um 7 Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics ‘hiss an inelectualy simulating, informal presantation of ‘those pats of point set opology that reo tothe nongpecat nhs presentato, and tough many str tions, the auhor strongly appeals the intuton ofthe reader, presenting many examples and situations where the under Standing of elementary topological questions wil lead to ‘much deeper and more advanced problems in topology and ‘eometry Klaus Janich Topology & -% $ ey S 2 ° a Ne ISBN 0-387-90802-7 ISBN 3-540-90892.7, Springer-Verlag New York + Rerlin + Haidlatharn « TalainUndergraduate Texts in Mathematics betes ae ate Lint Ae oe Lane Unt Amie ‘Spin od Comp, Sins Oi DU ‘ine ate Klaus Janich Topology Translated by Silvio Levy With 181 astrations Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg Tokyolous nih Sibio Len (Tralaor) Fake or Mathomatie Mashematis Deprtent ives Repesbure Drnceon Univers ‘500 Regensburg Princeton, NJ ONS42 Fara Repubicof Germany US tora Bont FW. Gating PR Halos Department of Mathematics Department of Mathematics Laer of Michigan fodiana Univesity Am Arr, M4809 Bloomington, IN 7408 Usa) uss 20 ut Cains 5) ray of Congo Catalin in Pbiton Date {Get nme) Rblognn 9. tet Ret eet Sie sas gin Geman sian: Topo, Sooners, ati, Heder, New Sent 1, {© 9b Sprig Vers Now Yok ne ‘itera. No af ra may Me nando so ay fe a te tin fom Si ih is Nok, “pet by Conponition Home Lic. Say, aan I ay Deco ar BBN 03879099227 Springer-Verlag New Vock Beri Hedberg Tokyo [BBN 358004927 Spanger Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Now York Tokyo Preface “This volume covers approximately the amount of pointe topology tat & stiletto dosserintendtspsciaic inte eld shold never kssknow “This soot whole otand condensed form would occu perhaps oly a sal booke. Oue aos owever, wap not conomy of words Bu ely ‘reentationoeidas involved sn appesltontionia Boh hsimmedite ee biher meaning Twa oan al se who hae eps me with use remarks about the Garman eon or the orga manusep in parla. J. Binge, iy Hirsch and Sagrlf 1 thaak Theodor rocker for dowsing his fomy book and ally my tanks adc Si Levy the Shs the mss talon of his wor, but be may at ast be alowed to say: tei Regensburg May 1983 KeavssisienIntroduction SL. What Is Point-Set Topology About? It i sometimes tha character of moder cence its high— and ‘et inceasing level of spoculzation; eveyone of usbas beard the phrase ony hanflofypecatiss.” Nowa gnealstatemetaboutso ample s phenomenon 23 edern cen alvays has the ehance of consning & {ton the amount uly small One might rater pont othe great and ever Increasing treat offre separated dsepinesasitmark of modern ‘Sine, What must be known ry yay otha number hoot aad & {ire geome, muck more, even rave) speaking han it was fity ora ded years apo. This aerweaving i Tel ofthe fat that Stntie deoprcat again and again brings to light hin analogies Shoe futher application repretents sich a great inlet advance that Thethcory based on them er) son permeates a els imoled, connecting ‘em tosis. Pointset Topology | Just Sich an anafogy-hased theo, ‘omping ll hat can Be sld in general abou concepstlatd, though ‘Sometimes er one f0 lene, cin" abd "convergencencorems.o ne thoor cathe sstumensin aot, Whe forint siren geometer maker ne he at at foreach pot and ston thei eval one goss hick he doce jst about evry) es lang advantage of the Existence and Uniqueness Theorem for systems of seeapdorder oar deren equations On th other hand te apc on of pointe cpology to everyday uses in other fl Based mot 30 uch om doop theorems as othe nipng and simpliyiag powet of ssem of ations and fs lctous terminology. An ths powers my understanding rom avery specifi souree, namely th fat tht poset toplogy makes cess oo pial agian a grt mam of gro lens whioh are onielyabtact and one fo bin ith Many si tions in pointe epolgy can be sie! in peal adequate ain sa physical space even when they dot actully take plac there Ou ‘patalimagination. which thus made avilable formatiimatealresoning shar abaract things sbowevera highly developed itelletua aby wich Is idspendent fom abstraction and gal hiking: and hs tengheni ‘of ureter mathemati ete sae he Faamentl reason forthe ‘Meena simpy of topologies $2. Origin and Beginnings “The emergence of fundamental mathemati concepts is mos always a Jong and rene process To bea on un pnt st agen moment and 2a Hecconp ean ted nara pln vam here omits” bat by bt ne tion alas ‘sted through numerous peiinay sage is aeadyEoown i oso special ies ara oft had ton consider and ceded te, Ind ofen ict and sometimes pone, to deermne wich Iathenatican spl the esse contrition and shouldbe ensdred theorgnator fhe one a usin Iinssesceme mats ht tem fsoncepf point set opology ess" ne the appesane of Fl aust baok rong Menge (ioe, 196) se. cape,“ st it sponta deine tc mow portant endamentl Coney of pate (Photog Mauroe Preset a hs work “Ser queues pois du cl fence” ten. ir at Pater 22) bad sea come css this tht invedeig the Sones of ie pace and tempi To 59 {faeftopologt pass (yeti thenton fconege=) Feces inary ntctd in fonction pass a an potas Be the unde ofthe fiction nate branch pot tool. tthe roots of the mater