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Cyclones PDF
Cyclones PDF
Standard cyclone designs (Strauss, 1975, after Stairmand 1951). a) High efficiency, medium
throughput pattern. Nominal flow rate=1.5D2 m3s-1. b) Medium-efficiency, high throughput-pattern.
Nominal flow rate=4.5D2 m3s-1. Entrance velocity at these flows is approximately 15.2 m*s-1 in both
types.
Total Efficiency and Grade Efficiency
A cyclone with solids mass flow in the inlet (m s ) are going to separate into two fractions a coarse (m c )
and a fine (m f ). Coarse product exits by the conical section of the cyclone and fine producto exits
with the clean gas.
Solids mass balance
m s=m c +m f
Solids mass balance for a specific particle size ( D_p )
m s∗x s , D =m c∗x c , D +m f ∗x f , D
p p p
x s= ηT ∗x c +(1− ηT )∗x f
The efficiency with which the cyclone collects particles of a certain size isdescribed by the grade
efficiency , ηG , which is defined as:
m c ∗x c , D p
ηG=
m s∗x s , D p
xc , D p
ηG = ηT ∗
xs , D p
Figure 5 shows the effienciency grade curves for Stairmand cyclones of high efficiency
and high throughput
Figure 5. Grade efficiency curves
Cyclones are a type of classifiers that use an inert force to separate solid particles from a
gas or air stream. Particles in the gas are subjected to centrifugal forces (inert force)
which move them radially outwards, against the inward flow of gas and towards the inside
surface of the cyclone on which the solids separate. The theory for cyclone separation will
be described below (figure 6):
Figure 6. Theoretical analysis of cyclones Remembering the following equation
ρ ρ∗C D∗A p∗v 2 ∂ v⃗
v tan
v tr
( p )
1− ρ ∗⃗a −
2∗m
=
∂t
If a⃗ is a centrifugal field force as
v tR centripetal force then
2
a=r∗w
v tan , R
Where
r : trayectory
vg w :angular velocity
ρ 2 ρ∗C D∗A p∗v 2 ∂ ⃗v
v tan ( 1− ρ ∗rw −
) =
p 2∗m ∂t
FB When the particles reaches the termina velocity
v tr
2
ρ ρ∗C ∗ A ∗v
( 1− ρ ∗rw 2 −
) D p t ,r
=0
p 2∗m
m=ρ p∗V
2
2 S∗ρ∗C D∗v tr
r∗w ∗( ρ p −ρ )=
2∗V
For a sphere
π∗D 2p π∗D 3p
S= and V =
4 6
2
2 6∗ρ∗C D∗v tr
r∗w ∗( ρ p −ρ )=
8∗D p
24∗μ
From Stokes law : C D =
D p∗ρ∗v tr
2 18∗μ∗v tr
r∗w ∗( ρ p −ρ )=
D2p
If we assume that all particles with an equilibrium orbit
radius greater than or equal to the cyclone body radius
will be collected, then substituting r= R.
2 v 2tan , R
R∗w =
R
2
v tan , R 18∗μ ∗v tR
∗( ρ p −ρ )= 2
R Dp
2 2
v ( ρ −ρ )∗D p
v tR = tan , R ∗ p
R 18∗μ
Drop pressure (Euler number , Eu)
2 2
2∗Δ P π ∗D ∗Δ P
Eu= = 2
ρ∗v g 8∗q ∗ρ
v g :superficial gas velocity
D : characteristic cyclone dimension (generally diameter of barrel )
q : gas volumetric flow rate
ηGm=
( )
D p 50
2
Dp
[ ( )]
1+
D p 50
The general trend can be described by the following approximate empirical correlation :
12
Eu= (
√Stk 50
)
Example
D p 50
ηT =68.56 %
ηG
xc
xs
Plotting data for grade efficiency
ηG
Dp
2
ρ ∗D p 50∗v g
Stk 50 = p
18∗μ∗D
D p 50