipment
ETSI EN 300 386 Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Telecommunication network equipment; ElectroMagnetic
Compatibility (EMC) requirements
ETSI EN 300 132-2 Environmental Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input
V2.2.2 to telecommunications equipment; Part 2: Operated by direct current
(dc)
Standard Description
ETSI TR 102 489 Thermal Management Guidance for equipment and its deployment
V1.1.1
ETSI ETS 300 253 Equipment Engineering; Earthing and bonding of telecommunication
(1995) equipment in telecommunication centres
Standard Description
ERC/REC 12-02 Harmonized radio frequency channel arrangements for analogue and
digital terrestrial fixed systems operating in the band 12.75 GHz to
13.25 GHz
T/R 12-01 Harmonized radio frequency channel arrangements for analogue and
digital terrestrial fixed systems operating in the band 37-39.5 GHz
Standard Description
IEC 60154-2 Flanges for waveguides. Part 2: Relevant specifications for flanges for
ordinary rectangular waveguides
Standard Description
IEC 60154-3 Flanges for waveguides. Part 3: Relevant specifications for flanges for
flat rectangular waveguides
IEC 60154-4 Flanges for waveguides. Part 4: Relevant specifications for flanges for
circular waveguides
IEC 60154-6 Flanges for waveguides. Part 6: Relevant specifications for flanges for
medium flat rectangular waveguides
IEC 60154-7 Flanges for waveguides - Part 7: Relevant specifications for flanges for
square waveguides
IEC 60153-2 Hollow metallic waveguides. Part 2 : Relevant specifications for ordinary
rectangular waveguides
IEC 60153-3 Hollow metallic waveguides. Part 3 : Relevant specifications for flat
rectangular waveguides
IEC 60153-4 Hollow metallic waveguides. Part 4 : Relevant specifications for circular
waveguides
IEC 60153-6 Hollow metallic waveguides. Part 6 : Relevant specifications for medium
flat rectangular waveguides
IEC 60153-7 Hollow metallic waveguides. Part 7 : Relevant specifications for square
waveguides
IEC 60657 Non-ionizing radiation hazards in the frequency range from 10 MHz to
300 000 MHz
IEC 60297 Dimensions of mechanical structures of the 482.6 mm (19 in) series
Standard Description
Standard Description
Standard Description
IEEE 802.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
access method and physical layer specifications
IEEE 802.3ah Media Access Control Parameters, Physical Layers, and Management
Parameters for Subscriber Access Networks
IEEE 802.3x Supplements to Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications
Standard Description
Standard Description
B Glossary
Numerics
3G See 3rd Generation.
3rd Generation (3G) The third generation of digital wireless technology, as defined by the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU). Third generation technology is expected to deliver
data transmission speeds between 144 kbit/s and 2 Mbit/s, compared to the 9.6 kbit/s to
19.2 kbit/s offered by second generation technology.
A
ABR See area border router.
ACAP See adjacent channel alternate polarization.
ACL See access control list.
AF See assured forwarding.
AIS alarm indication signal
AM See adaptive modulation.
ARP See Address Resolution Protocol.
ASBR See autonomous system boundary router.
ATM asynchronous transfer mode
ATPC See automatic transmit power control.
Address Resolution An Internet Protocol used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses. It allows hosts and
Protocol (ARP) routers to determine the link layer addresses through ARP requests and ARP responses.
access control list A list of entities, together with their access rights, which are authorized to have access
(ACL) to a resource.
adaptive modulation A technology that is used to automatically adjust the modulation mode according to the
(AM) channel quality. When the channel quality is favorable, the equipment uses a high-
efficiency modulation mode to improve the transmission efficiency and the spectrum
utilization of the system. When the channel quality is degraded, the equipment uses the
low-efficiency modulation mode to improve the anti-interference capability of the link
that carries high-priority services.
adjacent channel A channel configuration method, which uses two adjacent channels (a horizontal
alternate polarization polarization wave and a vertical polarization wave) to transmit two signals.