of cour, dope than tha Point sot toplogy osm any thr brie of matiomaties evo oat Be ‘Mrolitonny shins undergone bythe concept some during he bccn comury Inthe eponing the centr he ening ew ma he ‘Mosca ns acorn o whieh pet was the mathematical hey of {he veal physical space ht srr abd avoms wee sen a3 ‘ident Cement faci By the eb ofthe cotry mathemabeans bad {eed themselves om ths arrow approach, nd ha Besome let fat fcomery was hensoth ohare mach Wie ins and sould asain Fina to work in ssc "spaces suchas ndensona anf poet sn Raman sure nom apes te (ola ad Uther Ramana Poncare and soon” tmnt s0 Bll stot To Acincate he this desclopnent prot} But now another contbation Sf pursount important the emergence of pint topology was be Sd othe ih vary of ramps andthe general pens 0 work Wi Abst spss: namely the work of Cantor Te dliation of Hauer ok cale=Tothcteatr oe thoy Gong Cantor, grate ai " apotgcl pace a psi comsiting ofa st and ast of use uch chat Seder Hae hc concept cal er hve Bee aed insu gnray were fe he neton of sb 5 a mathe ‘macs develop which we ove Cantor, ut ons befor sash Is asin se thoy Cantor had contributed othe gees of pins ‘nan ena divers way abot which [would Hk oa something ‘Cator iad shonnn ft hav two Fons that comers pase sf une faction he th cones 1971 Be improved ‘histhsrom ty proving hate coca het ethene so when Convegno sod equity af the bs ld forall ois ous nie fxccpinn st = [Oc2a} In work of 1972 be now Jel wth he probe Siaermiong lr wbich tection ss niguctss wuld hk ‘An nit subst of [0,2] mut ours haste one caster pit‘Tisisuyery innocent” exampleotan npn ws of, 2. A somewhat wilder” St wuld Be one whos later Pnt themes che aos seme point aes oe {Caioe now showed tha if he sequence of subst of (0.25) din ine usely by A? A and f°" fel, dele 8 ester point of 4) ‘breaks up afer nity many terms that i evenly we have! ~ 2, theo unguenes dors hath atthe exception se In paula» fartion that vanishes outside sch a et (but not Wty te terval) ot be represented by a Four sence Thi ol bps to uresand thy sange convergence behavior of Fourie sie at he soivaton for aor investigation stems Tem clvscal analysis and ultinatly fom hss Bat Besuse of it Cantor asf Yo the dicotery ofa new typeof Sutst © R which must have ben lo be ute eats, expel whe Ucsequence 4,4. akes along inet ek of Now the sts of nove tothefore a abjets tobe staid in themes and. Whats mo sted fom what we would socognie today as being topologtal Ve ‘ont Cantor continusd slong this path when late, whe sessing {etal point sets in 8 and 2%, he Introd the post topolopea fspyoach upon which Halo cul! now bose hinsel |o not want to ge the inpresion that Cantor, Fréchet and Hausut wethconiymathematkianste take partinthedetclopmen snd larcaton| ‘i findametalidcas pot et topology butamore dt etme fe subjet would be eu ofthe seoe of ts book. just wand oon ‘ithacoupleasketty fried bn the sarong pnt oh toe) wea ‘vor oud. (CHAPTER T Fundamental Concepts $1. The Concept of a Topological Space Detnton A opioicalspace isa pir (X, €) consisting of set Vand ast (of sabi (called “pens sch tha the owing axioms hol Axiom 1. Any union of open 8s open ‘Asom 2. The intersection of 140 ope 5 pen. Adom 3. 5 and at open. (One ako as that isthe tpoigy ofthe topo pace (XO a sera one drops the topology fom the atation an speaks sly of {Spologl space X36 mel do om now om Definion, Le X bea topological space () A= X ese os when XA open 2) Ue walled a maghtorhond of eX if thete san open se Vth‘t boundary (or frontier pont of respectively, according to whether B, X\or thera netiborhood u's i) These Bot the intr prnts of Bi cll the feof 18) The et Bet the pont aX which are not exterior pono Bis ald tbe care ‘These ae then the basic concept of poise topology athe reader ho is sig introduced other or he fit tine shoul at tp woah uta couple of eerie. order co become ania with teat Once ube "asl suet a¢Tabigen [a grading smc cerns aerate «aise fnamental cones in he tut tha aca Ree scene) {ont sets open f and onl ial ofits pois are nero ana on exer ‘et ike ths Show tha the et of nteror points of sea atvaye apes he same student asking why we bad not aseped is tesoning. Th sto interior points contains only iter pins (a indnptae tates) ace, the problemi tat” Tere wer a couple of ether rar pce nd we all zealous ted to convings bi tha talking ibe ioe points you have to spe what st they at trio to but inva, Wh is "salzed what we wanted, hel ally romarking that we were sping Is. What cou we answer? Therefore, shoul among my readers be a complete newcomer to the felt would sugges him to very cpht om thatthe rr of Bh woe fall open set contained in Band hat th sue she ntcscon of ll lsed set conaining B And fod for though Sing poset ac mon It me add he folowing rears Each ofthe thee conceps dened abo sing opens namely, “los ss", "neighboshoods"and "closure can ini un ed toate ‘opens Init a eB Nope and only VM seine aoa i€8i54 neighborhood ofeach of pointy and Tan onls HAN gual ‘tv clsure Thus the sytem of axons dating a topalgil spas ma be ‘presen terms ofeach one a hes concepts for stan: Aernatine Deaition for Topsaical Spee (Asin for Cis Seo) A torologial spaeisa