‘Books or Retaren Invanest py Seatce LANG Linear Algebra, Thied Edition 1987, ISBN 264125 Undergraduate Algebra, Second Edition 1990, ISBN 97279 Comples Analyte, Third Baition 900, ISBN 975860 teal and Functional Analysis, Third Paitin 1903, ISBN 9401-4 ntrodvction to Algebraic and Abellan Functions, Second Paition 1982, ISBN 907104 CCycloomie Fields 1 nd IL 13890, ISBN 9867-4 Onten Booxs BY LANG PUBLISHED BY ‘SPRINGER-VERLAG trcoucton ta Arh Try + Rimane Rach Aon (Wie FH vic sn anes berms» No ts Non ssi Ei Oe Ft Coe in Cae» Da Matai» also Sr nc th Goer) » atl Ene wh Hh Sy ee Deuy of Din Manat ¢ THE FILE Serge Lang / “Algebraic Number Theory, Second Edition f) Springer8 Dept of Matematier Yale Univerey |New Haven 06500 Usk ert Bod Santer EW. Ging PR Hanae Dipareat of Department Deparment of Mates Mates Mattes TINEA Sat Unemniy Vahey efits Sane Steg Eettamiog MI 0 uch that [f= Cote oral sulleenly lege 2. We writs = 0) Tin, fla)/te) = 0. We witef~ pif liane fla)/ae) = 1pees Contents Part One General Basie Theory curren 1 Mec Htegere Lerttion nua tesure Pie ae Chins ead theorem Glos eaten Dine anton sng, Proetive module oer Dedekind rings caurnen Ib Comptetons Definons and compatins Paboniain complete fle (nrmiflexendocs Cuaron 1 ‘The Dilferent and Disriminant Complementary moles ‘The dieimnart BNEEEE eee apeer eperee cuarran 1V (yetotomie Fields Roots of unity det tale Gitar sta edo i da hes cusvnen ¥ ‘The product formals Tate plein pralspes ‘volute comput Idnbowe rata Curren VI Geer eal ces atc poles inomogenesly expanding damsias ‘The nunber ef en ina ven cast este diet products ‘eee [Emling of? i hdl ase (Gao: operation o ics nd le ies Elementary Proper ofthe Zeta anetion and Insets emma on Diet sie {aa chon of» unr fd The bie Dena of ries i rishi progres Prin ates theorem oe gage n0 ue 19 a 2 "ee 0 Part Two (Class Field Theory Cuarren 1X ‘Norm Index Computats Alesha rlininarie ponent ad latin fame ‘Thole orm inde ‘Abeer oo ue ‘Theta pete norm dee Apliaton ‘The Artin Symbol, Reciprocity Law, and Clase Fh Theory Formate of he Astin sya [Eco ofa conductor othe Ain sabe Can es Ccoarens X1 Reduction to Kanner extensions Prof of te exten thereat The complet pitting theorem orl lass ei tery ad te aication ares ‘he Her ss eid an he pial Sel thea, aie divity of the even orm (cuarren X11 series Aes ‘The pope san Zensen Ari (eoabetan) Carer Induced character ao vrs sation 199 1 g85 ae a a8‘The Potente forma ‘Kowloon Appleton oth Das Sigs theo ‘Aplintions to tha eal enton ‘Append Other ppitions (Cearran XIV onetonal Equation, Tate's Thesis Loca ative daly, ‘Loa mulpativ hey ‘React dt pres Goal adaiive duty ed Rlene-Roe dram Gobel inet equating ‘total computations Density o Primes and Taulerian Theorem ‘The Dish itgrad Thar’ Tabara ae ‘asberan theorem for Diehl sie ‘teasing ofthe sere Dealer Ccearran XVI ‘The DrauerSegel Theorem ‘An app etna for the rede ‘Nowe bound fer heres Coteparsn of rue anormal cteasiae hd othe pote SESERE ms BB! ae 2 Pd Es Ccearren XVIL splice Formulas 1. Welton etraon of the Leeson 2 Anecmtetor cle =~ : 3 The Wel formas 4 Tite sum and the it part fs ealtion 15 Bratton of thes: Seen part : itogeap : geesPART ONE BASIC THEORYCHAPTER I Algebraic Integers ‘This chapter dusrbes the basi spect of the rng of algebra integers ina number field (always sumed tobe of Site depres over the rational ‘umber: Q). This ichds the general prime ideal structs ‘Some prot are givin ns more gener conta, but only when they oul not bo made sherter by specialising the hypothe tothe conerete ‘itaation we have in mind. Tt ot ut intention 9 write a treat 08 ‘commtative agar, &1. Localization et A bes ving. By a multiplicative subset of A we mean ssuboct| continiog I and sch tat, whenever two elements z, ye nthe subse, ‘hen so does the product ry. Werball alo sstume throughout tha 0 dow tin the mest Let Ke th quotient fld of 4, and lt be a maltilieative webct of A, By S~'A we shall donot the art of quotients =/s with = A ard {in Teiea rng and A har eanowialnelion in SD TT-Af is an somo eoneined in sore Bld (containing), then 'S-'B8 deqotes the et of clement v/a with» M and ve S. Then S~!M fs an S"!-modulo in tho obvious way. We shall ometimes comider the case when A is ring containing A as sbrig. ety bo a prime ideal of by deisition,» = A). ‘Then the comple- mont pin A, denoted by A ~ isa mulipletivecabeet S ~ Syof A, td we sal denote S-*4 by Ay. ‘A local singling which Has unigue maximal ideal. 19 e sch | sod mite masta Hea, then any lament + of «ot Tying in tit be a unit, Beaune otherwise, the pricpal ideal 20 would be eon tained faa masimal deel unequal lo mt. That mls the set of nan-ats ofa4 svossnate nerrouns ne "The sng Ay defined above is alr ing, As canbe varied at ones, ite masioal deal my consists of the quotionts 2/, with 2 ny and ein A Det not inp. ‘We observe that ay) =p. ‘Tho inclusion >is eons. Convery, an ment y= z/elie in 9 with @pand ve S,then2 = ye? sanded. Honey ee Tet A be a ring and $= multiplicative subst. Let a bean des of SA Then ‘The inslnion 3 is lar. Convene, let 2 ee’. Write 2 = fe with some a €A and 28. Then sree’ A, whence 228" 14). ‘Under multincation by Ss the multpliatve eystan af als of A is mapped homomorphicllyosto the multpieative system of Ideals of ‘SUA. This is another way of eating what we have jst proved. If jn an ideal of and Sa the wat sdoal, then its elear that e 9S is ot empty, oF ase chal alo say, « meets 8. 82. Integral closure [Lat A be 6 tig snd + an elemnt of some fld L containing A. We shall say that zs integral over 4 if ther oe of to fllawng oaditins ‘seats. INT 1, There exes faly generated nosere Aomatule MCL exch fiat ait ca INT 2, The dement 2 eat a auation ee eG seth copie a © A, and an indoor n & 1. (Saeh an equation ‘rl be called un integral equation.) “the to conditions are actualy equivalent. Inde, assume INT 2 ‘The mode M geoeratod hy I, 27~" ts mapped ito Itself by the lament. Conversely, arse ther ita M= (yt) auch that EACH, and M0. ‘Then si onan osha am = Gaus oF aaah with coticints ain A. Transposing x1, ta the Hight hand side ne ersana, cxosoee 5 ‘af thwe equation, we conclude thet the determinant iv equ to. Tn this way we got an ntogral equation fors ove A Proposition I. Lat A bea rin, K ite quote! fd, and = apse omer 1K. Thon ther exists an lament © O0f A rch tha dpa re Prof Thar ees an equation age teeta vith oc € A and a, 0. Muliplyitby ef? Then (ea) tot att 1s an inogral equation for age over A. Let 8 bearing containing A. Weshall say that Bie integral over A st every clement Bis integal vet A. Proposition 2. If B is inivrak oer A and fly gneatl as an A-alpira, the B a faitelygeerted Amat Proof. We may prove thie by induction on the number of vg gan tars and tha we may annie that B= Ae for some element Late tal over A. Bat we have sre rrn tht ur assertion i tre a that Proposition 8. Let AC BCC be the ring, If Bin itegral eer A andi negra ovr B, then Ci eral ober A, Proaf. Let 2 €C. ‘Then z ste an integral equation Pb pete with eB. Let By = Alo... bea ‘Then By i finitely generated ‘A-movsle by Proposition 2, and fal is a fnialy geared Bymodule Srhecee = Snitaly generated A-movi. Since milipiation by = maps 2G] ito ie, iolloms thats intgral over A Proposition 4. Let ACB be so ring, and B inegal ovr A. Late ee homomorphi of B. Thon a(B) inal eer 2)6 svoronate terzosns wer ‘Proof, Apply to aa intogrl equation satisbed by any element z of B. 1 wll be an integral equation fr o(2) over e(4). ‘The sbore proposition ix wed frequently when & ie a igmorplan sd is partoulsey weful Gall henry. Proposition §. [st bearing cntnned ina eld L. Lat B be the st (of lonene of Leh ar intl our A. ‘Then B ita pele the Integra closure of Ain Proof. Lat, y lie in B, and let Bf, N bo tio fey generated A swale ouch that , ‘Weeontend that p~! a, Leta © ya 0. Chooser minimal such that there exists product reomc@ce ‘Then ne of the p say bys contained inp and hence equal to, since very pine is minal, Furthermore, ree) od henoe there exist an clement Be yap ud that De (a). But BoC (@) and beaseba™"9 Ce, so that ba" 8 beumse In dt eave, we ke e= «6 From the deition of a prime del, we ee that whenever are to Sealand then le oF 8. (Namaly, eb Cp impli ep or 8b) Given to faetoristions pipes Into prime ideas, we eonelude that py divides the product om the right, Duet divides ste gy, henoe is equal to some q. Multiplying by 0g! ‘oth side of the equity, we prose by indnston fo prove that r= & snd hat the frtors on both sider ao qt, up to.a permutation. nasa eb fraetional ideal +0, and oo ie soch that ¢ =O and aco, then (= byesBe and eh gyre de Hence has the fetariation or (oriting 1/p instead ofp"). If wo cane! any prime appeaing both in the nutnerstor and denominator, then i x ler thatthe factorization ‘Fag aieying the proprtas of Theorem 2is called a Dedekind es ‘The ving of algcbrae laters in © numb fold Cis Dedekind ving, ‘een it slifas the the properties stad in Theorem 2.‘The ul ‘lative group af non-sre frstional ideals ofthe ng of lgebra tego Se wll be denoted by Tr. "From sow on, by factional ideal we sball mean non-zero fractional Seay nl otherwise spel. Tet A be a Dodekind ving and « fractional ideal. We have factoaation [re vith integers yall Dut ite number of which are 0, We say tate the order of eat. Ir, > 0, we any that basa nero at Mtr <0, twesay that thas pole sty “Lt a ba a notvano element of the quotient fd of A. ‘Then we cs form th fastional ideal (2) ~ Aa and we apply the shove nations of arr, a, and pole toa m8) DIDEKIND news| a Te andi ae two featona ideal then it isle hate > 6 an only ord, & or 8forall primes. Thus we haves esiterion fora element sto belong to'a fractional idol in terme of order (taking 6 — (a) ‘ord, a = 0, then wosss tht wis unit at. It that nthe a, then sein a uni inthe oe! ving y In what fll bya prime idea, wo hall mean a non-zero prime ies, unless otherwise spose, and we cll nagar prime ideal snply & Proposition 15, Let» be Dedekind ring with only a ite muber of prime ideal. Then oe principal eal ring. roof. Lt py. Be tho produ. Given any ideal ery ‘let en clement xin but an in pf sad fad an leat a of o such that : em nod ¥P), @ i a factorization ofthe ideal gonerated by «, then one een inmetintly ‘that ec re forall and henes that e = (a). Proposition 16. Let A bea Deebind rng and S a alipizace rabict of A. Then S14 ina Doisbin ring, The map oa ate st a homomarphi of he group of rational ies of A ot the group of Srctionl eas of S-*4, ond he Rernl cous of toe fativel tals op A ahh mat 8 Prof. Ip mest 5, then ‘eens tin Sp. Hf 6 ae two ideas of 4, then Sa) = (59, So multiplication by S~* iaduees «© homamaephicm of the group of (actions) Seal If S¥a = 5A, then we can write 1 = a/¢ for some a Ea and #6 8. ‘Thus a= « and a mosts'S. Ths proves that the kernel of eur homo: morphism is what weed2 scowente nreaEs me ‘Our soaping i surjective since we ain hat every ideal of S~EA is of type Sa for some ideale of A. The sae apps of cour to fe tional Heals, This proves cur proposition. ‘By principal fractional ideal we shall mes raetonal deal of type cod, peri ty ingle element ain th qutint fl of A, and a > 0 Snlen otherwise specie, Tet st be w Dedekind ring. ‘The group of fstins! ideals modulo the croup of principal ideals (2. coo-sero principal actioal deat) scaled {ho Idea elase group of A. Proposition 17. Let A be a Dedekind rng, ond assume thal ie group ef ite case fe, La yy be representative rational deal thee clases et bbe acre of Ah ie al he Tet Sethe mpc sun of A generated bythe panera of Then oo eal of Se prone ‘Proof. All the ideals a, ---- 8; map on the unit eal in the homo- ‘morphism of Propation 16. Since every ideal ofA is equal to some a, times a prilpal ideal, oar proportion follows from the surjectivity of Proposition 18. tt fractional ideals, 6 ein the same ideal class, wo write sd we ay that re Hineaty equivalent. T¢is ler that every fru onal ideal neatly equivalent to a del "The seurptioos of Propsition 17 il be proved later tobe satis ‘by the ting of ators