Formulas

Capacitance
C= Q/V
C = Capacitance of the Component
Q = Quantity Charge
V = Potential Difference/ Voltage
Farad (F) = unit of measurement
Capacitance of 2 conducting plates
E A
C = σd
C = Capacitance
A = Area of the Plates
d = Distance between the plates
Eσ = Permittivity of free space (9 x 10−12)
Capacitance of 2 conducting plates (with dielectric)
E E A
C = σdr
Er = Relative Permittivity of a dielectric
[ex. Er of paper(8), seawater(80) air(1) Rubber (3.1)]
For Capacitors
Parallel
CT = C1 + C2 + C3 + …
VT = V1 = V2 = V3 = …
QT = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + …
Series
1 1 1 1
= + + +…
CT C 1 C2 C 3
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + …
QT = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = …
Electric Current
I = Q/t
I = Current
Q= Quantity Charge
t = time (convert to seconds)
Amps (A) = unit of measurement

2nd Grading BGFL 10- Halley

Drift Velocity
Vd = d / I
Vd = Drift Velocity
d = Distance ( convert to meters)
I = Current
m/A = Unit of measurement
Electric Current Density
J=I/A
J = Current Density
I = Current
A = Area (convert to m2)
A/m2 = Unit of measurement
Resistance
R=V/I
R = Resistance
V = Voltage
I = Current
Ω (Ohms) = Unit of Measurement
Resistivity
L
R=ρA
R = Resistance
ρ (rho) = resistivity of material
L = length of the wire
A= area
Ohms Law
I = V/ R
I = Current
V = Voltage
R = Resistance
For Resistors
Parallel
1 1 1 1
= + + +…
R T R1 R2 R3
IT = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + …
VT = V1 = V2 = V3 = …

2nd Grading BGFL 10- Halley

Series
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + …
IT = I 1 = I 2 = I 3 = …
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + …
Finding the resistance:
1st color - 1st number
2nd color - 2nd number
3rd color - # of zeroes
4th color - tolerance
0 - Black 8 - Gray
1 - Brown 9 - White
2-6 - ROYGB 0.05% - Silver
7 - Violet 0.5% - Gold
Power
P=w/t
P = Power
w = work
t = time (convert to seconds)
W (watts) = unit of measurement
Work = (Force)(distance)
V = W/Q and I = Q/t makes P = VI
From Ohms law, P = I2R and P = V2 / R
Conversion
Cm to m = 10-2
mm to m = 10-3
um to m = 10-6
nm to m = 10-9
1 hp = 746 watts
Problem Solving
1) Find the capacitance of a circuit if the voltage is 10V and the quantity charge is 13C .
C=Q/V
C = 13 / 10
C = 1.3F
2) Find the capacitance if 2 plates are 3.5cm apart and their area is 3.4m x 2.8m.
E A
C= σ
d
A = (3.4)(2.8) = 9.52

2nd Grading BGFL 10- Halley

 (9 x 10−12)(9.52)
C=
(3.5 x 10−2)
= 2.45 x 10-10 F
3)

C1 = 4F
C2 = 3F
C3 = 1F
Find CT, QT, Qi
CT = C 1 + C 2 + C 3 Memorize niyo kung paano ung sa parallel and series capacitors, nasa formulas
=4+3+1 So un nga ung CT pagaadd lang. For V, since equal lang lahat, yan na ung gagamitin
CT = 8F sa lahat na V. Tas nun for QT, gamitin ung C = Q/V tas nun magiging Q = VC, tas for
QT = VCT individual, papalitan mo ung C, example for Q 1 gagamitin Q1 = VC1, for Q2, C2 ung
gagamitin etc
= (9)(8)
= 72 C
Para macheck, pagadd lahat ng Q tas ung sum equal siya sa Q T, tama sagot niyo
Q1 = VC1
= (9)(4)
= 36 C
Q2 = VC2
= (9)(3)
= 27 C
Q3 = VC3
= (9)(1)
=9C
4)

2nd Grading BGFL 10- Halley

C1 = 5F
C2 = 3F
C3 = 2F
Find CT, Vi, QT
1 1 1 1
= + +
C T C 1 C2 C 3 Memorize ulit ung formula sa parallel capacitance, so un pinagadd tapos sa
1 1 1 1 huli rineciprocal kasi 1/CT ung sa isang side tas rineciprocal para maging C T
= + +
CT 5 3 2 lang siya
1 6+ 10+ 15 31
= =
CT 30 30
Laging mag RECIPROCAL pag hinahanap ung total capacitance for parallel
30
CT =
31
CT = 0.97 F Dahil pag series ung Qi is equal sa QT, ito ung ginagamit sa lahat ng
Q
QT = VCT
= (5)(0.97)
= 4.85 C So from the original formula C = Q/ V, makukuha mo diyan V = Q/C
V 1 = Q 1 / C1 tas ito na ung gagamitin sa lahat. Pagpinagadd mo lahat ng V i dapat
= 4.85 / 5 maging ung V na nasa given (dito 5V)
= 0.97 V
V 2 = Q 2 / C2
= 4.85 / 3
= 1.617 V
V 3 = Q 3 / C3
= 4.85 / 2
= 2.425 V
5)