pai, o/)consieing ats Vand ast face f(s closed Ss), sch that the flowing anon bol. A. Any intrseton of else ss close Ai. The union of any vo closed st close AE Vand @ ae dosed ‘This new definition is equivalent othe olin that (6) opolgia Space inthe eet tho deinition and only («nomen ese ofthe ne: whee = {NAY IV 26), Had me gion the second Senses li closeness would have bacome the ema concep opststelonigs by deine oheopen ado 47 © tne. te on Sree) 48d hn tice an sia ee Sisch West rere eine eben ToD stan mah open sre ut the en of eahborood mare init, Bete awn oy the Hao end hse mats rial Acting Dein (Axioms for Neighborhood). taplogca space s Pind» iy = Hey te, ‘ipa consning oft a ce aso eal soriood of) sc a Ni Exh neihosod fx oni x, and isa moro ch nae conn nigborood ohn Vi hobo! I. Th intention ofan wo mihbornds oie thor NE Each ptf comme 1 Aro tat 9 a8 rior’ occ a tom rape Thechnetiatonet npg fy in Becae ete Defnkon cThe Kuan Close Avon. olga spo a rth) cong oat and orm WP BO) From th st fl subi fiat i ach ht B= % 42 Hora 4 = x 4 T= Aforall d= x, CL TORS AW Biol 4, Bex ormlating wht exactly the equivalence ofl these defitons means and then proving ts we sah ta. exerci to the new reader, We sl tek tur fit dno 92. Metric Spaces As we know, subst of is cal pen inthe usual topology when every pointe sf wl contin he Th tion Santee nantly sca owen rh "he notion ofits define parca every sch space gives he topological sce. Lets sal he falowingPefntion Metis Space). & met aps is 4 alt sd) eomisg of @ Set and areal fncton ds Xe A 8 alld themes") mae ML. ds 5) 2 Oforall sy X and ty») M2. dts.3)= dys} forall pe X IMB. Triangle trequaly. ds.) 9) +d, Oitand onyx = for alls y.20%, Definon (Topotogy of Met Space. Let (Xd) be a metric space. A subset Y= X sealed oponifforeery eV thee ane > Daach eh Seba” 50) [ye Xd, 9) <1) entered atx bal costed ‘The st OG) lope ses oF Xi ead the apology of te mete spare ont, ‘hen (X, 6) i ely a topoloial space: and here agin hypos {ete novis has a opportunity to pace Butt thi pong ces there tperinced reader coud wall ean back nhs chai, stare tthe oa ood {hi for few seconds about what role playethee by the ange uss, So? Well absolutly none. But a 000 as we wast fo tart doing sme ‘hing with hese topological spaces(X, 644) the ineualty wiles coy ‘eft allows us for example, ora the conclsion amily eon {bat around each post y such that dy) shee sal lols ‘oniind ia the bal around } YY consequent thatthe “open ball” ys 5) < is teally open, whence “ipuiclr aie t= Xa noghberid ofl seh heehee abull centered at x. : Metis which are vey diferent can in etna crcumstanecs indus the sume topology Id and dare sere on X- and fever ll sounds a met conains hl around x inthe @ mtr we nay han ee {ee d-ope st ind-open thats CU) = Ua furthermore econ tho hokis the thetmotopoogss are the same: Ud) = 644). An examples fhecae X= Rand Mae Vr WPF (Fs), 982 ( \(fo ‘han I, follows in parla eat fa mete happens to be Bounded this oper can by means be trac ack to 5 pol XS Defaton (Metin Spaces). opaogicalspace(X, €)scalled merzcle iihore tea metres on sek tha 1d) = 6 Now one dm wt fat en top nic Th usin sae ye stan tee Sips api atts ov top nea tery rsa te set {Srteri the ti thea ema mega gc ogo de et ton ore hi Ina nChapn Vand il eect beg wel gps fr theta por tgs $3. Subspaces, Disjoint Unions and Products ofenhapenstht ev op pasar contrat fol nes fand the thro smplet nd ms mportant se eons ica noPetnion (npc) (©) 5 opologie space ad No © Xa subs, the topology Cy = Uh XoIU eon Xe cad the ced ea syace topology, and the topolgial space (Xo, 61.) calla sbspure ae Inscad of “open with respect othe topology of Ng" one sys in shor ‘open in X"- atl asobit B= My ie thon pen in end ony twee Intersetion of witha set op a ‘Ths sch see are not fo Be conf with ts “pen and it snc hey ser have tobe open open, ths. te tpology of Defndon (Dijon Union of 5. IP an ¥ ae sets, hc die von a s sine by means of some forma ck ike or tan rer but me immediately start tating X and ¥ as subsets of X + 9a the Dbviou wa, Touiiney this operation i nothing mor than te oi axtapesition sa.copy of X and one of Y, and we eviouly innot write his se oT, since and ¥ donot have o be dsj to bein witha for example when WS and X CX X snus fly one cap af Detniton (Dsvint Union of Topological Spaces) IF(X,€) and (2,2) are "epoogical spas a new topology on X + Fs gren by We viveevedy andthe eX 4 Y wih tis topology cll the rope! sj won Me topo spcte Nand. pti (Prodst Topology) Lat X and be ool ase A subst Bee Tea apne prot opogy Trench pate NeW thecurepeutorhood Ualnie end PatgieY uchiha POW. sr Poe enewsd wth ebne tology esl he Cans) rosso esac and aS ‘The box _| she wn meta imag for the Cartesian product ‘fst or tpolopal spaces and longa eae dens wih thing too ‘complied this mage peety adequate wcll the produc ofopensetsU © Xand V © Y open boxes Opemboxerareobvowsly ope ia the pnt pg, yet hey open hy Heme = “hii bseraton would nt have ost 19 me had mo ten ome upon the open eroneos pin, whieh Mist poet som Preuiar action "Wel htt or the tne beng2 ‘ 4 Bases and Subbases Det (Bais) Let be opoopsspucAset®of open set cl sake thtopaoys ery opens