of an sgrie number Bld. §7. Discrete valuation rings {A discrete valuation ving oi principal ideal ing having unique (oowsee) pre el This therefore lea ng Uf ea generator form. ten it ust be the only reducible element of, ithe only pine ‘Senet (ince any ine slatint gooerstes = prime ideal) up tos Unity fof eoure. ‘This the unique factorization in tn aratrary principal idea ‘ng har partiolarly simple farm inthis ease: Every element a > 0 of bias aa expression ith some integer 7, anda uit «ino "Every discrete valuation rag is « Dodokind rng, and every Dedekind ring having only one maa eal iso dicrete valuation rings It Ae ‘Dedekind ring, and p= prime eal of then Ay is «dere valution aa Diseaso® vasuartose mises 28 fing, since itis equal to S14 (8 = complement of ia A) (et. Props ‘ion 1). ‘Since every ideal of a dierete valuation ving i piaipal, i must be some power f the maximal ea. Tn proving theoers about Dedekind ring, i a frequent useful to Iocan with pect to one prin idea, in whieh ete ono btaiae a crate valuation lng. For stance we have the folowing proposition, Proposition 18. Let A bea Ddeknd ring nd M,N ho modus cor Ip psa prime of Ay dente by Sy the mlipcace ot A peste that S30 8) for al. Then ACN Prog. Let a€M. Por ouch 9 we oun Sod fy © N and & © 8, such ‘that = /mp Let 6 be the Heal generated By the “Then bi the ‘nit ideal, td we can write 1= Die ‘th clamenta yy All bat fite numberof whith ae 0, Thi ils = Dana Die snd shows that ios in N, a dose, fA is 9 discrete valuation ving, then in patil, ie prinepal ea tng, nd any Sitely generated torsionfree module A over A is fee. Wits rank em ad iyi the maximal ideal of, then 24754 le {hee module of rank m Proposition 19. Lat A be a loa! rng and Me fet male of rank ‘oer A. Let be te anal al of A. ‘Thon MiP de vcr pan of Einesion ner Alo Proof This vious, because (1... 20) aa huseforM over A, 20 atm LAs see sum), Apa = S(Ap\e leet sum, ‘whore #8 the reside ln of mod. [Let A be a Dedekind ving, K ite quotient fold, L a ite eoprable extensin of, aud B the intgrelelorue of in L, It ea prime eal (fA, then pt an isa of B aod has a fetviaation SBm BPR ED into primes of B. Tes lear hate prime of Baccus in thie factorietion tsa oly if is sbove thena svonsaate nereoens ue 1 Sis the complement of pin 4, then malilyng th above fctovin- tioa by $ giver ur the fctoaation of Spin S~*B, The primes SB main distinc, ‘Bache scaled the ramsifeation index of $, ore, andi also writton (3/0). If we smime that es lea ing, thon » = (x) is peaspal (@ropostion 15. Let; be the complement of By i B and let B= STB = Boy ‘Then 8, principal, resorted by an element x, and we have Bs = 2B, = (2. Waring: By i sot newezrly integral over Ay. Te if and only it ‘hore ets only one prime eal above pin B. Prove this as an exercise. Denote by 1(4) the group of fractional dealt of » Dedekind ving A. Leb K, 1, B be as shove. Then we havea natura injestion Kay 18) siren by a+ a, Wo shall define» homomorphiam inthe oter diteton. Biles abovop in, we denote by fy or 8/0) the degre ofthe residue las eld extension B/9¥ over A/p, and al the residue clase degree. ‘We dete the norm E(B) to be 9/8 and extend our map Nf to the ‘roup of fsetinal dese by mapieatvty. Proposition 20. Lat A be a Deukind ring, K sty qutiont fel KCBCL te Snite wparahle exersios, end ACBOC the core. “ponding tower of ttre doves of Ain B and L. Latte a prime of Bota primeofB lying eboney, ond @ a prime of C lyn above, Thon ABO) = tHe) 10) = 08/04. Prog. Obviows From Proposition 20 it i lar shat th norm it transitive, Le if we Ie national deal ¢ of, thes Nivea = NEO. Proposition 21, Let A be a Delekind ring, Kile quaint fd, Lea inte eparable extn of K, and B the iigral clonare of is EL Pee prime df d. Then wxi= Eom mer biscanee YALAMION BuNos % Proyf. We can leslie st » (multiplying A and B by 557), and this say eure thot diag diereta valuation ring. Tn that ea, 2 aa fee tGodule of rakn = [LK] aver Ay and B/4B fe velar space of diene don mover 4/p Lat pl t= be the facorantion of pin 2. Since yt for ach fe haves well-defined homomorphism, B+ BAB B/E snd eherefore homomorphism int the direc sum Bape Tapes, Bach 1/8 ean he viewed us an A/p-estor space, and hence 40 can the Alret sum. ‘The kere of out homomorphisms const f thas elements ‘of B lying in ll tho 8, ands thorfore 9B. Furthermore, our map is ‘urective by the Chinew remainder theorem, Tein obwiouaty an A/p homomorphism, and thus B/oB i A/esemorphiet the shore diets ‘We shal now deterine the dimension f B/G" Gf Bi rome By and ea, Tat 1 be a generator of Bin B. (Wo know rom Proposition 15 that is principal) Tat bo an integer 1. We can view BP"! as an A/e vector space, sno wc "E. We consider the map Baw induond by multiplying a element of B by 1. ‘This map ie an A/e Domamorphism, which ie leary injective and curjatve, Hevee B/ snd P/V" ae Apamortie ‘The A/pvector spce B/@" has a composition serie indued by the induces BIpa Bae ‘The dimension of B/ over /p fy by defisition. From hii fllons that the dimension of B/ over ABs J, therchy proving our propos ey = fa = 1for all, then one says that papite completely in Tn that eae, ere are exactly (U:K] pres of lying above». Corollary 1. Late bea fractional el of A, Then wk(ap) = Prof. Tmmeit.% suozenste wrEoEas wa Corollary 2. Asse ha Lis Gai eer K. Then ol the ey ar ual te these number Jor pal he fare ual othe eam mater f or i), and then ‘Proof. All the lying above pare conjugate to eachother, and hence atl dh rtication nds aod reside lass agrees are equal The last formule i lese Corollary 3. Asean apa that Li Galois er K with gro, ond at be prime of B ying ae 9 in A. Then wig 2 = Tp ot= eto" (with, fos in Corley 2, and he alo th if siewed as onde En (33). ‘The number ef se oder of e dcomponton group of , and aie ode of the ier ree Prov. The group G operates tanlively onthe primes of B ying above and the order of Gy isthe oder ofthe stropy group. Our aesetions ‘he Charfore obvious, taking into wosount Propeton 1 of 85. Proposition 22. Let Abe @ Deetind ring, Kis quiet el, B Site ‘Zprabe extension of K, ond the intern doers of Ain E. Lal bbe @ [rchomal ideal of Bond annem © se printpal, b=), P40. Then Ro = (WE), the norm om the ft Ding the norm of «factional ea. deed oon, tend he norm onthe rig beng the ual norm of elements of 8. Proof. Lt Lb the smallest Gaol extosin of K containing #. ‘The ‘ort fom Leto B of bead of 9 simply ealss these to the power [b Bl Since oor proposition etert an equality butween factional eli wll fue to prove it when the extension ia Galois over K. Ta that ete it follows at once fram Corllary 3 above. Proposition 23. Lat A bea dcr sluaion ring, K te qe fd, Latte spare exten of K, and B the idsgral ore of in Le “Assume tha here ets oly one prine B of Bling abe the menimal deat p of A. Let 3 beam ment of B euch ta erie cass mod fevrates B/D yee Ap cd Hom lone of B which Ss of order at. ‘Then a, = B. m8) xulore excroRt2ee108 oF & wx a Prof. Lat be the ing A(t} Tecan be viewed a submodule of 2 ‘over 4, and by Nakajama’s lena, applied tothe factor mode B/C, {trl cafe 2 prove that we B. But pt = en tho products generate 8/8 over A/a in Propo- ‘Ston 2. Hence every element Bis uch that a= Devs (ed 98) for some cy) € A. This proves ou propatition, Falls, we prove one mote ret, generalizing the arguments of Proposition 21, Proposition 24. Let A bee Delind ring, and a a noma itl. Lat fy only a. Tien te canorisl map a-TLan inducer on ismorphiom of Ae ont the product Pro. "The map is sujetive aroring to the Chinewe reminder heater, and tie ler hat it ee neatly Corollary. Aseume that A/y i fast for ach prime ideal > Denote by [Na the munter of elenente he reside le ring fas Then Ne= Tw" We obcervo thatthe function N can spy be viewed a8 Beng extended ‘tonne pie ele to ll retonal deals by multiple 8. Explicit factorization of a prime We return to the dission at the end of §2 and give more preci formation coneeting the splitting ofthe pene, de to Deeind. Proposition 25. Let A be a Daehn rng with quotient fll K, Lat bea nite separable extension af K. Let B bee intra ease of in E tnd asume het B = al or one ened a. Let JX) be the reduce polyoma of ocr K. Ley bea prime of 8. Leb] ete veucion of {Fod py and let 1 Puy Pane2% svorsnase meron es) be the factrisation of Tinka powers of reduce factors ower A= A/0, ssh Lending ene 1. The Bea DPT te fcriation of in B 0 hate the amifaton ides of Be oe tue have B= PB POE, 1 PAX) e AIX paloma with Leading exci hose reduction mod pis Prof Let P be an iceducibe factor of] let be a oot ofP, an et (p bo the prime of B which tbe kera of the map Ale) Hal. eis car that 9B + PleB is contained in ®, Convery, lat fa) €® for some o(X) € AUX. Then J-= PA with some he A(X), and tence {1 Ph wick ina polynomial with coofclnte nn fat has coco fp. This proves the fevers inclusion and prove the let formula of our proposition. "lolly, let be the rtieation index of yo that PB = Bie Be, and lot be the residue class dogree [8/B.: A/T is elear that dis the dagreo of P,. Sing fa) = 0, and since ee it folloms that co Pala ---Pelal” €9B. (nthe other hand, wes that Wecw + PI"s, whonce sing (9) we find BE BY CRB Pyle" Pea) "B CoB = Bi “This proves that, ¢ for alli, But we know that Dats deg = [ESF] = Dede It follows that «= «for all, thus proving ur theorem a8) rmxricer racrommanios oF 4 paIMe » FRemack. ‘The hypothesis that B = [a] for some a tno aye satin fad, but if we are intrested inthe desompesition of a singe prime 9, then teflon to look at the loeaisation By over iy ann that eae By ‘am be gunratd bya single element exept for a Bite numberof exp” ous See Proposition 10 of Chapter II, $8 sample. Leto = 2, and let B= QJ). Tecan be shown that the ng of algebraic integer os reiely Za), Let p= 5. Than we have XP ae (KH EK — 1) (mods and X7-4 2X — 1 in ievetusile mod 6, Hence the pre ideal (3) of Z asthe decompaitin ne = bite whore py bas residue elas degre 1, ard gy has residue class degree over 7/82. §9. Projectice modules aver Dedekind rings Akhough we shall ot use this ection farther in this book, we nelde ‘efor the convenlenes ofthe reer for cther posible applications. We ‘ecal from tale algebra that a module P over rng A ical projective every exact souence of A-madules, Ow MSP 0 _plits, i. thre exists homomorphism 9:P +A suc that J Tsuch a case, we havea direct sum decompocition Mf = APP. "We asume known th basic operation of loaliztion ofa module at ‘prime, leis defied in a manner sila to the Ielaation in 1 Propastion 26. Lt M be afi gonraed torsionfree module ove the Dalen ring A. Phan Mi projet Prog. Lat be a prime. ‘Then the localized module Af is Hritely generated torsionfree over the local ring, whichis principal. Then A, is projective, cot Fis nite fee over A and f:P -+ Mis suostive homomorphism, we obtain an induced homomorphism: Fy» My, hich has a spiting 5: Ay» By, namely Jyogp = iy, ‘There exists Gye such that yd 9, AD = because (Mis fnitely gene ‘ated. The family} generates th it dels there ea iio number of elements cy and elements Ze such that Sse, = Let i 2S 5be» svorseate eerecens 98) "Then 9:Al-+F is a homomorphism, and iti immediately verifed that peas) eM = Mf 8 dy, for lp, whence fog: M > A i dy (vei ‘on lt tothe rede. Proposition 27. Elementary dios theorem. Lat I a nowsee fly generated peje module ener © Dedekind ring A. Then there exist eal 9 (6 Aye?) ck tha ae Oa ‘Tove ideas con Be 0 chasn that ea. forall, andar thon wine etormine. Prog). Lat K-be the quotient fald of A, ‘Tensoring M with K we obtain nitedimensional vetar space V over K, whose dimension is Called the rank of Hf and is denoted by r. The nataral map of Mf in ‘ESM injective 50 we may Wentity inside K OM. There exists ‘fonctonal LeHomg( df, A) auch that 2(A0) + (0) For instance, lt ensee be a bas of V over K. A nonzero element of M can be ‘writen aia linear combination ofthis bass with sme non-zero coe ‘Gent say ve M2 ~ ny and x #O. Let 1~ be the projection onthe Fah conliciet, ‘Then (3) ¢ (0) Aer multiplying by some noa-=r0 ‘tment of A, we may asruue that 4(M) = A Let J(M) = These Sh Mal, ad we have a mujetive homomorphism I — ving re to tn met soquence ‘By Propaition 26, a projective, so Ma, GAC. We leave to the reader to verity that the rank of Mis +1, so the prof of the fst ‘ateront is conladed by induction. 