(ACAP)
air interface The interface between the cellular phone set or wireless modem (usually portable or
mobile) and the active base station.
alarm suppression An alarm management method. Alarms that are set to be suppressed are not reported
from NEs any more.
area border router A router that can belong to more than two areas of which one area must be a backbone
(ABR) area.
assured forwarding One of the four per-hop behaviors (PHB) defined by the Diff-Serv workgroup of IETF.
(AF) It is suitable for certain key data services that require assured bandwidth and short delay.
For traffic within the bandwidth limit, AF assures quality in forwarding. For traffic that
exceeds the bandwidth limit, AF degrades the service class and continues to forward the
traffic instead of discarding the packets.
automatic transmit A method of adjusting the transmit power based on fading of the transmit signal detected
power control (ATPC) at the receiver
autonomous system A router that exchanges routing information with other ASs.
boundary router
(ASBR)
B
BE See best effort.
BIOS See basic input/output system.
backup A periodic operation performed on the data stored in the database for the purposes of
database recovery in case that the database is faulty. The backup also refers to data
synchronization between active and standby boards.
bandwidth A range of transmission frequencies that a transmission line or channel can carry in a
network. In fact, it is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies the
transmission line or channel. The greater the bandwidth, the faster the data transfer rate.
baseband A form of modulation in which the information is applied directly onto the physical
transmission medium.
basic input/output A firmware stored in the computer mainboard. It contains basic input/output control
system (BIOS) programs, power-on self test (POST) programs, bootstraps, and system setting
information. The BIOS provides hardware setting and control functions for the computer.
best effort (BE) A traditional IP packet transport service. In this service, the diagrams are forwarded
following the sequence of the time they reach. All diagrams share the bandwidth of the
network and routers. The amount of resource that a diagram can use depends of the time
it reaches. BE service does not ensure any improvement in delay time, jitter, packet loss
ratio, and high reliability.
blacklist A method of filtering packets based on their source IP addresses. Compared with ACL,
the match condition for the black list is much simpler. Therefore, the black list can filter
packets at a higher speed and can effectively screen the packet sent from the specific IP
address.
bridge A device that connects two or more networks and forwards packets among them. Bridges
operate at the physical network level. Bridges differ from repeaters because bridges store
and forward complete packets, while repeaters forward all electrical signals. Bridges
differ from routers because bridges use physical addresses, while routers use IP
addresses.
broadcast A means of delivering information to all members in a network. The broadcast range is
determined by the broadcast address.
burst A process of forming data into a block of the proper size, uninterruptedly sending the
block in a fast operation, waiting for a long time, and preparing for the next fast sending.
C
CC See continuity check.
CCDP See co-channel dual polarization.
CSES consecutive severely errored second
CSMA/CD See carrier sense multiple access with collision detection.
carrier sense multiple Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) is a computer
access with collision networking access method in which:
detection (CSMA/CD)
l A carrier sensing scheme is used.
l A transmitting data station that detects another signal while transmitting a frame,
stops transmitting that frame, transmits a jam signal, and then waits for a random
time interval before trying to send that frame again.
chain network One type of network that all network nodes are connected one after one to be in series.
channel spacing The center-to-center difference in frequency or wavelength between adjacent channels
in a WDM device.
co-channel dual A channel configuration method, which uses a horizontal polarization wave and a vertical
polarization (CCDP) polarization wave to transmit two signals. The Co-Channel Dual Polarization has twice
the transmission capacity of the single polarization.
congestion A flow control measure to solve the problem of network resource competition. When
management the network congestion occurs, it places packets into the queue for buffer and determines
the packet forwarding order.
continuity check (CC) Ethernet CFM can detect the connectivity between MEPs. The detection is achieved after
MEPs transmit Continuity Check Messages (CCMs) periodically.
cross polarization A technology used in the case of the Co-Channel Dual Polarization (CCDP) to eliminate
interference the cross-connect interference between two polarization waves in the CCDP.
cancellation (XPIC)
D
DCC See data communications channel.
DCN See data communication network.
DD database description
DM See delay measurement.