mons For stamps the pan bores frm a bas forthe product topology nd ‘open bln form a base forth sal topology in bu ots tet {hese falls wth ational radius and atonal ent coordinates (ich countable slo bas forthe opology ot Peta Subs). Let X bea topos A set & of open tis cal atubsforssoplogy vey opto ation of ee Scion afin 3 OF cours the word “ite” here dst mot mea ta he nection stould eaten ely many Te include ines of oc iat ea emp lam fe by amcaingllcomrenton hace to beul otheuicapae ng ths way the formula aS, AT oeySse floras ail baler Aloo. the nin fa empty aS de the cmp se With hs conventions we then hin bat ia set and 2a cbiary st furs the easly on oly E13) oo Vance oe suns (3) ts opto “genres by &h contectants tie Ths topology can bed y pecking subs. ut why so one wan tdi? Wa ain Langs that one wav opie seen Sein coos Usual oso tes conden note eo th topo. IF an "ac topologeson Nand 0 "© ones ith than € ad tht € coun ian € and ten deren eae ter atopic avo acore pnt Te re te iracoans ology on thst at topgy nhaheoag a {hess and cher ne opel teed ee ops ‘nih atts a tropes Bt rs espouse ‘pose chr onions well Ina paca th dened plo soul on hone and becouse x posts one ae cease least he of & Te aye such poy seach oar eeo) $5. Continuous Maps Defnion (Continuous Map) Let X and Y be topologies spaces A map 1: Y is elle cotindous ithe inversc nage of opens alae dpe, ote, The Meity map: Xs X i cominuns and X= ¥ and ¥-2 econo ye fiX = Z. With this the most importa as hoc said. tthe concept a 2 you, {agg to us exereses for pracie The Gist conten searing for ‘he sarsteriaton of contnuowe mape'n emo the aerate en thos gion in tha om venng tha a map f+ Ys continuous Hand nly th averse tage of ay closed st close ad only the inverse ings ofa neighborhood fa nsghborhond ore exact U isa sgibothood off) then f-4U) a eighborhood of) and ind oly FTE) = 7 4B) fr all subse B =X. Purthermore, smsdcring te ‘harscteration of contin in em of cighborhoode i the sper ete ‘tere spaces leads othe good old "Forevery > Other nah > 0. The second reconmtendel exerche has To do wih subspuces, dla ‘unions and products and consists a proving the allowing tee nts Nate Bef (40 ¥ comin and Ny = ba subspace tho the re Seton FIX: Ny + Y isa continous Nate fF 2 tc comtimaun if a only f% and ae th Nate sf» XY i comes fend only f+ X ad fis we hh conten By the wa, the properties state in Notes 2 and 3 charter the iret nom nd pret topology Detaton Homsomorphism).A bijective map f:X'-+ Y ie calla hme moron when oth and are ean tat shen U = Xk open and oy if (0) 29 ‘Suppose atoplogcl property (i. one hat ean be formulated ints of open sts) hole for X on some sitet eX. The, ff 4 homeo Imorphis, the sae property must Hold for ote carespoding st JCD For indances A= Xs consd = fA) = Viewed UX et Iighborhow of = /(L) fea eahiborhood of 4) sata forthe topology on X= {J (Be ea bass forthe topology of Y sand soon ‘Thus homcomorphss play the same rle in Topology that Kincat om Ps ply in ica lg. ha iholomophi ape pay orton {heor, nr soup smorphssin ou thor. or sometrnn Riemann ‘tametry. Forth reason we sso ane the notation f= ¥ or homeo. morphisms as wellas.X = ¥forhomeomorphie spaces. spaces such that there i homeomorphism fom one t the sk} ‘Unt now we hive nama er ew topo properties of opoogice| spaces, From the ct tua that here sre, hase plked or hs caper ‘on faamental concepts" hes hat at particularly important and wey Aire in chisctor” connectedness Hawsdortines and comparnes, They wil be Sc the next three purtraps§6. Connectedness Definkoa (Connscsines). A topologial spaces alo comecte iit ot tbeusson of tee non-enpts, opeh, soit supa oh thet Words. te whole space and the empty setae the oly suas which ae at nese time ope a cosa 2@ eo Example. An (ope, haope, closed) intra J i aly comms though spl this xampe presents spec ines sins han eset. he connetedaes of competed spss imately evs tht ofthe rir We wil tus repeat he pro! seine: Suppose tht P= to snd dn B = Zu tand Both non-tpyaad openia he subspace ope S11 = BChoose points ae A.0 © B ue can assume a = 6) Lets Be eal "ine Bla = ¥). Then every neighborhood os contains pons In B "by diatom asta bot ao point infor stent gaa oth {sand (as) cA Ths cannot hes point of eter ton whi ‘ommadeton sines 41 Band A and Bare both open. "sample. The subspace X= (0.1) (2.3) = isnot somes, bosuse ‘Ne can pit into the two not-empry pen es = [0 1} and B= 2-3) (Obgetion I sckar that Y= Au Band and Bare dv: ba en? ‘Mera is lowed tera! Hm ined be punta Yo have eal lose interval open: ba ram, flks, wee ing With the topology oP and no that ef Be) Astingushing betwen tpolopeal spuss fu spaces Snneced ahd ‘cond ono, he two cannot behomsomorphie Moreover, thefalowing Bao tte: I isa connected spac, Pisa set and JX» i kcal constant (foreach "here a acighbohood Uy such that f 18 ‘onstan.then J iconstant ener the ol domain Ia fc ya pin in the mage of fA = [al fa) = yh and B= {xl fla) # 9} ake both open, dence = 1 bcause Xi connected ad. This conclusion fen apd tothe case Y= [yes 10} o tas} as follows’ Let Xe comnts UP bea peoporty tat pont of my ox may mot han, and supp Me Eeneveaalpnneveplopy Ten tm one ‘flowing thee