1 one tales for 1 functional such ‘hat aM) le marial anton al posible eas obtained at above, then the inductive sequence of ideals oy...» which one obtains sais tine forall The uniquenes fallows by localizing at primes, and ftvoling the corespondinguniquenes aver principal ings, which part of wandard algebra CHAPTER 1 Completions ‘This chaptor intreduees tho completions of number fis under the ‘adie topeogs, and also the complations abtaned by embedding the ‘umber eld ato the ral o complex numbers Tn §8 we disous the ough structure of completa Sls I Had §8 we cover the basi acts eomeeruing unramiied tnd tamely amid extnsona.” For Uhe higher ramieation thors, we refer the reader to (APT 67]. In $4 and §5 we deal with complete Dedekind rings ‘We define the notions of % unramifed, tare rami, and totally ramified above p. These canal be defined lobelly, since they wll depend. ‘only on the raifeaton index and residue les doen However, inthe Teel ese me ean also spply them tothe fel extension, sine teach faite extension of the round fed K there i exactly ous * above ‘eis useful to think of Gait extensions of » umber field ae coverings, sud of completion ne analogous to powerseves els in the tary of funtion Abwolue vlues mesure something ike Ue ods of «#0 oF pole of funetion, 81. Definitions and completions et K bes ld. An absolute value on K isa real valued fonetion| 2 [ag om satsiying the following thre proper AV. Wedare [ly & O and = 0 if and only fx = 0 AV, For oll, y @ Kw hae AV. [eb le S flet ble instead of AV 3 the abuaute value ats the stronger conditon| AVA. [etal S my id, then we shall say that ts «valuation or tha its non-aechimedea. "The abeolus Yale which fs such that [e|~ 1 forall z <0 is eld trivial, We shall ansume from now on that none of the sbolute vale sve dea with are til ahiPy ccournssi0ns| oman ‘Whon is iced throughout» disousion, we omit i fom the notation, sand write [intend of ne "An absolute ral || foes distance fnetion (,y) ++ [2 ~ yy and ‘thas topology on the eld. ‘To (ann-triil) able vals ar called ‘dependent if they define the sane topology. I they do nat they sre ‘iin independent. 1 clea hats and | are ails sales euch fh thre exe ve > 0 for which beh then they ave dependent. The cnseree i al fru, and wu the weskest totion of depentenceinplita dh strongest. Thi eal cen e lous ‘The set of 22 sch that [xy <1 8 tho sume as the set such that lige =O for n> a, ‘Thon if z= and [oy > 1 we conde that lef > Hale, beeabef], <1. Sogo the absolute values are aemmed to bewontiva her existe y © such tat [yy > 1, Leta jy and Tet b= ple Let ze, 2 0. Say fl 2 1, Then fly = [lf for some £0. Im wo ntgers > Ouch tht n/n > a, we have eB auzex, lel Wi From thie follows iamediataly that = where A= (logs) /(lg2, thus proving our erin, {Let «bo an atcolute val on K. We say that K is complete if every ‘cay sequen in ar » limit (Le. converges). Suppose that K is ‘completa ad et bes ite extension af K-Assume that we have ex ‘ended the absolute vale to Binsome way. Sogo Bisa faite dimensional ‘tor epuce over K, it ery to verify hat all extnsons of» to are Cauvalnt, and we tall recall the proof below. Sino two of them are Dstive powers ofeach oer, and since they eoluede on, we conclude ‘hat they mast be equal. Thus we gt 14K comple wero abt a, thn a ertonson of he aerate alae to 0 fine extoain to auly dered. In para, if Bie 0 a0) DERSEMONS <0 coMRLETIONS = nile eclosion of K and: 08 an iemorphion of B oer Ken ‘al for ewry 2B. ‘We now recall the ret sbout finite dimensional vetor spot over compete elds. Late complete with epetton abt alae, Let V ba fie cimen- sional sector space ewer Thon all norms on are ouitaln By a norm on ¥ wo mesa ofcourse futon which stisis the sane propertiea a2 an cbolute value, namely its values are rel 2 0, and [2] > Olt = £0, de triangle inequality holds, camely betel shlthi fel = Id cebrey. We aay that tro norms are equivalent if ech axel than oF equal toa postive constant ties the othe, "Tho ear ean reer tomy Alpha fora prof inthe general ate. We ve hare slightly simpler ergumont valid when Fis leally eompset, Irkih tho oly case that matters for thi ok. Let fay. aq) bea base fr V over and lt [| be the rp norm ith resect to this basin ‘We let | beany other norm. If 2.@ Vand 2 € are ite coordinates with respect our ass then lat + nul 5 Cle, ‘whore € = w -eup la. This proves one inoquaity, and shows thatthe ‘orm || is cotinvoas with rept to]. Hance [| ae « minimam on ‘the uit phere with respect to | | (by Tos! eompactoes), say at the palate, 20 dst sod we have Msi ze ¥, fo} Lat ye Vy Oand write mies boot ae wek ats euch thot|yj = mx = fy. Thony — seth} = ty aad bse lured = Wia courses ana follows ehat toils bl that proving the other inoguality, ani eoseluding the proot of our ‘The veto pace Vike napace over with rspet tothe sup norm, snd is ths eomploe with pent to the sup norm, bsuus 2 sequece in Vie Cauchy if sad only ifthe snquences of eoordinstes with respec: to {he gvea bas re Cay (08). From the equlvaleneo of any nara with the sup acti, a eimelude that V sr somplte wk reaped to oy norm. All ofthis applica to's finite extnson off, which maybe viewed se = oem yet epace over k ‘We shall be mrt conerned withthe following examples Vet = Q be the satloal numbers, ‘Then ‘we have the ordinary sacle vlan. For cach prime number p we have the patie vation #y = [ly de> {ino bythe formula vray = Wi, ‘whore ri an integer, and im, abe integers» 0 and nt divisble by p “et o be adore valuation sng with maximal ial m, generated by tan lement Every noo-trosasent of the quotient eld K of e ‘be written inthe form a= au, where san integer ad wis «uit ino ‘We all r tho onder of = Iet'e be postive res! number, 0 O and aunitw at p. Let ff, be the degree of A/p over 2/02. "The reridue class Feld A/p isan extension of degree f over Z/pZ, nd Iho bas pf element, We dena by Np the numberof elemento A/s. ‘Wenow have two absolute values determined by p. On the one hand the unique absolute value sue that 1 1 Ib and Inte Ste oa ERATIONS 0 coMRLETIONS a ‘and on tho othur hand the unique sbeolte vale such tat 1 Ith 5 Por any @ K, « # 0, wo have les — lot. Similarly, if Li a Site extonsion of K, and @ is above in tho rng of slash integers B of Z, let Ibe an element of order 1 at Then a oad Ite = ‘The fac that ramifeation indices and residue elas degrees are muitpi- cative in towers insures the consistency of these definitions when we 20 {a Sniteextonsions, ‘Given peace valuation on Q, any extension of it to number feld ‘ome fom come prize ea athe integral sure A of Zia K. Tada, ‘eis the given valustion ing in K, and is maximal el then 7 A ‘anzot bed end hence ie maximal del Tes then tava to vel that o = 4, ‘Thus from our pot of vew of Dedekind ngs and integl tlosure, we reaver all the vltatos on K whlch induce adie valuations ong. IK te anus Gel, then every enbeding of K into the ral o ott pee number ill indace an abeolte vale on K, which wil be elled real or complex seoringy. ‘Let be mimber fd, ‘The st ofabeolute values on K consisting of the patie absolute values jy deserted above, and of the abeoate vale induced br embedding Kin C or Kill be alo th canonical set, od willbe denoted by ly. The ral or complex absote values in Mare ato call archimedenn. TEE i finite extension of K sod ¢ € Ma, then any seote value x on F extending ea ia Ty, and we write It is leur that to ditoet abot value in ur canonical at are independent, in the sms tat they induee distinct topologies on K. We shall prove the sppeosimation theorem, which sth analogue for abeslts ‘values ofthe Chines remainder theorem, and ie due to Artg-Whape. ‘Theorem 1. Let Kb a eld ar ||...» | |p nontrivial pairs nde pendent abt aes Katy. Belements of Ky ade > 0.hen there eit K sch tht boak Land bye <1 {We oll prove that there exits « € K such that [ile > 1 and [ly <1 forj'= 2.2. Wo prove this by induction, the car «= 2 having just ‘own proved. Suppose that we have found» @ satsying Pot ad bt forjm aoe lls 1, then tho clement 2 for legen wil sty our requirements, es > 1, then the sequenee naar) tends to Lab and, but tends to at j= 2,-..,4— 1), Porlangs it then lear that ly tines ur equrements. Using the clement + that we have just constructed, we see that the he tends to 1 ab and to Oat for j= 2.22) 8 For each Fm By... ‘re eam therefore construct an leant which is very clone te ad ‘ery dose t Oat, fr jy The element sean testes, ‘then stir the oquirement ofthe there, [Let bea number fel, and » an absolute value (assumed from now ‘ont be always inthe candlel set). ‘Thea eeu form the completion OF K in the some way os one constructs the real numbers fom the ‘atlas We eosiderCaudhy sequen in K. These fora a rag- The ll soquences form s maximal ideal, andthe reside ean ing is eld 1, Our bid K is maarlly embeded in Ky (by means ofthe noguenes ‘whose elements consist of a Sted element of KC), and the abvelute value bn Kean be extended t K, by eontnaity Weal identify Kinde [Ky and all Ky the completion of Kea cll, eal eld. Ti i archimedean, then I, the ld of ral or eomplex numbers In fact, I eontsne the slrdre of the rational numbers, which i R. on asntsrions Axo conmtzio%s a ‘Viow X os emboldel in Ky, aswell ar R, Than KR ie a fnite extension of, and nce equal to or C (in the liter ese, detertined up to come plax conjugation). But KR ix then complete beace lon, so Ud KR=K, I i honarchimedean, i is valustion, oresponding to a prime idea yf the ving of algubrieintagers of K, then Ke wil alan be writen K, std willbe ealod the eld of padi nuabers. Well now soir {n'greater detail the station when ¢ = mf 4 padi valuation, ‘Let Abe te intgral clout of Zin X, Le the ring of algbrientgers ot K. Denote by dy to cauteof Ain Ky andlot 6 Ay Select ye A Sick that le-al 1. In parte, the value group on Ky and Ki the same, and i infinite eyes. If x tu elmeat of order 1 ty in A, then (oer his alae group, Let o= A, be the local ring at 9. All the elements of o have a padie steolute veut 1 beens their odes at pare O. Hence» lie Inthe clomue of 4, and hence the clorure of on Kis the same a te closure OFA. Telscalled thering of -ale integers in Let be the axial eal of Ay Then we have eanoniealiomorphists Ayling o> A/0 + Aah it we denote bye tho closure of pin Ay Tn view of the above remarks, every dement a r0 in K, has an ante, hee [uly 1, and is therefore waitin the elature A, of A. Hence “4s ita nique fectvination domain with preiely soe prise, and it ‘orsfore «direst valuation rng Let E be a faite eteaion of KB the integral locus of A in B, and 'B- prime of B ying above 9. Tet w be the eanonialsbelute value forrepondiag to Y.