The Chain Rule = Ify=/t) is a differentiable function of aad u = g(x) is in tam a differeatiable function of x, thea the composite function y ~ f(e(3)) 1s a differentiable function of x whose derivative is given by the product oe a du dx or. equivalently. by BY _ py 4 TT EOE) Consider the function y =—“— where u = 2x? —1 u+t a Use the chsin rule to find 1b. Find an equation for the tangent line to the graph of y(x) at the point where x — 1 Solution a. We find that dy _ w+ 1)0) = u(t) 1 du @+1P 1% quotient mite du ds According to the chain rule. it follows that =|popl@-aoy @4+1y @e1ry 'b. To find an equation for the tangent line to the graph of )(x) at x — 1, we need to know the value of y and the slope at the point of tangency. Since ul) = 30-1 =2 the value of y when x = 1 is ox 2 YD = BETZ swbsitwe uC) = 2 for w and the slope is | OD _ 6 2 sutotitute x1 ale 9-3 — anda(l)—2 forw ‘Therefore, by applying the point-slope formula for the equation of a line. we find that the tangent line to the graph of y(x) at the point where x = 1 has the equation 232The cost of producing x units of a particular commodity is ca) = 52 bx 4 53 dollars, and the production level t hours into a particular production run is x(f) = 0.27 +4 0.03¢ units. At what rate is cost changing with respect to time after 4 hours? Solution ‘We find that and == 0.414003 at so according to the chain rule, dc_dCdx (2 “hn de de 7 (Be tA }Oae + 0.03) When =4, the level of production is x(4) = 0.24)? + 0.03(4) = 3.32 units and by substining += 4 and x = 332 into the formula for E, we get = fo 32) + +f 4(4) + 0.03] = 10.1277 Thus, after 4 hours, cost is increasing at the rate of approximately $10.13 per hour. Marginal Analysis In .* the use of the derivative to approximate the change in a quantity that results from a I-unit increase in production is called marginal analysis. For instance. suppose C(x) is the total cost of producing x units of a particular commodity. If xo ‘units are cusrently being produced, then the derivative Ces = figSG2 Ded) is called the marginal cost of producing xp units. The limiting value that defines this derivative is approximately equal to the difference quotient of C(x) when h = 1; that is, CG) = Lot Y= Geo) 2 = 9) — Oy, + 1) — Ox) Marginal Cost m If Q(x) is the total cost of producing x mits of a com- modity, then the marginal cost of producing x9 units is the desivative C'(x). ‘which approximates the additional cost C(x» + 1) — C(t) incurred when the level of production is increased by 1 unit, from x9 to 9 + 1.xe tt rs (The marginal cost C69) () The ritional cost Cy +1)~ Clad of increasing prodstion fom 90 3+ 1 Marginal Revenue and Marginal Profit m Suppose R(x) is the revenue generated when x units of 2 particular commodity are produced, and P(x) is the corresponding profit, When x = xp units are being produced, then: ‘The marginal revenue is R’(xo). It approximates R(vp + 1) — R(vo), the additional revenue generated by producing one more unit. ‘The marginal profit is P'(xq). It approximates P(s + 1) — Pla). the additional profit obtained by producing one more unit. A manufacturer estimates that when x units of a pasticular commodity are produced, the total cost will be C(x) = 4x? + 3x +98 dollars, and furthermore, that all x units ‘will be sold when the price is p(x) = os — 2) dollars per unit. Find the marginal cost and the marginal revenue. ‘Use marginal cost to estimate the cost of producing the ninth unit. ‘What is the actual cost of producing the ninth unit? ‘Use marginal revenue to estimate the revenne derived from the sale of the ninth nit ‘e, What is the actual revenue derived from the sale of the ainth usit? BoseSolution 1 a. The marginal cost is C(x) = 5x + 3. Since x units of the commodity are sold at 2 price of p(x) = 4075 —¥) dollars per unit. the total reveme is R(x) = (number of units sold)(price per unit) = pe) = dos - »| 25x — ae ‘The marginal revenue is RQ) = 25 — dx b. The cost of producing the ninth unit is the change in cost as x increases fiom 8 to 9 and can be estimated by the marginal cost O18) = 5) + 3-85 a ¢. The actual cost of producing the ninth unit is (9) ~ E(8) = $5.13 which is reasonably well approximated by the marginal cost €"(8) = $5. 