assctons $6 Cones 1s 1) Thor at st one pit with poopy {2 tas propery Pt sae apps al pois ia a ats sighs (9) edocs nothave property Phen hesane applies toalipinsinasall neighbor The flowing sronger concep ten finer Define (ath-Connectednes). Xi sid 0 be prcomnectd every two posnisa.be Xareconnete by apo that iacominousmap2: 0.1] = Sach that 0) = wand 2) = (One secs immadialy that pathconssctod space ¥ s coonetd WX AWB, with and open non-empty aad doin, cere can be 0 bath fom w 2.410 he Bd othe connstsdnss of (i eters we ‘ould have [0 1} = 4 *(4)w 3" 8) and 0 0m, The converse i not ue. though: a space can he conc ap il ‘manage to be “insu” betheen two pois The subspace of 2 ven fein tnx =O vO (- 1,1) a exp MV } \ To cone et me ad tree remarks concerning th beavir of on ectodnss under diferent operations, Topolgidl peopertcy sock ab Connected fend to acquire, spam lose aaquainanc, emotional ove "ones some apps eal a helt afer we ave sea sehr ines noe7 1 Plame one ‘ny make proof easy or even pose ia the fst place: oer, om he Oni. come to dead forthe exetly oppo sas, Troe esp Sropery of go epotecan on ocason Bean obstacle and maa propertct {Hecate ambivalent But Ten sure yo that connectedness, Hasson {sand compactness te predominantly "good" properties and one woukd tateral ke tokewvfsach goed propenissareteasere omic balding blocks to te final products By the usual topological constuction and Doce Thos Note 1 Coninvous images of (lemme spaces ae (path oon tn ote word Xs punks anf X=» Vicon th the space 0X) of ¥ isl (atone Fora decompostion of 1X) ts Aw B would np he sane for X= f(A) JBN ee Note 2 Nowlin unos of athe ennet sacs are (pate Aone, Ir isi Xp ant X, are gabeomecelsabyaces of Xnih X= Ng and Xo Ny ithe (pal net. Sete. A Catena XY fmm tepals ad pe jommcr aon bth actos ae: “CD Factous question: How out the joint union X end ¥? §1. The Hausdorff Separation Axiom DefintonHassdor! Separation Axiom). A topological space ix cll nundor or ay te diferent pints there cust dso neighborhoods For example. every matic space 6 Hausdot, fe i sa met and sassy} Se then these u foe instancs ae dont neishbortonds ‘The props “non-Haanor” x ite countriniti an at is danecevrunretsonable. semi guint our ntution athe sigh food concept. Foe ths season Hauadorl snelade the above spar vom in his orignal defn of "opolgsa space” (913). Bat ater tas Tound that Rox-Hausdor topolops too canbe very abl the Zari topology” algebra geo. In any case ate ea sep Tal ssp into Topology thot ely fling is for on Hausdof space, ‘houghhereané thr moreconsenent ants haveto ator Handed ress For those whe tant tose ack an stoi hig on, ake at (th more hun one cement and onside of the tel tpolasy{¥, ‘Onc of the advantage ore by the separtion sun the UMM uene | convergence: 2) <0 Defnion (Convergent Sequence. Let be a topological spaces (den sequence in XA point oe X i called Knit ofthe saqicge i for Sry eaborhoed Uehara nich that, 1 fall > [Nate de Howson spe a smtence com he most men {nail topologies spas onthe ober had, ove) saguenec comers ‘© ey point ‘Aor behavior uadr operations wenot the following cay prov fi [Nae Erery subspace of Hanan pce is Hadron two mommy apological spaces X amd ¥ are ans ond only het aso lon N's Visanl and ony ter pdt XYThe Hausdorff separation axiom ao calle 75. Thi sound ike there isa dws it? Wall ho about ts Ty Ty Ts To. Ts Zt tet {ya Ty The Hav ao, owes, Gy far he mot important of tseand deseres most beep mind Shall y what Ty stuns for.-? Bune, Wecan wat for $8. Compaciness Ah compactness! A wonder property. This itr expel nina Sn alba topology. asa rule becase eveything works muh more Smoothly caniyandtaly when wearedaling wthcornpact spaces manos [CW.complenss,propscte, Now aot vesting inthe woekcan boca but even for “nom sompast” probs the compact cave fen ood Bs ste We mast fit master the “compact eran" which eae ta congue and then work our may ito the non-sompact case with modified {eviniqes Etcepions confi the rele Ocanollynon-ompacts alsa ‘fers adantagen tore Is tore “room” for atin consrtions Bat nom Detnon (Compacts). A topologial spe is called compat if exer ‘open cover psseanes art stcover, Thi ans tht Xs compu the Towing hole: =U), .q san arbitrary open cover of Xtc U =X openand (Jaq U, = Xythen here are aie nub yy © Asch ta Un Ub, ® (Remark, Many authors cal such paces“ quscompt” an sie th word compas” for “quuscompact and Hause”) 1m compact sacs the following (pe of generalization from “kel” 10 slab properties posable: Let X bea compact spas and Pa popes hae tho s dos UV: tampa ) Then as this oper foal ie every pot bas 3 aigborood with propery P then ie has property Pf fact such open neighborhoods form an open ONS [U,jtarof Xba choosing the appropnatly me have Ke uuU snd by assumption the propeny i indetvely ranserte to its nos Example. Let be compact and fF lolly howd (satin, foreampl) Then | bounded ample 2 et X be compact and (fay ely uniformly convergent ‘euenee of finctiogs om Xr Ths the segues conserges underly ove the shoe sample 3. Let X be compact and (,}any lolly Bite cove (ac pont has wnighborhood tat intrsts 4,for only finitely many) Tan the coter fine ample 4 Lot X be compact