‘Then we havea commutative diagram: aa, tT Aaa8 coumeamion| man) the srrows on the top, bottom, and Tot being inlsins, and the right ‘ertia ero tapping A, onthe closure of in Binary, we have Teommutative digrin of residue elas els: B/S Bale teed Aly Adie the vertical arrows log ijetions, and the horizontal arrows being Sromorpisme Tet Ky be the clomare of K in By, ‘Then the composite field BK is © foie extecaon of Ky contained in By. We know that EK is complete, Ince chu, ones equal fo Ban ‘Tho same argument ofcourse applies tleo tothe ease when wate both induced by embedding into the real for comples uber. ‘Theorem 2, La K be a number fal, » one of ss eannicl aia saa, Ba fn etncion of K Fo embeddings 0, 1:8 —> Ry oer ive rit he ame abt val om Bi end only if hey are conjugate oer Ke (hy conjugate over Ky we mean tht there cists am icmoephismn of | a8 K,ontorB -K, which ste Wenity 00 Ky) Prov. Suppose that th two exbeddings are conjugate over K,, ‘Then the uniguenes ofthe extension ofthe abeolte vale from Ky to Ry gar fntces thatthe indotabuolute values on B aze equal. Convery, appose that this the cam, Let An 08 be an eomoepiss over K, We shall prove that Xertnds to an somos- his of rE“ K, onto @8 °K, over Ke. Siace rE is dense in rl Ko, Un element = @7 8K, ean be written with x € B Sine the abwote values indved bye and + on B ecincide, it ollows thatthe sequence Ore = (ose converts to an element of BK, which vo denote by Xx. One then ‘eres imoneiately thst hr ir independent of the patclar sequence an) DDERIEFIONS AND cOMFLEZION® 2» oy weed, and tat the map DorBs Ky 408K, ‘ean inomorphion, whic clsly leoves Sed, This poves our assertion, "This rnlt give «clear picture of the nature of the extensions of #| 10, inhing the archimedoan abate val, Corollary 1. Let be a mubr fd and Fa fie etenion, of degre n- Late Mg an foreach alle salu on extending 8 my e de toc dere, y= [By Then Proof. Immediate from Theorem ? and the fet that for a Baie sap- sable extentloe the degre is eal the nutber of enjugte, Corotory 2. Lt K bea member fl ond pa abut ae in Mg [aaa R, Then oe Corollary 3. Let ea number fld ond B file ension. Let My and freak ule in B, le Ny be he lal norm from By by and Tee {he tcl trace, ‘Then aK = Tye, as q Te) = ET) forall we B. Remark, From Corollary 1, viewing a number fii as rite extension of Q, wo se immodatly that we have aa isomorphism K 000" TK fog fied beste vale a Me et K be a number fold and Ha faite extension of degree m._ Let © bam ahesutaYaluoin Mfg. Weshall eny tht splits completely in Bt thore exist prosiuly m extensions of¢to From Thooem 2, we sea at ‘ones that» splits completaly in B if and only i every embedding of0 coumuerions| aan into K, over K mage E into Ky, ie. (@E)K, = Ka, From thia we im ‘itly obtain some base properUs concerning te ease when # slits ‘completly a follows: ‘SCL. Let BP. K be Sine etensione, AM abuolue value» in Mx Ie compte én Bafa oly i pli complley in Fond ley on aplitacomplty in. [S62 If vat completly in By if Ka/K fe nd 9m Ky then ete completly So BK, SC. 1, Ba are iit ectonsons of K, and» apts completely iB ‘and By, then «ep completly the compositam BB. ‘The proof re immediate Tet A bo a Delcknd rng) Te group of fational ens isomorphic to the fee ablian group generated by the prime idesls, Tf pie a prime ‘Beal and 4y the loa ings p then the group of fxctional Wess af Ay iSnfate eytiy generated hy the maximal ideal my of Ay TE» i the ihwolute value determized by pand 4, the eompletio of (or 4), then “he also Deen Hag, and its group of frsetaaal ideals i nine ‘i, generated by Ts we have natural mage: Hag) +1649) + 1A), ‘he fret arrow beng Beton, snd the son an inelasion. Tis cote ‘Yeuien to make a abo of language, and ocessonally to Mentify an p sad just ell anyone of thom pA peoduct De swith intgers ry all but finite number of which ate 0 could be called & Tormal flea, snd aecrding # the contxt can be Interpreted av an ‘Sement of 1, (4), o¢ TCA). We all eal 9 ts meomponent sod imate it by by Weray that the order of bat p and write ferens He ris an element ofthe qutint feld of A or of Ay, then wo can {osm the prnipl factional ideals a, 24y, oF aay and the orders of {nse stp arwall equ tothe same inter, or 8 re to uch laments we writ a=8 (ood) if ona — 6) & ond, & IE 9, ie In the quotient eld of A and we 4a Pourxowats 1 Compu runs a ‘view ¥ a being s fasion ideal, then thie reane that a — 8 te in ‘and es eongrueae inthe wal snse, Te convenient to vial i ‘ppliag simultaneously to aay on of the thee above rings f = 938 the power ofa singe Suppow that is & Dedekind ring and» prism of A, with ecore- sponding valuations. Let Ay bo the elsure of in the completion Ky ‘ofthe quotient eld, ands te clone ofp, ‘Then Ay i a dere ‘lution ing, Theis a esctinal ideal of, then we have eval ade itr = ona. Convery, gon a retinal del of Ay we have aaa ‘The clue ofthe ruetonal ideal en 4, i824 All hee statements are trivial to vif, and we luv the details th reader. 82. Polynomials in complete fields ‘Throughout this ection, we aarume that K ie a Geld complete under ‘lution, and we lt be the rng of integers ithe staf elements of. isolutoYaluo 1 We don't ood to wate thatthe valuation i de rete, Wolet» be the maximal del of». We observ that a serie Ee with gy © K converge if and ony lim e, = 0. “Thus converges i tir to deat with than i the arcimedsan oar. "We now does the polity of Ending sels to ertain plone in omplote eld ~— Proposition 1. tm be a posite iatgr euch hat m #0 (aod) Then frog 39 eine of +9" aman Won mi Proof. Obvious, because the binomial coeficents have no p is the denominators Jesu nexmay Yo hav mre oon ition forthe xtmn courte rar) Proposition 2, Let (X) be a polynomial wth cofcets 0, Let 00 tom cement of euch hat Liteal < Loa here dense he forma erst of). Then the suenoe ane ff 3 converge toe rest «of 3) in, Furdermore, ena s fs <2 Prof. Uke = fin (a1 < 1. Weshow indctivety Bat @ lal s 1, @ bad se, rail ea cw [fed s ‘es He ono svat img ut pron, 0, hey ae eee ion et Tas: fed ge dom uso 82° < 1 hence 1 fs mas ~ ll — 7 fas)? = rao fed + 0 (72 Sassi) = Ses for some 8, snd this ess than or equal to ma ouYNOMGALS 1 COMPLETE FIELOG 6 (The intersted reader can refer to Bourbaki (Bou 62] to seo @ more gezeral formulation ofthe preceding propaion) ‘Asan aplication, we observe that inthe 2-adie fed Qa, the equation 24 T= O hay a root Infact, for aay element Y= 1 (wed 8) in Qe ‘the equation 24 — 1 hana rot. We take ay — Lia Proportion 2 ‘Proposition 2 appli alco in the eval ete whan Flas) = 0 (aod » but fae) #0. (mod) “The slaton ofthe rsurive linear equation needed t einem to a root ‘of finthen more rival, Another way of charactariing this tution isto ‘3 that agi root of multiphity of the pelynomalfrotued med p. ‘We shal ell his the ei Proposition 2 also shows that every sn meth rot if snot dive by th characteristic of K. Tadcd, wo ‘ted but consider the ution x-u=0 sd take ap = 1, provided a — 1 < fl ‘We prove nex! a utfal approximation lemma in Site extensions Proposition 8. Leto, 8 be tuo eloente of He aleraic clewre of K, nd rune that ait acparaie oer K(3). Assume Bat feral somarphioms oof E (a) wer Ko #8, we have Baal < ro ~ at Then Kia) CK. Proof Leto to show tha for al somerpieme of KiB, ) over K(3) the clawent a romaine Exod.” Let + be sch an noworphinn. By the ‘niquenen of extensions of absolute vals overcomplete eld, aplsing 1B yes forall ¢ ids be ‘Using the hypothesis, wo obtain reas ‘This implies hat +e the Kentity, hence K(2, 6) = K(G), 8 dese, Proposition 8 is known a8 Krasnes ing extension of K. ‘Next, we note the continuity ofthe roots of «polynomial lemma, It i weal in determineo countsnoss| m2 et 0X) be » polynomial in K(X] having leading cootiint and sdmiiing 8 faetosztion 100 = TI ~ «0 fn the algshesie closure of K. Say fas degree n, ad thea ae ditnet. Tet gals have degre n and leading eoeieient 1. As usa re denote by ll the maxim of the abolute vats of the coelcent of 9. One fees immediately that if g| 8 bounded, then the sboolte values ofthe tots of pare leo bounded “Sappote that comes ease to i tbe venwe that |f — | sama. 1h ‘bie any rook fg thn Lac — ton = [ste Isemall, and ence must come else to come root off As 9 comes lose tovtay ite ditance fom the oer roots off approaches the die tence af wy ftom the other Toots and ie therefore bounded from below. ‘We may ony in that cae that 9 belongs toa iy comes riety clos of, and eny fy.» yar the roots of 9 which belong to « ousting muti}, chen we coatend that «=F {he mltiptty of ain 2 nt thn cn i et a aor eoig with precy « oot 5, ‘elonging 10 and 7. Thus Bi -c- approuches a. Bat lim g, and hence a must have mult pliciy nf contri” ‘As ba pplication, we hive Proposition 4. If i ireland ecparal, ten any polynomial! ¢ len dost fia irreduebe, (Bo fan gare lil aruned to Tate oang cnet, and te ome dr) Partkerare, eno rot of fre exis a rot Bo belonging fo a, ent Kia) = KG) Prof, 9 saintly lose tof, thon its roots have maltipiety 1, sun belong tothe istic! rots off TEB i root ofp vory cov to the foot aol; then Kramer om immodiataly shows that Ki) = K() “Hence i imeduible, rine it has the ame degre sf Corollary. Let Kb a file extension of Qp_ Thon here eit a fete (cennon B of Q ontanad in such Bat (BQ) ~ (K:Qg] and Ei doue inK, oo hat K-~ EQy Tet = Qa), ete in reds polenil of rer Qs ante ery pont vr sa ofa blr bt with tices earth ee= en u, 48) sox rrsmarrons 6 Inview of thi corollary, we ell any finite extension of Qy also a padi eld. Tho latgral close ofthe patie ntger in hat unigue tase ‘ual al whi ie denotod by 5 88. Some filtrations Let e be a dcerote valuston ving with maximal ideal, let K be ite quotient ld, and espe that Xs complat under the valaton indeed bye. Let boa guoerstor for. This notation wil tay Sued throurboat the wection We alo fa valuation soremponding oo ‘We kaow that in the topology given by the valatin, we hare b= rouge ¥” (= 1,2...) whigh a8 open in the topolon.” Indeed, ven eK, ify & an clemont of Keach that [2 of < [as then [= le. ‘Thos ine Pare open subgroupe whose intenation i 0. Consquently, they fora a fundarental system of neighboehos of 0 in K. (We lt P= ey decition) As an alive group, cach factor group v/s" in nomorphie ta 0/9 ‘under malipleation by "The units of form group under mkipicntion, which wil be denoted by U. Foreach integers I welt % +e U. ‘Then Ue isa group, because whenever 3, y 9 G+2)04n=1tetytwelte GED mtbety moat +9) and Gaeta teste ‘The units are an open cube fo If rrhas order tat, then is cour that A i topologically and alge braicalyisomorphie 2 the produet (x) x U datiag (=) bo tho eye ‘oupgonerted by 2) ‘ner the canonical map oon ‘the units map on the non-zero elements of o/s, snd the kernal of the6 conn. 481 induood howomerpism, Us fs presiely Uy, Thaw 0/0, = (0/90. Fonthomors, fr 2, we have an somos Hit Use induced by the map on gen by ees(te) mad Tay, ih i immattly vero to be homonorpise, wiow Kral rs itp a tad epee. vu ‘o/p is a Gnite field, with ¢ elements, then the number of elements in. nt a dete tog Te vanbnoflomeatn 070 then Proposition $. If a/v ie in, hon 0 and U are compat Pras We ahzrvo tat the pete Umit of the fie groups o/b adi nenen ta compact. (Ut an be vowed sa eloed ebro of the Weise eedut of the oF) The ame ergreat app fo a8» prosctve lini f 0/0. “The Uf s fundamental tem of sighborhoods of Va Tec ar Popeton 5 we conn that «padi ld oly ee remarked inthe posting etion, every ut of pti eld suiiuty clue vo is an meth power ‘This given postive ites my ‘endor (00) ifn We sha ow determine tis index ‘We nad group tenes Tamia. a bea hmamepbon f cma soe no me cir it he tage] 4! ode kred ay. Lt Be strana Then (42) = AFBI sn th sone hat tw of he nie are fie, the third ad the equity etd. Proof Consider the compute bontmarphis of fend the eaonial ~ Anal AyD tu, 98) foun murearions e ts ero in Ao B+ Ay, and henoe we havea omorpism ANB +A) = At/B Bu ADB 412 By a0 (B+ AN/B = Ayl(Ay 8) = Ay/B,. (ur lemma follows stone Proposition 6. Lal K be © patie ft ond U the anit of ite rng of Ssuaere La mB positive snager, Then w= ghpeaten ct) = ee) (here RE ee group of eth routs of ity nai in), Prog The scood formula folloms from the frst by reling that Kee 2x, ‘We now consider the uni index, ag the prof is taken from Arti (0 ‘Tak so larg hat ve" || and eausder the group U. for ay intel , (tary att me (ood me, "Thus ord, m= 6, we have UP = Ute ‘Take sufcinty large that no m-th rot of unity exept isin me Hones 1:07) = Ved ope (020% = GE rasa) = (Up dRED, But (U,:U4) = (Np) and ur assertion flor48 communis m4 Corllary. If K cntina the mts ros of nity then ee ee let M4. Unramified extensions We entnue to assume that K complete under drt auaton, with ring & and maxima el 5. TB isa nite extension of K and B the intgral closure of in, then there is musique prime ideal § of B Ipiag above p, and B is udiserete ‘valuation singe ie the ramieatoninder sad the eesidu class degree, then = EK (Go this book, me have proved tie nly when J ie separable over K. ‘AS wo ae primary interno n nazber Gls, me dn’ give th prot in genre. “Tho reader inay some Chat KC has characteristic 0 1 he wishes) ‘We aoe that © it and