E
E-LAN See Ethernet local area network.
E-Line See Ethernet line.
E1 An European standard for high-speed data transmission at 2.048 Mbit/s. It provides
thirty-two 64 kbit/s channels. A time division multiplexing frame is divided in to 32
timeslots numbered from 0 to 31. Timeslot 0 is reserved for frame synchronization, and
timeslot 16 is reserved for signaling transmission. The rest 30 timeslots are use as speech
channels. Each timeslot sends or receives an 8-bit data per second. Each frame sends or
receives 256-bit data per second. 8000 frames will be sent or received per second.
Therefore the line data rate is 2.048 Mbit/s.
ECC See embedded control channel.
EF See expedited forwarding.
EMC See electromagnetic compatibility.
ERPS Ethernet ring protection switching
ES errored second
ESD electrostatic discharge
ETS European Telecommunication Standards
ETSI See European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
Ethernet line (E-Line) A type of Ethernet service that is based on a point-to-point EVC (Ethernet virtual
connection).
Ethernet local area A type of Ethernet service that is based on a multipoint-to-multipoint EVC (Ethernet
network (E-LAN) virtual connection).
European A standards-setting body in Europe. Also the standards body responsible for GSM.
Telecommunications
Standards Institute
(ETSI)
F
FE See fast Ethernet.
FEC See forward error correction.
FIFO See first in first out.
FPGA See field programmable gate array.
FTP File Transfer Protocol
fast Ethernet (FE) Any network that supports transmission rate of 100 Mbit/s. The Fast Ethernet is 10 times
faster than 10BaseT, and inherits frame format, MAC addressing scheme, MTU, and so
on. Fast Ethernet is extended based on the IEEE802.3 standard, and it uses the following
three types of transmission media: 100BASE-T4 (4 pairs of phone twisted-pair cables),
100BASE-TX (2 pairs of data twisted-pair cables), and 100BASE-FX (2-core optical
fibers).
field programmable A type of semi-customized circuit used in the application specific integrated circuit
gate array (FPGA) (ASIC) field. It is developed on the basis of the programmable components, such as the
PAL, GAL, and EPLD. It not only remedies the defects of customized circuits but also
overcomes the disadvantage of the original programmable components in terms of the
limited number of gate arrays.
first in first out (FIFO) A stack management mechanism. The first saved data is first read and invoked.
flooding A type of incident, such as insertion of a large volume of data, that results in denial of
service.
forward error A bit error correction technology that adds the correction information to the payload at
correction (FEC) the transmit end. Based on the correction information, the bit errors generated during
transmission are corrected at the receive end.
G
GE See gigabit Ethernet.
H
HSDPA See High Speed Downlink Packet Access.
HUAWEI Electronic The software used to view, search for, and upgrade electronic documentation of Huawei
Document Explorer products. HedEx, pronounced as [hediks], has two editions, HedEx Lite and HedEx
(HedEx) Server.
HedEx See HUAWEI Electronic Document Explorer.
High Speed Downlink A modulating-demodulating algorithm put forward in 3GPP R5 to meet the requirement
Packet Access for asymmetric uplink and downlink transmission of data services. It enables the
(HSDPA) maximum downlink data service rate to reach 14.4 Mbit/s without changing the
WCDMA network topology.
I
ICMP See Internet Control Message Protocol.
IDU See indoor unit.
IEEE See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
IETF See Internet Engineering Task Force.
IP Internet Protocol
IP address A 32-bit (4-byte) binary digit that uniquely identifies a host (computer) connected to the
Internet for communication with other hosts in the Internet by transferring packets. An
IP address is expressed in dotted decimal notation, consisting of decimal values of its 4
bytes, separated by periods (,), for example, 127.0.0.1. The first three bytes of an IP
address identify the network to which the host is connected, and the last byte identifies
the host itself.
IPv4 See Internet Protocol version 4.
IPv6 See Internet Protocol version 6.
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ITU See International Telecommunication Union.
J
jitter Short waveform variations caused by vibration, voltage fluctuations, and control system
instability.