and 4 = a oaly ite subset (up (fino) Theo 4 Hine Or. comers it isan, there a pot eX allo whos neighbortoods contain nfiely many pois fA ample Let he reise estore on amano MF frinstance fm ope sc f BPs Dente by (oes) -=M the ania integral uve hq) = vane, esenably ough call the remaining) Me expectancy fd =, > Othe ae of unde From the al theory inary i {eo squations follows tht locally thre ate postive omer bounds for Ie especancy abd age. Thus~and hee comes i he compacts there arent ower bounds for any compact st X «Af aswell Now at pot ‘movesforwaed longtsolutioncurs i agencrass and ise expoctaney Arete: lebie expectancy werent, othe woul semua bese 1 sll as dred an we oba the wellknown and nfl emia 2 Dont na compact dspace X = M ha fine Me expectancy, tm ei Ife soe handonX forcer Whi he hes poss fora pint o abandon weber bocause te oundary of barreaed ih ‘ectors that pin nvard all the, or bas the whole unnerse Mt compact nd Y= Tp fs } ( To \» -Thenever point X must move forever ann pastel a vcr edn Compact manifold without boundary savas global inepable But bck tour suet! The conssquncc ofthis possibly of passing fron oval to gba ex, of cous be exhausted ma fe pags, bat | snared to ustratea band oto toate, the estes he nono Sompcines. amples compact pace? Theclose intra ] sa upretentius butimportant xamp, boss orn many oer derive I sel know tha forever open over off 1] theese Lebesgue nue i390 Such tht every subtrclofegth Kes in one ofthe sets he cove {Ufthere wore not such a number one could choose 9 Sequence (gy of Srl y= [0 1] wit gin Ir none of which contain 3) of thesetsof he cover Tre must be ubasguens ofthe sonce of mi Poin ofthe Ty sonverging wo ax [1]: But snes in some st ofthe owe at conan fr» ars) Now sine, [Jean be oweed by fnily many lateva of length 6, team ako be over hy Bitly mash setsol the open cone Preesitn 1. Continous images of cmpat space re compat, or oher trom 16 o compa! space an foN > Yo ction, then FON) Prcog-Let {Ua bean ope cover off). Thea (f-AU,) nn san open coer of X hence X= f MU) U---uMU,,) wih an appropiate hee ofinices benee 714) = 6,0 UU, sa a Priston 2 Close byes of compact paces re coms roo et X be compact, A =X loss {U8 pom con of 4 By the ‘cinkion of subspace topology teres then family (sgt open in suerthat Uy = 40, [Nowsince discos. (X\4 Van} san open cover for Xshene ther are Aygooeke Wh QAO UU By Hey Uy, Ua Um Ae oe a Propetion 3. Two wept pace X and ¥ are Bt compac fan onl the doiswhn and and only products Pxoor. (Well prove only that the produt of compact spaces is compact, tthich is the mow intersting and relattely more ict asertion, The oovene fells from Proposition Iv aod te statement about he doit ion eval) Let X and Y be compact and (W7). a9 open coer of yer. Sep 1. We can chose foreach (5,9) 4 9 se that (5918 We an Drauss Way open contains at open ox Uiny » hy aod Go Step2 For aise the ai (yam open cover of Venere aphids) 98 that ow put = Geasam 0 Siep3. Since X iscompac. there ates, With B,J Uae X and consequnly X > ¥ i covered by the nites ns?) Won Usientss 6 eaed ti Fomine sompstnssolthclossinsrvalanathesthreepropostonsne ‘an prove the compacines of many othr paces eg alles subspaces of the mimensonal cube and ees all hss an bounded subaceof f “This sone al ofthe famous Heine Borel theorem, wh sas th subset of iscompat and ol Jt scosed and Bounded. Why i every compact subset Xp of Felosed and bounded? Well me have aleady Dhsred that continuous feetions on compact ets ae unde, nd ths apps is panic wo the norm fonction, hence bound A fr ovens follows rom the alowing sample but sc emma tf s8 Houser space and X= X a compat subspace shen Ny Wendin XPoor. We must show that XX is EH, HEN tha very pint pha Ioghbothoad Uthat doos aot atret For ach © shou gat seihhorhoods U, ofp and V7, of H nay happen tat Cine es Va sn, eS but at att Ses noe intersect the subst, 9 yd if we ow choose ately mary pons, aye Ny such ha 0, 0 KU Bo Kod Ne {which satays possible because ofcompactzeh then U = Uy, Ua Isa nsighborhood of pth te deed propery a tinting Nog ‘a {Last hut ot Jest, Twill pesca a ike ite theorem sbowt hose ‘morphs. but istaew wordt puttin the proper ight Theft aotions Dt isomorphism ae inrodocd to sip bins sir, and Yo prove tha 8 linear map f:¥'-= W san morphs. enoush wo venly ise, because 77:1 ¥ i then automatically nea. The sine ppl lor stance fo groups abd eoup homomorphisms Having got acs 0 hat ts with a crain chagrin that me rss that thee ether ae {SP dene iferentle hston fom into bt the inverse map Sc aiescatiable a the on 8 compua 2 Unfortunately itisno better with comity: take for instance the identity nap om set ¥ wih te dscectefopolog tN sith the tal ops, ‘Nor docr ons hane to esr to sen eum examples: Jst Wrap the hale {pen inca [0 2) oes around the unt el, sing the aneion > ~O an we Have 4 cmtinwous bition whieh cannot he homeomorphism, ‘Rtas th tke compact andthe haope interval ssa But even when FoF continuous etablshing thi fet can tarh ut toe quite Wouble- fom especialy hen the comity of fel obtained fom an explicit Ferma = /(shand there scoms to Heo was to wt outa corresponding foun = fp} Forthisseason it useulto havea