only (8K) = (8/84) 1 this equality bode snd the rsidue class eld extension B/B over A/9 is separable, then we sll soy that is uname over yor thst is ‘aramid over K. ‘Lt eB > B/B be the canonieal omamorphism. If BaxT bea polynomial wth eoeficiets in B, then we denotoby g the polynomial SGX" f 9G), obtained by applying the map » to the eoe- ant of Proposition 7. Let B be fit er Ky and arume at 8 is wormed ooh Leta eB? be ath tat Br AP(a) and lt be an eenent of B (ch that ya — a, Then # = K(o), and he truce polynomial o(X) Facer Keo hati ble, Covey FE > EO) J me SICH sataying 2 pmol gC} in ALK) hosing leading concent © tend such tat 9° hoo wo mp vot, thew 8) unre very ond Bre Atos). Prog. First essume uaramifed. Lat 9(X) be the ireducibe ply- nomial of @ over A" Leta bean element of B such thet ya = 3, Ievo(X) be its iroduible polynomial over K. Then ai intgral oer 4, ass) xRwarED mrENsoNs 4” sd ae aot of, whence 9 divides gt. On the other hand deg 9 = (5°: Ae] = [BK] = dogg and vo 9 = 7 This prove tho fst statment. Converts, if « stinies the stated condition, then we may astme sithout lose of gaoeality that it ireduable polynomial g(X) iv uch ‘that 7” has no multiple ote. We en aow apply Corlay 2 of Propo ton 14, Chapter 1, $5 (tothe smallst Galois extension of Keontsning 8) tw conclude tat ge power ofan ieduebie plsoomil, and bent ie Inrduetble, Usog the inequalities Lao): AP = (BP: 1 (BK) ‘we now eondude that we must have an equality everywhere, and Ut Br = Aton "This prove ou proposition Proposition 8. Let B de fasta etmson of (FB F>K, thn Bs ramified eer af ond only if Be we ramified oer # ond io weaned eer K. (@ 1p B a wrramifiod sr K, and Ky i fie extension of K, then Ry te unramifed oor Ky (Gi) 178, and By re ete waramified oer K, thn 9 is BB Proof. Theft action mas fom the fact that the degrees of rede las fel extensions aco bounded by the depose of the fad extension, ‘nu Use mulipctvity property in towers. One mut alo we the fact ‘hat asertion ) olds when "unamied” is repaaed by “a Gnite parable txtenron”. "The teond seurtion isan immediate consequence of our ‘iteion in Proposition 7. Tho third comes formally frm the Bre end soonad. Proposition 9. For cack ite extension B of Kin a ivn alebraic lair et By be he eral clorare of A B Lat X beth nro toare (fA in he lpia clovure Ro K. Lat» be whomomorghion of Zech hat it erin lo By har te mazimal dol arr Than te map By Be fndues« bijection bteeo aramid extensions B of K and separable ctenion of 8 Provf. We have shown in Proposition 7 that every fnito separable ‘stonsion of 4” is ebtuinable as an image Bf or tome Bate extension Ery commu a8) of K, aramid over K. Wezow must prove the uniquanes, By CBs ie unremifod, thea sleely vB, CyBay Let By Klay) and Bs Rex) be unramifed extension, generated by elements 2, Te ‘puctiely sly polyoma over A having leading eoelleet 1 and ‘Thon reloctions mod p have no multiple rots, ‘Then EyEs = Bale), ney satan with pect to Za similar condition (ith the same pls- Somiala over K). Let B— BiB sag Proposition 7 ease more, we feonlide that Br = eBagloas) = Aton 202) = (eBa eB. Br, = eBay we couse that — Bs, thus proving our proposition. If we wxume that A® i iit eld, a athe casein umber theory, then us lgsbae extension are all sparsle and in fat are eylic, The SGabis groupie ganerted by = cauonical automorphinm, the Frobenius sutomorpinm o (Chapter I, $5) such that Sf i the nomber of clement in the redo cass eld A/p. Th ace nfs unrunifie extension of Kirin fact oyelie an hs uniqusly deter- ‘iined automorphism eorespoading toe. Ta fact, we se that in Propo- [idon (a of Chaptce 1 {5 the Galois group @ of en unramied extension {i equal to Op because thors only one above p, and Gy i lomorphie to the Gelon group of tho resid lass Hd extension. Corollary. Lat K be a aie Std (.. empaton femur eld der (Spa vation). Lt bea yam exnson of K. Then ory Soi ef isa norm of wit in ‘Proof. Let bea unt in K. We identity the Galois group of F over K swith the Galois group of the residue ease Sld extension. I sa simple Consequence of Hiler’s Theater 0 (or anything else you can tink of) fat Hoth the tesco and norm rom Tite etesion of «fit Geld ae furjetve. Hence there exits «unit a in Bauch that um NBas_ (nod 9. ‘Thea ane Leer (wos) forsome cy €.4. Let ante with yin Ba, Then Whey 14THe) (oad y) 98) ‘ety iscED exrESLONG a where Tris the ese, adits ogsn an easy mater to veify tha the trace FS migetive in the veidue ease ld extonsion, Hence we ean exec 2, ch that Te) se, (aod, ‘whonge we can find ay sch that Wha" = Wey (ted). Procedingindutivey, we ean nd aga... sch thet cam (od) sd sak that cman Koo (od ‘The infinite product, th proving our colar. 85. Tamely ramified extensions Wo il cane that K ie comple, der a diet avation, with Dede- ind ring A ond masa el, and we aseume that Ap i pec WH iva Sit extension, we denote by B= By te Intra eloeuo of Ain B, and 9 = pits maximal el We shall ay that is totally ramified above pf ZK] = 2. Tn that ‘as, the resid elas dare equal to 1 (bese ef = 9). Since Bis {he nly prime of B lying shove, we aay that totally ead over K. Proposition 10, Tet B bea finite extension of K. Let By beth com prot fll ural tas eve K. Then By is wai vr K, nd Bis tally vamifed ovr By Proof. ‘The fist statement cones from Propeition 8 ofthe peseding teotion. As to tho second, we consider the towers z a8 1 I ra Bue I i x Ate2 comers | a8 1 the residue class Geld extension in the upper lve of the tomar had ‘ogres > 1, then it could be lifted back to an uaramibed wubfeld of ‘ver Ba of the same degree, conteadctng the maximality of Bx. Hace {he degree must be equal to I, and threore is totally eamied over By ‘Let Bea ite extension of K, We bal ay that is tamely ramified cover (or tamey raned aves K) ifthe characteris p of the residue hs eld A/p doe not divide» It doy, wesay tht iostrongl lied. We tal ow deseribe tally and taney eased extensions Proposition Il, Assume tht B ig tally remifed oer K. Tat 1 Be ton amend of der Lat. Th Il slice an Btenaen eucion Xe peak beebay where a, € for all and ag #0 (med 9?) Coney, sch a qvation ie rnc and oot yout a tally ramified extnsion of dre ‘Pref, All conjugaes of over K have the sume absolute value (by the ‘ulquenes of the extension of pt any finite extenalan), and ene the ‘Shflcients oft edule polynomial, whieh are polyomia funetions ‘Sf the rota ein Gin A= p. The last cooflent yi the prod of T fd its conjugates, and there are eof those. Hence to ay = srinan clement of onder 1st», At to the eonverso, an Eisenstein ‘uation ie vedio, If 004 then the same argument we anpied UO'Tt belore now applies tf aad sbows that jl" — [x Hence = (KG): We observe that ip then the extension is tamaly ramified Proposition 12. Lat B be tly an tamely amid xr K. Then there (otra elomant of order a § in eaiiying an uation r ° seth of order I at» in Contra, et a ea lent of A, nde poutine idee nt dite by p. "Pham ay ok of an equation xe o senertes tama ramified elonson of K, and thi extension itty iff he rar ap of is realy prime to Prof. Let fiX) = X*— awith oe A and e not dive by p. Let ce beany rot off, Write @ = zu with some inter rand w unit of 1a 51 ‘omy muri exeions 3 ‘Ten K(o) is cotainodin K(G, a8, 48), where fina primitive th oot of wits. The extension P = (ra) I unrumibd ove K, and hence Sst prime element in Bp. The extension i aay and tay ‘amid and henoe the ramieation index of K(a) over K divides that of (G4) over K- This proves that K(a) i taely ramified over tho order ofa ps elatirely prise to then we oan Bd two integers Soak that whee Tat p= afr. Then 5° and havo the came order at, whenoe the ramifcntion index is at lest equsl toe. Tt must therefore be equal toe (boca ((@):K} 5 0), and our extension i vtally tame ried, “Thor remains to prove that any tally and tamaly raid extension 5s generated hy the oot of an equation wae {orsome prt element x of», For thi we shall needa lemma, Lama. Le «be o posto intaer nat dil by p. Let B ea fiite ‘enon of Ky x50 prime elonent inp ad 8a led of B such that [Bt Irol Thon thre exit a lame of ender Timp such me fh ot of the equation X — folate in Proof. Wooan wit ~ ro with «uit win B, Since dhe extension js ttally ramified the residue class gro is equal o 1, and hence Here csistsa unit win such tht w= (aad 8). Letting # = ug eget ° vith rome element x0 (nod). ‘Ts Wr al is equally tiv. Since every fractional idea of Bi squsze between two A-morias of type diay sot tng for mtable bases a} of over K, and since is Noetherian, we obi CCoroltary. Tf isa fractional eal of B, tho W isa fractionat fea. Ferthermore BC BY Proposition 2. Let f= K(a) bea frit ecparale xenon, of deren La] be the rebcibe polynomial of acer K, ie derivative nd Teel) CA PAE bo ba be ro" be the distinct rots off. ‘Then Proof. Lat ay $f Eotares "To eo this let g(X) be the dference of the lefts and sghthand ride of {hs squat. "Then g han gree 1 and bas rot a a Thee i identically 0 “The polynomials ogrsn— (Oa ¥oaFtod re all conjugate to each other, If we dfine tho truce of polynomial ‘th oun ia to be the polynomial obtained by spping the taco Xo te coelints, then my nlf ral-* Looking atthe coeficint of each power af Xn this equation, wo se that by Fis) = tm, conreronerane wooeuss ‘° Corollary. Assume that B= Ale]. Then BY = Bis"). Prox Using the rearing formule oe ‘we see thatthe module generated by Ty... a"! over As the sme as ‘hat eeneratod by by. Dynu- Our coolary follows immediatly. Proposition 3. Assms tht A sa dar slaaion rin, tht there i ‘ny one prime of B abo p, ond thal B78 tacparabe oe Ap. Then Ue exis a © B ruc that B = Al. Proof. Lat be an clement of B whose reside elas mod ® generates 1B) over Aip, lat f be a polyponial with losing eoefiient 1 and ‘tefcents in such that ie roduc plynomil mod yan reduce Ply for § mad. Let bean element of order one at in 2 Then {84M =I) 4/0 (ood B, snd (9) 0 (od $). Hnco taking either 9 or 811 yields an element ‘rash tht ie rede elas generates B/% over Ap and wach that there sts an element of order La @ inthe ring Alo. We eonchade by Propo tition 24 of Chapter I, 47 that B= Ale) “The preceding propstion gives ot « eitaion when we can apply Proposition 2. Te applica ia particular in te lea ease, when our Dedekiod rings compete Proposition 4. Let bea factional ideal of B. Then vane Proof. We have Te(BW = THBB)C A ‘whence 6+ CW. The converse is equally lst. For purpoats of te fllowing proposition, we dnote by Bry the com plementary module of B. We need some index, since we sell deal with tore than tro Sls Proposition 8. Let > P > K be tuo spar extensions © the inter, ‘doce of in P, and B th intaral oeure of Ain B. Thon Bene = Bruenun, o sn BIERENT AnD oncROATOANT Prox. We prove Sst the ineusion >. We havo ‘TeE(BrCaB) = Tr THB oC) = Tek(Chin TFB) cA. ‘This proves the desired inshson. ‘Convery et Be Bjye, Thea ‘rekien) = TeR(C TFB) CA (rem insert Csnce CR =F). Thus ‘THR(0B) Cre, aod cr TeF(6B) cc. “The Cantonal dest OF ean be taken inside the trace THB bees it js contained in. Henee eerie < Bin ‘Multiplying by Chu shows that 8 © CrBlyr and conlades the proof tf the revere nelson. ‘Notation bring at above, we defioe the diffrent Daya tobe Dik. The preneding proposition gives us the rule DaDere = Daves which salad the mtiplcatinty of the diferent in. towers. "The diferent athe iver of factional eal sontalning the ater, ad therfore ideal Proposition 6. Lt S be a maliplicatce vb of A. Then Dorinsia = Sara Proof. Obvious. Fropoitn 6 aloes ww compat be ena by an « Fro ol A This he the alventag hat 4 bones prc Peife ahall now ae how the different localizes in the competion, and top tenn be computed prey eal "Edng Propane may ame Oat Aina dete elton ng on, 1 conrunamrane wou a Proposition 7. Lat A bea dsrte valuation rin,» ie sluation, and ‘Ba prine of B ing chow the prime 3 of A. Let wy be the slain carer sponding 10 an Ay Bg the reps compllions, The DaysBeg = Drgite Proof Sine the diferent te ideals, it ules to prove that ory Daya = onda Drag el Te dnote the trace fom B to K and ‘Try the lel tease