L
L2VPN Layer 2 virtual private network
LACP See Link Aggregation Control Protocol.
loopback message The loopback packet sent by the node that supports 802.2ag MAC Ping to the destination
(LBM) node. LBM message carries its own sending time.
loopback reply (LBR) A response message involved in the 802.2ag MAC Ping function, with which the
destination MEP replies to the source MEP after the destination MEP receives the LBM.
The LBR carries the sending time of LBM, the receiving time of LBM and the sending
time of LBR.
loss measurement (LM) A method used to collect counter values applicable for ingress and egress service frames
where the counters maintain a count of transmitted and received data frames between a
pair of MEPs.
loss of signal (LOS) No transitions occurring in the received signal.
M
MA maintenance association
MAC See Media Access Control.
MAC address A link layer address or physical address. It is six bytes long.
MD See maintenance domain.
MDI medium dependent interface
ME maintenance entity
MEP maintenance end point
MIB See management information base.
MIP maintenance intermediate point
MP maintenance point
MPLS See Multiprotocol Label Switching.
MSTP See Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol.
MTBF See mean time between failures.
MTTR See mean time to repair.
MTU See maximum transmission unit.
Media Access Control A protocol at the media access control sublayer. The protocol is at the lower part of the
(MAC) data link layer in the OSI model and is mainly responsible for controlling and connecting
the physical media at the physical layer. When transmitting data, the MAC protocol
checks whether to be able to transmit data. If the data can be transmitted, certain control
information is added to the data, and then the data and the control information are
transmitted in a specified format to the physical layer. When receiving data, the MAC
protocol checks whether the information is correct and whether the data is transmitted
correctly. If the information is correct and the data is transmitted correctly, the control
information is removed from the data and then the data is transmitted to the LLC layer.
Multiple Spanning A protocol that can be used in a loop network. Using an algorithm, the MSTP blocks
Tree Protocol (MSTP) redundant paths so that the loop network can be trimmed as a tree network. In this case,
the proliferation and endless cycling of packets is avoided in the loop network. The
protocol that introduces the mapping between VLANs and multiple spanning trees. This
solves the problem that data cannot be normally forwarded in a VLAN because in STP/
RSTP, only one spanning tree corresponds to all the VLANs.
Multiprotocol Label A technology that uses short tags of fixed length to encapsulate packets in different link
Switching (MPLS) layers, and provides connection-oriented switching for the network layer on the basis of
IP routing and control protocols. It improves the cost performance and expandability of
networks, and is beneficial to routing.
maintenance domain The network or the part of the network for which connectivity is managed by connectivity
(MD) fault management (CFM). The devices in a maintenance domain are managed by a single
Internet service provider (ISP).
management A type of database used for managing the devices in a communications network. It
information base (MIB) comprises a collection of objects in a (virtual) database used to manage entities (such as
routers and switches) in a network.
maximum transmission The largest packet of data that can be transmitted on a network. MTU size varies,
unit (MTU) depending on the network—576 bytes on X.25 networks, for example, 1500 bytes on
Ethernet, and 17,914 bytes on 16 Mbit/s token ring. Responsibility for determining the
size of the MTU lies with the link layer of the network. When packets are transmitted
across networks, the path MTU, or PMTU, represents the smallest packet size (the one
that all networks can transmit without breaking up the packet) among the networks
involved.
mean time between The average time between consecutive failures of a piece of equipment. It is a measure
failures (MTBF) of the reliability of the system.
mean time to repair The average time that a device will take to recover from a failure.
(MTTR)
microwave The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with much longer wavelengths than infrared
radiation, typically above about 1 mm.
multicast A process of transmitting data packets from one source to many destinations. The
destination address of the multicast packet uses Class D address, that is, the IP address
ranges from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Each multicast address represents a multicast
group rather than a host.
N
NAS network access server
NE network element
NE Explorer The main operation interface, of the network management system, which is used to
manage the telecommunication equipment. In the NE Explorer, the user can query,
manage and maintain the NE, boards, and ports on a per-NE basis.