condition general a Character an often sts, undor which the verse of continous br _sston aay contin “Tore. A cominonsbjeton 2X — ¥ fom a comport space X ito a enor ose Y alas. homeomorphism Paoor-Wehavetoshow that he sages of pensesareopenor-equivalent ‘hat the apes of loved sare cowed. Let faen = be clase. Then 4 ‘Sompect since va cous subspace of ompact pace: hs meats /(4) ‘Rcompact continuous image of compact pac) nd ence closed (comput subspace of the Hato spe 7, go aCHAPTER II Topological Vector Spaces raga cian Reconnect [iV | | | 7 $1. The Notion of a Topological Vector Space “Te presen shor shupler alms at othing higher than presenting a certain cksvofexampleroftopolgsal spaces which ely osu within the ange !plication of topofgy (this ase in anctional anal an which [at of peat sigicaes" the topologial vector spaces. It ony I 10 hs these skal ight othe begining. asthe Ae pada portant Fosin the formation ofthe notin of topoloieal spass (rset 198). etnton (Topological Vector Spee). Let f= Ror A Kestor space E waa topolopil space stuctute called a topolgica ecto space is ‘esologal and ner srctre ae compatible in he allowing soe Ao 1 The sobrston E x £= Es continous, ‘Sham 2 Moinicatn by clas Kx E+E iecontinoous. Ramark. Some authors impose an adn Aslan 3. £35 Hor Dunond-Sebwast [7] but ot Rourbaki LD. {2 Fie Dison Vs pn a5 Instead ofthe subtraction we might swell ave egies ation to teconinous cuit follows om Axiom 20a hemp E> Ex P'Sctmuows bene a0 Er Ear = Bade") Ba hoe i ne reason to pase Axiom 1 with “ssbratio instead of “aon Sha hreason which penn expl. none the wos org purely tthe same way tat thee connection Here between the novions of veto space a fopolgial suse oho any ote resting 0 “Seulcompisarseftomaconnectonbetneen he tpolgy athe ale Srocus In partcular« group @ ich aoa toploical spac wil be fated tpi grap the psu sre ad the opsogy ae “com UBC” And hat willbe nent by hat? We. ha he omposion 6x66, (aba andthe inverse map GG, a~ a are cominuous But these $6 cone Aion canbe mere info eth axiom fr palogkal groups: Te Map Gre Glaheab* conus Jus Asom fags ently tat the adie group (E, +) together with the topoogyo forts opoogal group ihe nes fr paragraphs me wl iodo the most common cases topologies etn space node often nea 2. Finite-Dimensional Vector Spaces ith the usual sopotogy, a topos yetoe space. and every is rorhsmn &"» Hf alo homeomorphism Thus every Mdimensional ‘est space bas cxcty one topology for which some (ad consequently tp) someorphism = Hf homecrorphism and with this topology F iecomes a fopolopalvetr apace. This alr and undoutally the tual” topogy dfn! in thi wa fs the most obvious one cou! fd foe ¥- ut tis tpology infact more han j= obvious fr we hae the folowinn “Theorem oo prot given r,s For instans, Bourbaki (1), 1h. 2.18. The stl opto ona itesimensunl tector space Viton ome tha makes tits Haste toplogial eto spe ‘The theorem shows tat ite-dimcesional topological vector spaces | such ent stresting. an the notion has Bee introduced Beebe ofthe intmtedimcnsiongl ese. But eve for thes the theorem has a important éonrgusns: nancy. f Vis Britedmesioal vector subspace of ny ausdorf topsoil vector pace Eten the topology on induc om Eis exsty th ualtoplogy-even Eis one of he wile specimens of83. Hilbert Spaces, Le rca that an ne rode spe real exp comple str spaseE logeer witha symmetric resp. Hermitian) postive deine bilinear form Goo Thea few the sea f= Cie) alle the oem a Note 1f (6) 1 a ter prc spc, = defies etic the tapiogy makes Et a opi eto pce Defaon Hit space) An inne prot spss called Hilbert space ‘hen is compete vlan to se mtn, ie moh evey Cauchy sequen Hubert spaces are suey aes itiensiona spaces them innosnt topological vector spaces a they can he completly cased, ns follows amy (ey of pari orthogonal unit vector a Hikert spay i eal Hider hast or Hi the only wstor orthogonal al ees the 'erowctr I canbe prod that every Hirt pac hs uch ai ay two bss ofthe sae Hilbert space ave the sme carnal ad ally "wo Hibet spaces with equipaant bic re ome smorphi. $4. Banach Spaces Detinon (Norma Spaces) Let Ee a Kereta pace A map 3» Beale arn the following thee sons hod. NL |x| 2 Oforallx© £, and s{ = 0ifand onl its = 0 NA. lan = alin] forallac Kx 2 NB. (Trang eget) Is +) is + Int oralls ye A pir [consisting ofa vestor apace and now meld a Nate I) 6a normed sce ds 9)= [x ~ 9 dee ons whose typology makes tool str space Defriton (Banach Space) A narme vecor Space ill Bona space {Tseompss ie feery Cauchy seyuane omits Hubert and Banach spss are. pater, cramps of toplogcl vesor spaces, bu they hve more suis than that The weal prot > oF the neem | ebony eaot be recone ftom the opal. sia fo fnten = a vactor space Vofdinnslon ean beendowed wth ny dierent nor whichis contra with sae produce cannot be rsp ” usin from one another by near amor f the space into isl ‘Ot eorse al thee nouns defn he same (thes) topology Ok ¥ Row: in inte dimensions cven ane oly ses st the opologeal ecto spe siustute (a isa happens in fnstionl nals) Banc pecs etnea ney sc clas of which ts cl and prtps pone {het comple veri $5. Fréchet Spaces Defoion(Seminorm). Let be a Keven space. A map |. Ris fll semnorm the following bol SNL [x] 2 Oforal eZ NZ lett =[ellss Las ornorm $3 oon Forexampl|.:R—+ Ry xeslsisaseminorm on Bt ‘Wecan talk about" open bat" for semanas well for noes and we will denote them by Bs)-= {ve Els =e: bat genera hee nyting"roon”about them anymore i Detain. ot E bea vector space and}... 