froma to K, foray w extending sn 5. Then t= OTe (0s an operator on 5). Lat 26 Bay and asoume that Tra(2Birg) C Ay Slat an element & ‘of B which i very close to at ay and very chow to 0 at ll other wl. Tat ye B. Then Trs( ty) is eloco to Of w = wp and Tey) lies in dy ise \ wy, by asumption andthe fat that the loeal trace i continuous, ‘This implies thst Tey) Us In A ond hence that ¢ es inthe omple- santary module ‘Convery let be an element in Band ety € Bug. Find an clement {fof hich is cle to > at wy and clove to Oat the ster ws. Find an lem 9 of B clos toy aby and close to Os the other wl. Then THEs) — Teall) +E, Tat ‘The global tac onthe loft Hin im A. Rach term inthe cum on tho vght lise ie dy, Hence Teg(ty lie im fy, Since f and 9 ae los to 2, 9 respectively, it follows thst Trog(2) oles in 4, ‘The above srgumentsthow that Bis dence in By (= nel comple- mentary male with repost to Tryg) and te propastion flows Lat denote the diferent of B over A. If we tink of formal ies, then we have the relation a-I> Each Dy can be interpreted as the S-oomponent of Dpy4, a6 the ‘omponiat of Ppa, Hf Dp), fas Dpoq, ew and » are the valuations ‘corresponding to W ind p reopectivalye se pe AND uiscanansa ‘am 2) ‘one unl ells Dyra the global diferent, sod Days, the Yocal atenents We nny itty Dogs, with Dy as formal el, end in {rsa we my any thatthe lol diferent sth produto the local Aifernt 82. The diferent and ramification In this weton we tA be a Desking rng, I ite quotient ld, afte eperate eran of Ky and B he ideal sours of A ie B. We sal ‘i uo el for any prime» of Ath reid clas fd A/ perfec Proposition 8. Let he prime of B ying ahoe p andl be te rami- ‘eatin inde Then "aides Daya. 1B ie somgy ramified, hen ‘Pe ainiee Daya 178 i wramifd then B dvs nt divide Dara There Mr snty ote numberof ramified prince Finally, Day i he pretest ‘min dir of aida (Jo), where ais en inkgal generator of {Beer Ke and je veel polyol foro er. Proof. In viw of the fact that rxmention theory and he theory of toe ifeent oealice to the completion, we may prove the Sst amertions {under the assmption that is complete "Sinoe me wor over complete Bld, we ean apply Proposition 3 of $1, the Corotay of Proposition 2, fl, and Proposition 22 of Chapter 1,7 19 ts unrated, this yes Dyya = CD. Using Proportion 8 of 1 (Goalpientvty i tess), we may alo assume that is totally rai, {Skat cane we can write B ~ A(0]forsome element 1 of order 1a, fd latinos an Flsaastein equation °, ro (0d 8, sud the cezond assertion ofthe proposition follows fom the defisitions. "We ay rea tothe global care. Let «be am integral ganeratoe for 1B over and lt f be its reducible polynomial over K. Thoe is only {pate amber of prints 9 dividing (J()), and eee by Proposition 7 {e GhapterT, ft, thee primes ate tho only ossible primes whieh ay ‘unify (we may view o as goertor ofthe completion Buy over Ku, inoe BS Al, follows that Daya divides (/'(o)}.. There remains to be prove tht it the grestet common divisor, ot more presily that ven a prine 9 shore ast ana such that ondy Dara = onde J"). 3) ‘rar burremexr ax maricerio8 6 ‘The pont wl bean crc inane reving round the appro "There would be no difeulty if we eould write B= Ale fr some a ‘Thine tre oly Tal. Hence we sal use the spprittatlon theorem to reduce our problem to the loca ease. [Let = 8) and w= sy. Let (e) ange over the distinc ieomorphiems of ato the algubric ensure Ky of K- Leto boone of thr, racing the absolute Value wy on F. Tlie generator of over Ky snd fi ieveduable equation over K, hen os He) ue, Weshallwriteg ~ rife and ae conjugate over sn bomoephiom \of Ry over Ky rich that r= hon “Atcording to Proposition 3, $1 there exists an element @ of Ba such that Be = Af. We breve that any element of By which suey lowe 9 als genet By over Ay {et range over isomorphisms of Rover Ky, Thate exists an element 26 Ayaich that if thre exits pe for alld. Such an clement exists bose the conjugates Mt have residue ‘lnaes which are conjugate over Ay Tf these rere class ar 0, we take 6 = 1, IF they aro nt 0, we take a ~ 0 Let oy, «+.» @, be epresentatves of the equivalence clases of the senbeddigs of B into Ky. By the approximation theorem, we can find ‘sh eloment of such that lie very smal, lesa ~ oli ery cma for #1 Without los of ganerlty, me may assume in adlition that ai integral over A and B= K(e)- (Uf maoesary, fst mulply « by an element Of A which is = 1 tod pad ishighly divisible by a inite numberof ther Dimas to mote it integral, ad then ad =, where is any itegral oneal, andy is very large. ‘Then a 7 Boome a generar) ‘Since ovale very close to, i fllowe that By = Aleyl, and hence the $cotebution to the dierent even by onde Daa, = onde TI (oe ~ on ‘We must now chow thatthe ater fstors donot give any 9- 0 Let Y= 'X? nd condor ae WY terre rar +p, Lat reed 2s The dare of 99) = @ — Dy. Lab bea pine 9h ot fi Latte te, hn ala pie ps a oan iad en pina pT thee) pm pth eed ‘unity. Then ” 1 = Tar) = Te 45, {he prot oe ing an oe pie pth roto ty de Dock over bial oer at rai cave "ei to Sat aw saw for pt oof wl eat a ibis, Jar pie top. La r= 1~ wT rm 0 ra ‘we couelude thet - Tyo-e Irie = bl ‘st any abeoiate valu extending the pradic absolute value on @, and hence ‘is totally raided. We therfore fave: Thoorem I, Lt be a primitive pth tot of unity, and K = Qe) Then (K 0] = ois?) = (— Vp™*. There se only ane prime bo ing atc p, andi is tally ramified, All ober primes ghee ag romifad Corollary. Lt bean idoer > 1, and stun tat i ol pine ower. Law be a primis mth tof emily. Then Gen" ereoroane FD wy, 0) Prof. Let Su be the set of pemitive dh roots of wity, Let sa = TL k=. Let REED then ocx) = JL 400. a 5 te aprime dividing then among the vivo of mw ges TER abe hha power ot p iidng me know drm (tt sp) = p. Hence feo “ton fom th pine powers vn m we andy get ension Sater taro np th ee (yD cae tute tn hee ry age) a 1 ee ervey toed nd eth lf] vec to Then we no pret tJ.) ~ yh ving Selig, dam ictal o Bac orth ret) “Tho ict statement in Theorem 1 actualy ean be steangthened ss fllows ‘Theorem 2. Lat mb positive iloger ond 0 primitive eth rot of alg, Then (Qa) :Q1 = ei). Te ody ramified prime pin Qa) oe those aiding m. TF 4s the prime power decomposition of may 8 © primitive oth root of eit, en 18) = QandO QW) = Aen, th compat ofthe QU): Pras. Tat g(X) = X™ — 1. ‘Then wating) — 0, and Fle) = ma in dvb only by primes dividing m_ Hence any ther pe is ara fale Qla), For any }> 1, the field Q,) ian abelian extension of Q own oor oF uni 6 ‘whos interecetion with Q(or,--- 24-1) & Q, becaone py it totally ‘amid in Q(o) and unrated ia the athe Bld, Tene Qloy =.) tas degre 9") over Qley,--» a1). This proves our there. Gis the Galois group of Q(a) over Q, then any automorphiem g of (0) over Q mast map won somo primitive reot wi prime tom. Sines [Q(4): 01 = (nit follow that for any such s there exists eh Mateus = w" Thus Gisiomorpie tothe mulipicatve group of reside lass of Z/o whieh repre tom. Obsure alo that if mm are to ‘eatve prime integas > 0, and fy, fm denote primitive m-th and wth roots af unity repetivety, then OG) NE) =O Theorem 2. Let be a prinito pth rot of wsiy, nd K = Qa) Thos og = Zl. The icriminant i en by Den ago, sskre the ~ sgn ha hen Talis ther, Proof. We shall give th proof only whan r = 1. The principle isthe sain in general Thus wo del withthe pth rote of unity. Lat B — Zl). ‘To prove that B = oy it sfiens to prove thatthe deriinant of Ba tus modules over 7Z.csincdo ab -deals by Proposition 10 of Chapter I, $3. To do this, i ouffss to prove It loaly foreach prime. All prime xcept p are uneuied, and eonasqueatly auch pies donot ener fither tothe diseriminant of og or of B. As for, its totlly rie, ‘nd sing Proposition 28 of Chapter, §7, we ence that S,°B = Sox. iS isthe complemont of the principal ial (pn Hence the -amm- Donent of the disrminsnts i he ame in both ease. This proves that Bog. The ssurtion eawering the exact val ofthe dsriaat tomes fom taking the diseiniaant of the element w ill, and paying tention tothe sign. "Tere io fil inthe (use Propaon 15 of (Chapter, 49). “To deal with an arbiteary composite integer m, we ws diseiminant or p= 3 (sod 4), and te + em ‘Theovam 4. Lat be a potitive inter, ond @ primitive meth rot of eng. Then Z[o eh intra ela of Zin Qe) Prof. Tin dearly dhe compocitum ofthe rings of intogrs of vaious prime power eyelotomle fells whichsaisty the eanditions of Propation 17, Chepter I, 27 cevaoroine rio ww, 2 82. Quadratic fields Extensions of degree 2 over the rationals are alio worthy of mention st examples ‘Theorem 5. Let m bea queresfee integer # 0, and let K = QU) If m=2 073 (rod 2), ten, nfo bse for og our ZIP m= (xo), thon i a bass for ox eZ. Proof. Exersien, To vily that an lement + yi with =» €@ it Tnlagal over Z, ite necemsry and sullen that its norm and tase le in Z. From this, there ie no eiclty in verifying the asersion ofthe tHeores, ‘For instanoy, ifm = —2, then Leva z Js eabe roto unity, and hence enteral over 2 ‘Beloce proving the next aut, we make some observations on ite (eld ‘Let Py be the ite ld with g elements, g equal toa powar of the prime nimber p. ‘Then P hur g— I element, sod is « ele group. lense we ge the index for'p od ene ty isan integer wf O mod p, Sot (= Lb isd wiz It ees (end "This known as the quadeatic symbol and depends only o the residue ‘las of » ad p rom the preceding remark, we soe Unt there are at many quadratic recduer a tere are noeresdacs tod p Theorem 6, Let f bea primitive pth root of wnity for po, and HEQe we ‘gospnane rims 7 $e big ken er ase eee wd. Th a. ‘ery ut eon f Qi etn na eto exon. Fra. The lat statement fllons st opce frm the explicit expreson of as cquar in Q() and alo L-+ 8}! 36 Astor the sua pohane *-EG)e {css ve no- rid se, 5 tf y ed ‘hence replacing » by vu yields bee deat) E (en — EG) E Ogee. Bat 14 £4 271 = 0, andthe sum on the sgh oer» ane: ‘quently yields ~1. Hence = eG »G)-2@) G)» tii ot ete a ea Sign sre abelian etd of stn and we dal oe ‘lass field theory inter. . wa ‘We now spy Theron 6 to prove the quai rept lx, We ‘observe tha i pis an odd prime, then. sete GF a (a ‘This is obvious from the definitions, end the fac that (2/p2)* i yee o-n+enE () (eed 9.8 cveorome mins wv.) Lap, qbe od prema On tbe one hand, we get Ont terbindwt seE (rr men -(s i sc () =e cosn Multilying by and canecing sp yl the reiroity Iw [@--" Aine argument (ba simple) sing tho ram (1+ "yes the result We to that of clase eld theory, and having todo withthe decomposition Laws for primes, Quadratic Reciprocity Lae. Lat, ¢b prime number. mtsen(=() Case 2, 1p, qere= 3 (aod 0), thn (2) = ~ (2) Caso 1 If gore ot nd ‘qvspmene viene oy and p ta, th (2) = 1 pm (mod 8) od Lipa 48 (mot 8, Proof. Firat deal with Case 1, and consider the ld Q(8) where Fis 8 primitive pth oto unity. ‘hen few:e nd Q( i eyelle over @. Hence QG) contains unique quadratic sab- Sn Since ps te oly reid prim, thi ube mast be abtined by ‘V=p ot /p, ad heoee must be QI) sac the dermnant ip inthe Tuer ese and —p in the former Tn the ld QC), the prime splits a fellows co vine = a = (2) = eos pine (2) = ‘Thi is ebvios from th definition, Let Oi iQ). Wo let be delied by NOL= al, s0 Qt that fis the ode of th dosompasitn group of &. We lotr be the numberof distinct primes of QC) dividing g Then WP) |e Wo shall prove that 2s oquiaent wit (2) ws (2) = 1 it be a ne ° ua that 18 th ef of Che decompsin Sd ota then 2: Q) =~ rs 20 tat 7 onan th gue gue bed QA. Hees gots competey in his abe, nd (2) = 1 Gonrenaly, i (E) = , then ¢ alte comet in QA Aber onan nz 8 8 2 Next iste be the Pobenun storphina sinh tat of =f. Thon fi Good 9) aod fi te eat pave sch exponets TE, then hick in80 everorome rxuos aye {1G — 1), and hence FF m1 (ody) rato at (8) = 1, covey it (2) = sn eth ae congo a (¢— 1/2 nd el 2 tin proving Cs ‘tran peas ata of Cu ep at, 2 sniataia( Lati= V=To0 +? = 2, and (aI aos Af oss asorer ten I 40 wir i Mp (mts cemason fh trot tote tes patient) inate 20 (2) oad, pent teat) tapi 2 (2) ont 9 rom this Cate 3 follows at once, ‘Not that he thre exes