NTP Network Time Protocol
network segment A part of an Ethernet or other network, on which all message traffic is common to all
nodes, that is, it is broadcast from one node on the segment and received by all others.
network storm A phenomenon that occurs during data communication. To be specific, mass broadcast
packets are transmitted in a short time; the network is congested; transmission quality
and availability of the network decrease rapidly. The network storm is caused by network
connection or configuration problems.
O
OAM See operation, administration and maintenance.
P
P2P See point-to-point service.
PBS See peak burst size.
PDU protocol data unit
PHB See per-hop behavior.
PLL See phase-locked loop.
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
PPPoE Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
PRBS See pseudo random binary sequence.
PSN See packet switched network.
PTP Precision Time Protocol
PWE3 See pseudo wire emulation edge-to-edge.
packet loss The discarding of data packets in a network when a device is overloaded and cannot
accept any incoming data at a given moment.
packet switched A telecommunications network that works in packet switching mode.
network (PSN)
peak burst size (PBS) A parameter that is used to define the capacity of token bucket P, that is, the maximum
burst IP packet size when the information is transferred at the peak information rate. This
parameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that PBS should be not less than the
maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded. See also CIR, CBS, and PIR.
per-hop behavior IETF Diff-Serv workgroup defines forwarding behaviors of network nodes as per-hop
(PHB) behaviors (PHB), such as, traffic scheduling and policing. A device in the network should
select the proper PHB behaviors, based on the value of DSCP. At present, the IETF
defines four types of PHB. They are class selector (CS), expedited forwarding (EF),
assured forwarding (AF), and best-effort (BE).
phase-locked loop A circuit that consists essentially of a phase detector which compares the frequency of
(PLL) a voltage-controlled oscillator with that of an incoming carrier signal or reference-
frequency generator; the output of the phase detector, after passing through a loop filter,
is fed back to the voltage-controlled oscillator to keep it exactly in phase with the
incoming or reference frequency.
physical layer Layer 1 in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) architecture; the layer that provides
services to transmit bits or groups of bits over a transmission link between open systems
and which entails electrical, mechanical and handshaking.
point-to-point service A service between two terminal users. In P2P services, senders and recipients are
(P2P) terminal users.
polarization A kind of electromagnetic wave, the direction of whose electric field vector is fixed or
rotates regularly. Specifically, if the electric field vector of the electromagnetic wave is
perpendicular to the plane of horizon, this electromagnetic wave is called vertically
polarized wave; if the electric field vector of the electromagnetic wave is parallel to the
plane of horizon, this electromagnetic wave is called horizontal polarized wave; if the
tip of the electric field vector, at a fixed point in space, describes a circle, this
electromagnetic wave is called circularly polarized wave.
policy A set of rules that are applied when the conditions for triggering an event are met.
pseudo random binary A sequence that is random in a sense that the value of an element is independent of the
sequence (PRBS) values of any of the other elements, similar to real random sequences.
pseudo wire emulation An end-to-end Layer 2 transmission technology. It emulates the essential attributes of a
edge-to-edge (PWE3) telecommunication service such as ATM, FR or Ethernet in a packet switched network
(PSN). PWE3 also emulates the essential attributes of low speed time division
multiplexing (TDM) circuit and SONET/SDH. The simulation approximates to the real
situation.
Q
QPSK See quadrature phase shift keying.
QoS See quality of service.
quadrature phase shift A modulation method of data transmission through the conversion or modulation and
keying (QPSK) the phase determination of the reference signals (carrier). It is also called the fourth period
or 4-phase PSK or 4-PSK. QPSK uses four dots in the star diagram. The four dots are
evenly distributed on a circle. On these phases, each QPSK character can perform two-
bit coding and display the codes in Gray code on graph with the minimum BER.
quality of service (QoS) A commonly-used performance indicator of a telecommunication system or channel.
Depending on the specific system and service, it may relate to jitter, delay, packet loss
ratio, bit error ratio, and signal-to-noise ratio. It functions to measure the quality of the
transmission system and the effectiveness of the services, as well as the capability of a
service provider to meet the demands of users.