C1 = 3F
C2 = 3F

2nd Grading BGFL 10- Halley

C3 = 2F
C4 = 4F
Find CT, Vi, Qi, QT
CP = C2 + C3 = 3+ 2 = 5F Unahin kunin ung total capacitance ng parallel circuit, tas
1 1 1 1 nun aadd un sa series. Kaya yung 5 ung inadd natin na una.
= + +
CT C 1 C P C 4
1 1 1 1
= + +
CT 3 5 4
20+12+15 47
= =
60 60
60
= = 1.28 F
47
QT = VCT
Dito naman, dahil sa series equal ung Q I sa QT, ung QT is also the Q1
= (8)(1.28) and Q4. Para sa parallel naman, ito ung ginagamit para mahanap
= 10.24 C ung Individual Q, basahin niyo kung paano para magets ninyo
Q1 = 10.24C
Tas nun pagpinagadd ung Q ng parallel, dapat equal siya sa Q T
Q4 = 10.24 C
C2
Q2 = QT [ ]
C 2+ C 3
= (10.24)(3/5)
= 6.144 C
C3
Q3 = QT [ ]
C 2+ C 3
= (10.24)(2/5)
= 4.096 C
V 1 = Q 1 / C1
For V sa series, pagpinagadd mo equal siya sa VT . Gagamitin na
= 10.24 / 3 formula is V = Q / C
= 3.413 V
Tas sa parallel kahit isa lang yung hahanapin ok lang kasi sa parallel
V 2 = Q 2 / C2
equal lahat ng V ng bawat isa.
= 6.144 / 3
= 2.048 V
V3 = 2.048 V
V 4 = Q 4 / C4
= 10.24 / 4
= 2.56 V
7) A 40cm copper wire that has 4cm2 area is installed to form a circuit along with a 2V battery.
Find a) Initial Resistance resistivity of copper wire is 1.72 x 10-8 Ω m
b) Initial Current

2nd Grading BGFL 10- Halley

 c) Current density
d) Drift Velocity

L
a) R = ρ Dito use the formulas para dito. Un lang haha
A
= (1.72 x 10-8) ( 40 x 10-2)/ (4 x 10-2)2
= 4.3 x 10-6 Ω
b) I = V /R
= 2 / 4.3 x 10-6
= 4.65 x 105 A
c) J = I / A
= 4.65 x 105 / (4 x 10-2)2
= 2.91 x 108 A/m2
d) Vd = d / I
= 40 x 10-2 / 4.65 x 105
= 8.60 x 10-7 m/A
8)

R1 = 4 Ω
R2 = 3 Ω
R3 = 6 Ω Gamitin ung formula na binigay sa taas. Yan na un
R4 = 1 Ω guys. Wag kalimutan magreciprocal noh.
Find RT , IT, II
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
R T R1 R2 R3 R 4
1 1 1 1
= + + +1
RT 4 3 6
3+4 +2+12 21
= =
12 12
12
RT = 21 = 0.57 Ω
IT = V / R T
= 5/ 0.57

2nd Grading BGFL 10- Halley

 = 8.77 C
I1 = V/ R1
= 5/ 4
= 1.25 C
I2 = V/ R2
= 5/ 3
= 1.67 C
I3 = V/ R3
= 5/ 6
= 0.83 C
I4 = V/ R4
= 5/ 1
=5C
9)

R1 = 5 Ω
R2 = 3 Ω Gamitin ung formulas na binigay kanina
R3 = 2 Ω I = V/R tas ung IT equal siya sa lahat
Find RT, IT, VI
RT = 5 + 3 + 2
= 10 Ω
IT = V/RT
= 9/ 10
= 0.9 A
V 1 = IT R1
= (0.9)(5)
= 4.5 V
V 2 = IT R2
= (0.9)(3)
= 2.7 V
V 3 = IT R3
= (0.9)(2)
= 1.8 V

2nd Grading BGFL 10- Halley

10)

R1 = 4 Ω
R2 = 2 Ω
R3 = 3 Ω Magbabase tayo sa mga binigay sa taas un ung
R4 = 3 Ω gagamitin
Find RT, IT, II, VI
1 1 1 5
= + =
RP 2 3 6
6
RP = = 1.25
5
RT = R 1 + R 4 + R P
= 4 + 3 + 1.25
= 8.25 Ω
IT = V/RT
= 10/8.25
= 1.21 C
I1 = 1.21 C
I4 = 1.21 C
R2
I2 = I T [ ¿
R 2+ R 3
= (1.21)(2/5)
= 0.484 C
R3
I3 = I T [ ¿
R 2+ R 3
= (1.21)(3/5)
= 0.726 C Ginawa ko nalang para mahanap ung V2 and V3 minus
ko nalang ung VT sa V1 and V4 . Kasi sa series sum of all
V ung sa VT , tas sa parallel equal ung V.
2nd Grading BGFL 10- Halley
V 1 = IT R1
= (1.21)(4)
= 4.84 V

V 4 = IT R4
= (1.21)(3)
= 3.63 V
V2 and V3 = 1.53 V
Terms
Capacitance
- ability of an electrical component to store charge
Capacitor
- electrical component that allows to store charged particles
Dielectric materials is used to enhance the capacitance of electrical components
Electric Current
- rate at which charge flows past a point in a circuit
Drift Velocity
- average velocity that a particle attains in a material due to an electric field
Electric Current Density
- ratio of current to area to a given surface
Resistance
- hindrance of flow to the charge
Longer wire = more resistance
Wider wire = less resistance
The material affects the resistance
Resistivity
- defines how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current
Resistors
- restricts the flow of electric current in a circuit
Power
- is the rate of doing work
Energy can be lost or gained

2nd Grading BGFL 10- Halley

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2nd Grading BGFL 10- Halley