cn be uma ey the url forma Thesyatel i @ cam be tended to mone genera integers Tet P bea non-erointeer, writen se Pm sper here py Beare pines, Lat Cm ne Ww. evaneaste reese s no pstive integer rite a produto pines. We ie tat Ohare rw actae » @- @-n@) ‘We cll this the quadrati symbol. Its then een fom the defn ‘hat the following proportie bald ()-@) CH)-C)G) = )-CG) ena We tow (GP) = 99 oe [oF = ae Heo += Fq—v41 amo brosuse gj — 1 is even, and the product of any to or more sich terme =O mod 4, Thus out asutin follows QR 417 P,Q.are ad and bth > 0 then Proof. Wehave BB) HE] =oF ai2 eroorome mats wv.) 85. Gauss sums ‘Sums iavolvng roots of unity appese im many contexts. We have st con one ezanple in 2. Other ezazplos aie inthe funtional equation Sftotefontions and Teeriee We study Shem here itl for their ows, ue, Wesshall ue constantly the fact that if @ sa rite sbetin group (tot cina character of @ (kes bomomorphiom of into the group of ts of unity) then | Exelon Wert ‘ruin tevaly sen, because fx + 1, chen there exists Be G such that x0) 1. The Er = Exo =) Zo, whence Ext) "We sal consider Gauss sums relative to Z/¢2 where isan interes > 1y ‘and alan relative to a nite Geld ith q elements, We begin with the former eae Gan sama fr Ze "Tho elements of Zl epresentd hy integers relatively prime tog form sa mulipieative group denoted by (2g) iy a multiplicative char~ feter of 2/42 (or character mg) ote mesos haracter ofthis multe Slate group. Sach characters are donotod by X. 1 dg then we have s atural homomorphisms (ian -aie0)" sthich is sujctve, A aultipiatve charactor for 2/a2, composed with {bis homomorphism induces a character mod 9. Westy that a caraoter sod qi prmitive if eannot be induced by a character mod fr aay visor ot qd 2g. & characte iextended toa funtion on Z/(2 by Ieting 2G) = Of yg) > “Let f be a prinitive th root of unity. We define the Gauss stm for ‘primitive eharaeter Xx ood q and an integer to be Exe a9 v8) ass sexs 2 "This Gaus eum of couse depands on f. We can alays elect te ss canonizal choice at we are interested here in slgebaie maniplae ee ier hn nile ram, ny Ae Fw ote (pm) is actually the Fourier tensform of X evalusta at w (etlly felcing ft bee? Tea) = 1, che we welts Hp) = a(n)? ‘where ne the inves of mod g oe or any primitive character X od gw have he forma a 70%, 9) = H4,D, Proof. Assume fit that (9,4) = 1. Then ire) = DOr = Exe oe = Dwr rem), Domuse as x ranges over the residue else tod 80 dows ws whan mix ‘latively prime to This proves our farts a ate (1 ¢) = Aveume now that (9) > A. Tel sti to prove that ‘nd with positive integer, me such that d > 1 Be where (= ia primitive rh root of uty Sine» propery dvds ¢ ind prinve, thre exis eye ("such that ey = Lod and | ee et, gt mod. Than mez eme mod8 eretorome minis aw Then Heorinn) = E ei BE xlexrr Jaton =m, Hence (1), thus proving our assertion (2) Finally, we obtain the abylute value of the Gauss sum. Por prints haraster x md ¢and (m4) = 3, we hve a [ revnl= ve Pra Weta: remit = rental = EE ARTA “Tabs th sm ovr al sie hs na Weed yma then EPO Hay aed) then 3 = Scena) = OFF 9) > hexeet Erni But from (1), we know that Tet m1? = pnt, DP ‘Summing over w and wing the fat that x(n) = O1f (0 ¢) > Ewe gt eta. @. “This prover ou formulaire, 01 = V4. vss) goes suas 88 Weshall ow vestigate quadratic cums, For the rest of our easton, ve use te fellowing convention. “eta, be nora snters,b > 0, en 0 at ‘We hl ermine th aa of hi Gaus ua) sam. We et eso ig rect sp QS 1 17 pin an od prime, hen Co a, ») = (2) 60,9) Proof. Ihe (mad p for some, then we replace = bye, which lo rune over the reside clases mod p, and we nee that Cle, 9} = GUL x) in (his case, 1a e (ed) than ease the fat that ‘where r denotes the non-zero quaratie residues mop, ani n denotes the oes tod. The tp + "covers the residue re ‘Gels tio (noe (2/p2)* I eval), and we alo have sno Enon Ee rom this ou eertion else, 82 Let p dean ed pri, and an eer & 2, Then Proof. Write Then stay £988 cexeverome rts avs Summ separately for y= 0 (p) and y £0 (p). Thy 0 (), then the map fv daye perma the residue cians od p, and bese Ue gum over # ia ‘his ease is 0. If ym 0 (3), we write sod we ean take tho cum for w mod pach tern oF 2 ‘Ge nner sum over yaks p. Thus we obtain precisely 200,94), dei SH Lc E LOA end (20) (eb) Proof. Weitz mod be as oe Then Gta, 0105.5) = ee esate ‘san intog QS 4 1ybis odd 2 Len Prof. Ynduetion. fb isan 08d prime, this ie QS 1. Ase 3 > 3. andr, then doz) _ las) eR oS (Our sssertion then follows at onc, inthe ease of prime power. In the Pty wa) ones sous s omposite case, suppose (abe) = Gta, 10a, 8) = (2)(@)e1,000,0) yids JQ) Gens att = (2) 000 1, (ae) <1, eed, eyed, Then sd we redone. ‘There remains to handle the cage when b= 2. We shal campute analyselly tho value G(, 6) for arbitrary below, and we sal nd UEOVE ibm 0 mod al b= 1 (ed) oe |e itoa2 (aot) iv = 5(aod Remnober that b= 1, an that Vis the ordinary paitvesquarerotofb, In view ofthese value, we deine rreerery O-[ inate, ‘Weal ue the given vans to ge Oe, 27a folows Q85 Letade dd. Then 40)0,29, Proof. The map eae e ‘on 2-th twat of unity indus an automorphism of the Geld generated vee Q by 27 roots af unity fr all m, and we hve a 2) = 0.6 2) = oll + ce”),8 cvevorome rise wv a8) soouming that + 2 (th caer = 1 being tvia). Obviously, +i item mods) Se ee eae, Se == 0-49, id a cao =(Z)aau+o es te tat Ltimet va or vax ttt where = ef Hlenoe LEO ( VE aw at mtn bied v3 if amid (mod 8). ne wvt-(Qvi Xe even hen 2" ato, ed dn 2° na ue tinea. Three (=O ‘This proves QS 6 and concludes our formal of the Gauss cums ‘There remaine to compute G(ib) for atitrary 6 1. ‘The ompatie tion is analyte, and ie due to Dine. Tt oom the fact that i» 8 function whieh ie staaoth exept for ordinary dsenntinitic, thea fe ourler sures converses polntwce ta the midpoint of the dreontinly In pacicla yew fouetion whieh i ootinnousty diferentiable onthe ‘strat then el Se, est”) hry he mth Foi tise, cated = fab as, ud tho cum i taken overall integers, O98) onus 21 0 Wo sll we the funeton fee, oss), sits traneates abo in theinteralO = S 1, namely FeO b fil) = fle +8, any dain, ca,n = 3 WED, wen i = fp ff Sy wd ny cone sm of the Fourier eats fr gto get the valu of G8). By definition, and the converges ofthe Faure ais, we find LE [nema 0.8 ‘We compte the agus, sd ad hat our le expression ia Zeta Beas Um iseven, than 7967" = 1s Uhm ind, then #0 = OH We split he sum over even m and odd. tval sompetation puting m= B orm 2r-+ 1 shows thatthe sume of tho integrals over m even Shim old ar ual the ne value, namely io fra, ro that 6, = 0+ "This integral coverge at both ends, for if < A < B, then changing” exevorome mms 1,93) ‘ovables, f= 92, t= 24d, and integrating by pats chows that Cnagag vastness that “aya vole vrhoe I isthe univer ategral eastant on tho right. ‘The integral Fis Simply Z, whose value obtsned from Uh elation = ou) = CFM, ‘Th we Sind 040 se desired, Character sams ove finite tds For the re ofthis weon, elt P be a file fad with q lamas, ad gm pl. Welel Py be Zipt We dee claments of F by, an eonent of the mutica” group F* of P by a We td ame, We tet ‘Teo Ten, be the enue ace from B lo Py Let § be De sector space of complet elu fnaione oF 14: + C* in w non-tsvial chaos, Un Xindues acl dal by mera of the paling of Gu Na). odes isthe map such hat () = Nay), then Ne isaninjctive homnomerphism of into its dsl grovp, whene® an inomerphiem boesise thee twa groupe have the eame order” Te tall cays we th fed 0 oh at ne W, 931 ava 208 a EY ©, we deine the (esata Fourier) transform Tf by IM) = Esenen, ‘Thus 1 again fneton on F (deni with its character group by), and 7:5 > i linear map, Theorem 7. We hase 73 = gf-, se. PH) Proof. Webave a9. TF) EEsenwor Ele—9 Ea = ain, se desi, ‘Theorem 7s the analogue of the Fourier aversion formula. We sein partial that an satomarphiem of ‘Weedece the convolution 7 between fanetons bythe usual formula +010) = Eso ~ 9 A duane of variable shoms that foot. awe 8 Fst pF nue = one) un = Env. Pr er it or, wre nus) = E Urano EL Mey — arco We ebange the onder of rommation, lat y— = = Tren Eocene, iy abt and fd heh is preciely (1))(74)2, Us proving the iat formula. ‘The second Formula follows frm the fret bomate Ti a ioorphim on 20 that seca witef = Tf,,p — Tp, forsome functions p1. Wethen combine ‘the it formula with Theorem 7 to gt tho second We let x dae @ character of the multipzatte group P*, ond deine x@)=0w cevexerome FIELDS was) ‘Baume. If pie od, we could take the character % defined by wo (0) sc the quadetiresidue symbol. ‘This charter i rival on ‘We are concerned with the Gauss sums which geerliae the sus. $ coraidered in §2, and whieh are defined by 10) = Fi, x0me) — Exon “This can le be written wt 10) = DEEN = PND, wing out eouvention that (0) = 0. ‘The Gauss sue han the following properties. (681. For any chars x 1 we hase Dx = rx Proof. We have Tay) = Exenoo, of avibles, then Ixy) = 0. Ey sO, we make m chang it, and we fad presiely the desired vale rex 652. e600") = x(-Da fora Prodf. Note thet Mx = T(r") = riadeG~*, Bue we aloo now that Tx gk. This proves GS 2. 8 8. r00)) = Visor x4 Proc Bor tho complex conivante, we have ity FAI = Deten-a) = DE : = x10. Meaoe (27705 = 4, and ove property follows, 6S 4.Lt 40,9) = 142A) = Laven — 2 Uys # 1 then sn) = Ha, Ea). oo —— : a riers) = = XL xulz)eae + wv) EE venue ono + Eaenee Since ty # 1, the lst sum on the right eoqul tO. Tn the othe sm, tv interchange tbe order of ammation,rploe = By 2, ead nd Erastene E nent, wich proves 65 4. (G8 5 Por any pote ileger we hae 00") = x) ‘Prof. This is obvious booauso rising to the pth power ie an atx Tris. aie integer tn Qlaye) wher t= Frtherore, since) ')= bf that the only pros didn ig) ave thwe which vide p. ‘Welet bs the extension of @ obtsined by adjoining tho p-th rots of nity andthe (g ~ 1-h roots of nity, s that FC cotains rots af uty tn repreentatves of tho elements of the Site eld Pith elements, We faa homimorphion ee 7, fo int the algerie cloeure of Py, and ite mod p fo this homme. this, "This bomomorphir induees an omerpham between the group {f(g th oot unity i andthe mutipative group F, because the polynomial 7"! — 1 has no maliple root mod pel Wy i= the yell group of (g ~ 1h rot of nity, thea eae [this oomorphion. We ean deine a generator fr the character group cl F* by leling x be the character sh that eo so any character ea power of “Then x has onder ¢—o crore rm8 ove ‘Theorem 9, Lex be charocler of F* a et: isr. We distinguish two eases Cave. pb, Then» = py and x = (9), x that by GS 5 we have 10) = x Bat obvicaly| =H) wd 1h ‘Ths case taken ere of. = 10. ove pl Then ro #0, Weshall we G84. We have #00) = 0 (Erlang —a)) =F o-a~ tod sie sotng¢~ 1a an expoutt of ~ sing the ft hat Gee Tid that ts eo (pe =~ N-n@-9 (because a>» a1 is a mulipictive charter) = nye mm (wot 9) ‘Note that inthe preunt ease, DHL and 16) 99-1 — 9, Hoos thu proving our theorem. Foran application ia the nes section, we obtsin another exreson for 0). Aa wa, os the largest intege 3, and (@) = 2 [2% crevorowte mnt wv 08) Lemmas If is poste integer, v= ag pb et apt wih O's ve 5 p— 1, en -o-ub| 10) Pr, Tn xenon 0 tt alo o£ bea) =o 9 Bf} We note tat this expen depends only on the residue cs of Pinod g-—i)- We consider therfore such that Oy Of sein Ma (2) oi) ~ Lora int faite uber ovine 0) Ife dete alain en te xi an clea ‘that efe) = Jal. ae We shal satis wrt or stead of), al when we saath re te” ocean ae He = ee Wie deve the koi o simply size of our Myvi tobe He = leo “plete by Hf thet of cents ha fr ach 96M bei. sch clement « <'* determines an M-dviur whose values i imply lale The product of two Scivisre is an friar abd fe at M-avisr then ae the Miva euch that (a) = lal In view of the product fanaa, we bave Hela = ft Tnother nerds, thesis isthe amo thesia of. If aed, then Lor) and L(Q) ae in eanosia! bition ander the mapping een rel) We denote the numberof elements of L(@) by Mo. Then Me) = 6. ve think of a presaibing the sides of «box, all bt «fit numberof which ae 1, then 6) may