S
SD See signal degrade.
SF See signal fail.
SFP small form-factor pluggable
SNMP See Simple Network Management Protocol.
SNR See signal-to-noise ratio.
SPF shortest path first
SSL See Secure Sockets Layer.
SSM See Synchronization Status Message.
Secure Sockets Layer A security protocol that works at a socket level. This layer exists between the TCP layer
(SSL) and the application layer to encrypt/decode data and authenticate concerned entities.
Simple Network A network management protocol of TCP/IP. It enables remote users to view and modify
Management Protocol the management information of a network element. This protocol ensures the
(SNMP) transmission of management information between any two points. The polling
mechanism is adopted to provide basic function sets. According to SNMP, agents, which
can be hardware as well as software, can monitor the activities of various devices on the
network and report these activities to the network console workstation. Control
information about each device is maintained by a management information block.
Synchronization Status A message that carries quality levels of timing signals on a synchronous timing link.
Message (SSM) Nodes on an SDH network and a synchronization network acquire upstream clock
information through this message. Then the nodes can perform proper operations on their
clocks, such as tracing, switching, or converting to holdoff, and forward the
synchronization information to downstream nodes.
service flow An MAC-layer-based unidirectional transmission service. It is used to transmit data
packets, and is characterized by a set of QoS parameters, such as latency, jitter, and
throughput.
shaping A process of delaying packets within a traffic stream to cause it to conform to specific
defined traffic profile.
signal degrade (SD) A signal indicating that associated data has degraded in the sense that a degraded defect
condition is active.
signal fail (SF) A signal indicating that associated data has failed in the sense that a near-end defect
condition (non-degrade defect) is active.
signal-to-noise ratio The ratio of the amplitude of the desired signal to the amplitude of noise signals at a
(SNR) given point in time. SNR is expressed as 10 times the logarithm of the power ratio and
is usually expressed in dB (Decibel).
single-polarized An antenna intended to radiate or receive radio waves with only one specified
antenna polarization.
subnet mask The technique used by the IP protocol to determine which network segment packets are
destined for. The subnet mask is a binary pattern that is stored in the client machine,
server or router matches with the IP address.
U
UAS unavailable second
UAT See unavailable time event.
UDP See User Datagram Protocol.
UNI See user-to-network interface.
User Datagram A TCP/IP standard protocol that allows an application program on one device to send a
Protocol (UDP) datagram to an application program on another. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses IP
to deliver datagram. UDP provides application programs with the unreliable
connectionless packet delivery service. There is a possibility that UDP messages will be
lost, duplicated, delayed, or delivered out of order. The destination device does not
confirm whether a data packet is received.
unavailable time event An event that is reported when the monitored object generates 10 consecutive severely
(UAT) errored seconds (SES) and the SESs begin to be included in the unavailable time. The
event will end when the bit error ratio per second is better than 10-3 within 10 consecutive
seconds.
unicast The process of sending data from a source to a single recipient.
user-to-network The interface between user equipment and private or public network equipment (for
interface (UNI) example, ATM switches).
V
VB virtual bridge
VLAN virtual local area network
VM virtual memory
W
WAN See wide area network.
WEEE waste electrical and electronic equipment
WRED See weighted random early detection.
WRR weighted round robin
WTR See wait to restore.
Web LCT The local maintenance terminal of a transport network, which is located at the NE
management layer of the transport network.
wait to restore (WTR) The number of minutes to wait before services are switched back to the working line.
weighted random early A packet loss algorithm used for congestion avoidance. It can prevent the global TCP
detection (WRED) synchronization caused by traditional tail-drop. WRED is favorable for the high-priority
packet when calculating the packet loss ratio.
wide area network A network composed of computers which are far away from each other which are
(WAN) physically connected through specific protocols. WAN covers a broad area, such as a
province, a state or even a country.
window General method for speech preprocessing, like Haming window.
X
XPIC See cross polarization interference cancellation.