Copyright law of India

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The Copyright Act 1957 (as amended by the Copyright Amendment Act 2012) governs the
subject of copyright law in India.[1] The Act is applicable from 21 January 1958.
[2] The history of copyright law in India can be traced back to its colonial era
under the British Empire.[3] The Copyright Act 1957 was the first post-independence
copyright legislation in India and the law has been amended six times since 1957.
[4] The most recent amendment was in the year 2012, through the Copyright
(Amendment) Act 2012.[5] India is a member of most of the important international
conventions governing the area of copyright law, including the Berne Convention of
1886 (as modified at Paris in 1971), the Universal Copyright Convention of 1951,
the Rome Convention of 1961 and the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).[6] Initially, India was not a member of the
WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT)
but subsequently entered the treaty in 2013

Applicable Copyright Act before 1958

Prior to 21 January 1958, the Indian Copyright Act, 1914, was applicable in India
and still applicable for works created prior to 21 January 1958, when the new Act
came into force.[2] The Indian Copyright Act, 1914 was based on the Imperial
Copyright Act of 1911 passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, but was
slightly modified in terms of its application to Indian law.[7][2] According to
this Act, the period of copyright for photographs was 50 years from the time it was
first published. ( Act language is:"the term for which copyright shall subsist in
photographs shall be fifty years from the making of the original negative from
which the photograph was directly or indirectly derived, and the person who was
owner of such negative at the time when such negative was made shall be deemed to
be the author of the work, and, where such owner is a body corporate, the body
corporate shall be deemed for the purposes of this Act to reside within the parts
of His Majesty's dominions to which this Act extends if it has established a place
of business within such parts.")[8] For photographs published, before 21 January
1958 in India, the period of copyright is thus 50 years, as for them the old Act is
applicable.[2]
Definition of copyright
Copyright is a bundle of rights given by the law to the creators of literary,
dramatic, musical and artistic works and the producers of cinematograph films and
sound recordings.[9] The rights provided under Copyright law include the rights of
reproduction of the work, communication of the work to the public, adaptation of
the work and translation of the work.[9] The scope and duration of protection
provided under copyright law varies with the nature of the protected work.
In a 2016 copyright lawsuit, the Delhi High Court states that copyright is "not an
inevitable, divine, or natural right that confers on authors the absolute ownership
of their creations. It is designed rather to stimulate activity and progress in the
arts for the intellectual enrichment of the public. Copyright is intended to
increase and not to impede the harvest of knowledge. It is intended to motivate the
creative activity of authors and inventors in order to benefit the public."[10]
Types of works protected
The Indian copyright law protects literary works, dramatic works, musical works,
artistic works, cinematograph films and sound recordings.