4. The revenue obtained from the sale of the ninth unit is approximated by the mar- ginal revenue RG) = 25 -2@ = $19.67 ‘¢. The actual revenue obtained from the sale of the ninth unit is R(9) — R(8) = $19.33 | EXAMPLE 2.5.2 A manufacturer of digital cameras estimates that when x hundred cameras are pro- duced. the total profit will be P(x) = —0.0035x* + 0.077 + 25x — 200 ‘thousand dollars. a. Find the marginal profit function. b. What is the marginal profit when the level of production is x= 10, x = 50, and x= 80?Solution a. The marginal profit is given by the derivative P'(x) = —0.0035(3x7) + 0.07(2x) + 25 —0.0105x* + 0.14x + 25 b. The marginal profit at x = 10, 50, and 80 is 0.0105(10)? + 0.14(10) + 25 =0.0105(50) + 0.14(50) + 25 —0.0105(80)" + 0.14(80) + 25 P'(80) Approximation by Increments If f(x) is differentiable at x = xp and Ax is a small change in x, then. Fo + Ax) ~ f(xo) + f' Go) Ax or, equivalently. if Af = f(xo + Ax) — f(x). then AS =F HoAL EXAMPLE 2.5.3 ‘Suppose the total cost in dollars of manufacturing q units of a certain commodity is C(@) = 3q? + 5g + 10. If the current level of production is 40 units, estimate how the total cost will change if 40.5 units are produced. Solution In this problem, the current value of production is q = 40 and the change in pro- duction is Ag = 0.5. By the approximation formula, the corresponding change in cost is AC = C(40.5) ~ O(40) ~ €'40)Ag = €7(40}(0.5) C'@=6q+5 and C"(40) = 6(40) + 5 = 245, it follows that AC ~ [€"40)]@.5) = 245(0.5) = $122.50 For practice, compute the actual change in cost caused by the increase in the level of production from 40 to 40.5 and compare your answer with the approximation. 1s ‘the approximation a good one? Approximation Formula for Percentage Change ™ If Axis a (small) change in x, the corresponding percentage change in the function f(x) is — 0 AS = tof AE Percentage change inf = 10077 ~ 1002 ==EXAMPLE 2.5.6 ‘The GDP of a certain country was N(f) = t* + St + 200 billion dollars t years after 2000. Use calculus to estimate the percentage change in the GDP during the first quar- ter of 2008 Solution Use the formula woar Percentage change in N = 100-7 with 1=8 At=025 and N= 2845 to get wigs Percentage change in N ~ 10 = [2(8) + 5]@.25) ~ 10 + 5(8) + 200 ~ 1.73% mplicit Differentiation = Suppose an equation defines y implicitly as a lifferentiable function of x. To find 2. 1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x. Remember that y is really a function of x and use the chain rule when differentiating terms containing y. 2. Solve the differentiated equation algebraically for in terms of x andy.Find all points on the graph of the equation x? — y? — 2x + 4y where the tangent line is horizontal. Does the graph have any vertical tangents? Solution Differentiate both sides of the given equation with respect to x 10 get ay 2a oe x? aay There will be a horizontal tangent at each point on the graph where the slope is zero: that is, where the numerator 2x — rofttis zero" 2x-2=0 x=l To find the corresponding value of y, substitute x= 1 into the given equation and solve using the quadratic formula (or your calculator): (1) + 4y -0.27, -3.73 Thus, the given graph has horizontal tangents at the points (1, —0.27) and (1, ~3.73). Since the slope of a vertical line is undefined, the given graph can have 2 ver- tical tangent only where the denommator 4 + 2y of is zero’ 449 =0 To find the corresponding value of x, substitute y = —2 into the given equation: x? = (-2) = 2x + 4(-2) x?-2x+4=0 But this quadeatic equation has no real solutions, which, in turn, implies that the given graph has ao vertical tangents. The graph is shown in Figure 2.17I EXAMPLE 2. A lake is polluted by waste from a plant located on its shore. Ecologists determine that when the level of pollutant is x parts per million (ppm). there will be F fish of a certain species in the lake, where p= 32.000 34 Ve ‘When there are 4.000 fish left in the lake. the pollution is increasing at the rate of 1.4 ppmiyear. At what sate is the fish population changing at this time? Solution We want 0 fad & when F = 4,000 and = 14 Whea there are 4,000 fish in the lake, the level of pollution x satisfies 32,000 40S SVE 4,000(3 + Vx) = 32,000 34+Vx=8 Vra5 x=25 ‘We find that dF _ 32,000(-1) (1 1.) ___ —10,000 a G+ Va) \2VE) VB + V5 and according to the chain rule aF as = 16,000 |2 a &d IViG+Va la a Substituting F = 4.000, x= 25, and [= 1.4, we find that aE | sae dt so the fish population is decreasing by 70 fish per year.