8 family of seiormson E ‘abst t= E cla open nthe topology gered by the larly of Semiorms i every pint of U belongs 10 aft intersection of verinomm ‘open bul which nconainod in Urn oer mors for every x= U theare see Maye hand ans > sich that BER) Ao BEM) =Oa 1 Tops stor Sa Inthe terminology of $4 thes open als fhe seminorms a ZEA form a subbasis oo encat the opens. ‘ote. With poly itn by he fami emits .,enc booms Stopol vector pate, mbick oreo Haar and ly Othe ‘el ecto or wich al semi [are Sr Denton Pre-Frschet Spee). A Hawsdor topological vector space whose tppoogy canbe defined by an at most coumabe fay of sominorms 8 tiled a peste space Feschet spaces wil be the “compete” pre-set spaces, Toe sr omplsenet isa mre motion, but there an cvs tapologal version ATi or tpolopcl vector spc Definition (Compl: Topoowl Vostr Spaces). A ssqhence (rye, ina ‘epolopel vector space Sealed a Cauchy sequnce or eveyoeighhovod oro there isan my sok thats, — ye forall nm > ny Hever Cauchy sequence converge, the pace cle suena) comple ns nome spaces his concep of competes i of ous quale to the oit.one obtained fom the Mees y tena Detnton (Fc Spce).A Fréchet space i compte poe Frévhe space [Novice that pre-Fréhet paces are abays mstrzale: He topology ven by a sequence of sminorms nen then ‘efinesa mete which geneatesthe same topology an for which the Cechy ‘quences are the same $6. Locally Convex Topological Vector Spaces nally, es define locally convex spaces which are the most genera las ‘Ftopcloieal veto spaces for which thre sve tvory with decent Defnon. A topological vctor space seals Joely convex if every _mighborhood of contains conse neighborhood of mon he ling at to wt et he aro mote gee than the preceding ones (00 prot hee: 13168) ‘Epona vstoc space socal eoover and only it opaogy ca be (Grenbafaly ofsminovs a aly conve opel eo" ace Eire! space and only metre §7. A Couple of Examples ‘Example 1 We consider he Lebesgussinterable sl entions fa (#2) wit say [pores “Two sich funtion wil be called ogutaent if hey coin outside set of Iresure zero. The equlene elses re alld some oes, gua Imepable functions. Let be the sto suc functions. H has a capil ‘Bal eto space stracture and an be made ato a Het space wsng for ‘stance che following nner prover ciel ff jones “Te trigomomstrie functions oe ke, in > | fem toete with ego V2, Hilbert basis enc oF sand the representation of ements 2H as = Spee (fends boul the Pours eis of example 2 st be a topological space, C(X) the ecto space of bounded ‘sontinuous fanctions op and f= sup |) Them (UN. [1D 2 Bsnach space Example 3. Let X < € be a domi and (2) the vetor space of hoo ‘mor ictons co X- endowed wi Ie opaigy ven by Te Hay Iehetneam of seminoems = sop, x /C] Copology of “compact convergence”) ‘Thema Fresher paces ast have fOcomsider a countable collection (of Ky which "esbausl™ X comipltenes follows from the Weiss ‘oavergene theorem.) ‘These ethscout ofa grea mime ofanston spaces” which fete come up in ates. As mere vector spaces they Bd Dot hav co be invented they jn are thee an one cant mis them. Ag that he lina dierent fd itegrlapeatrs behave near ape UB, betwee Fnction‘acess follows metic fom th te of shings. But mere incr stesbra vl eau on to vas he founded the prope ‘thse operators, we must ty thi continuity behavior unde rent Topoiope. and expt ‘our Koowicdge about the stacure of bart topologl vector spaces And ile pomtst topology nse pate Siping al ths, doc ot exactly epreten he ting seo sear i the trea of pati diferent equsttons tH neverthls an inp Inte hi tothe pom feng then for pane 1 have ye given ay examples of lay convex but non-ntriab anne oppose, tog er sos, Wel sh sacs ass one upinacompkish taal way nuncio angi Forman Sometimes nessa to const the “weak opeog) "ona en opel ‘cor ce ta the oust topo fo wih lth ol sings beac maps (their feta) remain continuous, othe word ihe topology goed hy (7 MONO eH h ape Eo linear aod continuous. With th opolgy isla topological eter spac, bt much more complicated than tere. Even we san with somes thg sp an inten esc ve du nth loa come Hausdor™, But tonne Toplogl velo space (hp. ss cuarrer 1m The Quotient Topology §1. The Notion of a Quotient Space Notation, I is. et nd ~ an equivalence ration on X, then X/~ will eno the set of equinaetoe clases [x] 4/~ the equalenc cass of welsand #2 -+./~ the cunonia projection so tha 20 = Co efnion (Quotient Spas) Let pe a topologea space and ~ a sue lene elation at X. Asc U © /~ ell open i the quote tops if U9 open fa X_X/~, endowed withthe topology thus defined ‘alld the unten of XB [Nae The goto opty asthe is topology on X]~ such hat Just as we have, for he notions of subspace, doin union and produc, 2 simple ental image on which we an ve ou ution nthe gaming Treould tik suggest mental age for quote spc swell Ione 10 pct an equivalence rato, the es thing fo maine the eauiaense