be interpreted asthe number of eld elements inthe box. The eof uy be interpreted a the vo ofthe box. We12 eanautsvotoens wm tall now prove tht dhe numberof elements inthe box is approximately ‘eal to the volume. In the next ection, we shall oblain stronget ‘ymptotie result, by diferent methods. ‘Theorem 0. Let kb a number fed. There exe two number ey e4 > 0 Aepending only mb such hat for any Misisnr ee bate elle <0 5 sup Oh alee Proof. Suppote that theta at Instone complex sbotut value Hy in MWe ieatfy wth the complex plane, aod conser the square cotered at the oii, wih sides of length 2). Lat me be an intoger sich that mc nol smth ‘Without los of goeraty, we may escme that 0 and som 1, (Cut up each side of the are int m equal prt, thos giving rin tom small squares inside the gone, Our st [0 i embedded inside the big quar st fy. Bice it eotains mare than m? elements, there exist two Ata elements zy ¢L(9 ving in tho amo small square. Hence we ‘an estimate ther dileence by BVP civ) tn 1¢ vis any other erehmedoen absolute vale ff, then = ve 5200, niteneestin te oaks, oe = Ihe athe Se with ate cantatas (m+) dt th nguyen he Fata Toren floes ined 1 thers no complex abscte val in, then we proceed in asinilar ‘manner sig a ea ope and cut up the interval cstared atthe ign ‘of log 2) into m equal pats, giving rise tom small intervals, with men sm+l. ‘The anguments then proceed i the sme wey. vn sm reoovor romcia 109, Lat ws prove the other inequity. Lat wy... ay be bass fora, overZ. Put 60 = N ups ay ‘he sup bing taken over the archimedean shale values 8 in Miya lover. This ta number depending ly on Let ete our gin Medivito. By the approximation theorem, there iss an lament 2 uch thet : a lady $ Dey foreach achimedenn absolute vale in fy, We now slot an element 62, o x0, such that ac has absolute vale 1 at all non-arch tmedesn © Ma, jar by taking highly dvs tof prime ure, a view ofthe fact that) andj donot change we multiply by an clement of I, we may therefore assume, without lt of generality, that ‘ur Mivicr eatin the inequalities cal ley 5 Delle for some dement 2 €Z, a > 0, and all v@ Se We must exhibit element of L(). Fo this purpose, consider the eet of lente of ons of thove whieh ean be ered in the fom aie be tage with o4©2, and 0 5 ae $ a. ‘Then our att L contains more than a Seta Each noo-archimedean vin Ms corresponds to prime of o, and using ‘he cir onion inthe deflation ofan Miedivao, wehaveln'an svioes ‘manner the notion of ory cL ny = dye. The additive group o/TI ‘nas TIN)" elements, We look at the ange of Z under the canonical Domamorpim of ox into this edltve group. ‘There wl be» abort Z" Of with at eset o Te ll of whieh have the sme image. Take one fed element 21, and let y exage over Then foreach now arehimatean aerate value in Mf, we have bea so,wot pamataneanores wn pecans ord (2 ~ y) & ond. I i achimedean, then by aa obout sstimate, we have |e— dle 5 cla $ ‘has cr eannt syn £9, Weave tere proved Hh xo TL RS We cee aly that of [Lit > IT ‘the product bring taken over the erehipednn abeolte value, and 1 Teg nn cvs eonetant, while Ne ies the onarchiadoan absolute value belonging to p, Taking de ful product overall aslate values proves our iaequality on te lft In “Theorem Let k be # sumer fel, and S «ite subset of Af contalaing the scchinedennabssute vals, Let ebe the sumber of elements ofS. We {Ene thst of Seumite ks to be the set of element in &* sac that lal= a for v@ 8. IS = So, the Suite ar alo called the units of i Stitiy TouSog, they are te unity (nvertible ments) ofthe rng of algebraic Integers ‘We may ks into Bucldean ospoco as follows, Let ry «++» sbanlute values ofS. Map 2265 log ely agate la be the sd al this wap logis = R ‘By the pofuct formal, the image of is eontained in the Byperplane ‘tine by the equation fb HE, to that this image is st most (¢— Timensionsl Unie Theorem. The image lots) fs en (9— T)dinensonat Iter ia Der ‘ue reopter romeo 105, By saying tha i it latin, we mean that tea dscatesubroup of 1, and by sing that itis (°~ 1-dimensonal, we mean that the este space ponerse hy ith entre hyperpiae mentioned shows, Thx in particular, i follows that Togs) «free abaisa group on # — 1 ‘reverators. ‘The kernel of our log maping is clearly the set of roots of Unity inf beens the Korn isa group, abd its elements have Bounded abeoute value, bane form a Ents group. Corollary. Le Ebe a uber ld and afte nbc of My containing le aakimedoan able sue Then ky modulo the group of Tots of tunity in isa free ian groep on 8 = 1 generator (0 = member af omen of 8 ‘Otwerve, however, thatthe statement of the unit theorem ie stronger than the satement of the corollary. The ual theore is atully equvee Tent with a compacts statement, which we hall given Chapter VI, $3. ‘We shall so prove the wait thors Let us begin by cboerving that in any bounded regln of Rt there sta only ite numberof element of log) Unde, Lgl) Hee {much a ropon, then the able vals of 2 and its conjugates mst be bounded, and henee = can saisly only a faite number of mone polynomials of degree = (k= @] over @, because the coon of such Polynomials re sementary symmete fuetions of = and its conjugates. Bs wellknown property of Bucldean space, whos root we shall recall at Gh end, i follows that log() sa dierte,Enitaly generated subgroup ‘FR We mutt prove that it has dimension 2 — 1 ‘or this purpose, we shall fst prove tht given a nde ere ents aa yostr (Zn sy in lgtés) such Ua ty > 0 and & <0 for) 4 ‘Weshall then prove that any 4 — I such vectors are linear independent over R, ‘We ned the following lemma, Lemma. Given my © My bare eit « number e() > O uch tt Jor any Mycinnor cere eile 3 1" exh De tes) foraite = Proof. Late be the number of Thera 0. Let eg = 1 if it acchic rodent and let cg = Nip ify the prime oft Lat ¢ be an Sedivsor heh ifr from ¢oly ato and such thet Ver lel $ cles If ys archimedan, we can adjust the eyeomponent as we plea, ina ‘continuous farhion. Ef ix dere, the value group ranges over Powers106, eanumtorors vie ‘of Nho, and so we ean aio fad the ¢ subjet to our contin. We set ee) = ale. "By Theorem 0, @) > 1, and hanes ther exists an lament a 0 in Ue, thats, loll ete forall ne Mf We put = 1/a, ‘Then tho inagunity on the left inthe Ternma is sata. For the inequality on the ight, we have ete foe < tot ee for ally My, ‘The produc ie taken over all we Mi, w stv. Sino € [Slike c exept a y we have aio proved she nogualty onthe right, We mur tothe main prof, If» §, then the value group of» it innit epic, generated by Ny od ther only «Sate number a primes tk that i ie omespondsto te index, en Nps et. CConsoquaty, by the lems, thee isa Sine aetofeolate values $°3'S Iaving the following property. If eis an Mydivsor, then there existe Bek such that 1 le aves Consider only ouch ¢ that ce) @ 1 forall w and) = 1 for all v8. Forauch ethers exists 8 with It res’ 1s beh s ced, ore, Lat B be the wt of all such 8. Map 2 into RF by (ile ‘The image of B le Site. Let By.» Bq be representatives in B forthe elements ofthis image. Let = i le b> 0 and for all B there exists an Sunt yp € ky and some j such that Bm m8 wan ‘mee Pnooe? roma ot For all¢as above, we can therfore find w < hy steying st Iwcl, 5 ally ae, We slot such that ef) is very large forall » 8. ‘Then fue very mall forall» eq.0 eS. By the product formula, it fellows that [le i yory Ine. Tho log of w ha the desired property. ‘Thin hives *8o frst of our objectives. ‘As to the second, we have fund elements. forth = (Gayo dow snd such tht tho matee of sig ofthe fy fll Eo 1 ke euch that 2 (Beary bend Tet Yiyoooy Ye bo the column verte, We must show that he Set = Ltrelieaty independent aver R. Suppice that aida, rot all the ceticints being 0. Say ay > O and ay 2 o, fr any j. Thon Tooking at che aus justin the fst row, we get =, Om eitu st ontis bers beaten Berta tatat oo taibiet enh baat hao) because fy it negative for j= 2, wwe must have y= 1. By the prodvet formal fab bette >, contraction. : or the convenience of the reader, ive repeat the prof that x dzerete ‘ubgroup of Euclidean space isa fre abelian group. We do this by n- ‘uetion on the dimeation ofthe sbroup, ie the marimal nimbe of linearly independent clement over R LeL be our subgroup and)...» fa 8 maximal set of independent veers in T. Tet Ty be the subgroup off cootsined inthe subspace panned by &iy.+-» er BY induction we may assume that ay vector of Ty i line intel combination of y= Sen108, ranatimnovores want Consider Use subset 7 ofall Ein ofthe form cont tet abe vith rea een satyng osach 05 en 31 isa bounded et, Lat fy bea veto of f with the amulet ag 7 0,7 Sem ba bet bab ‘Staring with ary vector {of T, we can slet integral coeicients thence asic a way thnk ee ed tis in 7, and the coefcent of & ix Mm. ‘Since oo faite, we ensue that there only nite suber of eub= froup oe Tying between aad mo. Tho unit group i presented in ‘ie tite group of permutation of such eubgroups of o,We conde Unt the subgroup Use coclting of all units we U such Ut Xt = Me jz abroup of ait index in U. Lat nano wn ‘a8 reoover voraeta 109 a eh, we eto be the th conjugtect a for j= ty...yrek ry Lab feast be a ot of generators forthe ordinary mit group U, modulo rots of nity. The abseluta value of the detrmizant [Ya toga] --- sto Ito =~ toe is indepen ofthe coin of our generator my. ani led the regulator Ry — of the fed k. Since the log vectors of the uate are nee independent i follows cht the regulator is nt, We aote that ‘is roglstor lke al determinants ea be interpreted ae a volume of parlleotpe in apace. ‘The regulator oeasoally onus in the fre og a) + le E eter) «= tek ‘To sco this, wo multiply the 4h row ofthe determinant onthe right by (No and add the eam of the fst rrows to the lat row. ‘Then we get Jn th lower left-hand earser, i the rat ofthe lst row, and ur stern ‘obvious, il ton fr the eat appari in the soo form a fw areue Gat x..-xRt be the direct product of rs +79 copies of the multiloative speup of Dective reals. ‘Map each unit w into @ by su uo MD ‘This homomorphism of U into, whose kernel consists of the rots of sity. Let be the image of Un @. Then V consid in O°, the aub- _oup consisting of al elerenis Y= ees tee) sash hat Te-. Tatty. st Be. of edapendet gute fo U mot rts of ty, antsy be ha epective image in. Ten we havea no eanaumLororss 0 eomorphisen amt xR 0 ven by Wap eo ats a) and the Jacobian mati ofthis mapping is ‘ween ete sae a ee he Jha taint yea mh ee Mle oe hit) Jog (wt * ton wish ne th eters ete hove . * “Observe that our map g gives us « natural parametrization of @° in vero an es 2 anc pont prado tesa yer Tce Estes teh 8 Uh cn rc Mi nr NO em ae 2) = Belles + OCleH-M™), Hele 2. tet att rir b> gd ot bh coopers ie 1n@ — Balelal $ bull -™. ee ott farts ta es Ma daly 5) waa sarrioe voters ranatauonoees im forall pines of op. "This fllons at one from the defisitions, Thus {o) eonsst of thos elements of whioh tty certain inoue st thearchimedeansbeolatevals, Wecalethe fractional deal aeociated with jea PEE, we have Ne) = NG. Hence to compute XQ), we may ‘change ¢ by an elmont off ‘We know that the group of ideal cla ofa, 1 8 Galt group. Lat sus os 4 be koa repronntatves ofthe elements of thie group Mult plying bya suitable element of E*, we may asume thatthe factional ‘eal @aseited wth eis equal to one of the “Let cbo on M-divior, and ete asosatd fractional ideal, Then hare we wrt instand ofc) to simplify the notation. Lemma 1. Aseume that he acid fractional ideal i pul tone of the fied represntaties ng. Thar exit a wit of yeh hat we Rae, forall 9 eS, LE lula, tokens 0 x) ar tw conatante > , dapending only ob Proof. Let V = fl and lt = e(VN@)™"™ fr alls Se. Then (Consider now the log vestor eel) = (I y= Dette Since the lg vectors of uit form ation of nail askin Ube hyper lane of ventrs such that the eur of he eorponeate ei follows tak {hee exes unit euch that {ox(e) — torts“) < eh) for sme sontante(). The sbrolute vale ie the ordinary norm of 8 ‘vector in Bucldean spac. From this wo eoncude that lg) is rector bounded length, that thee exist eoneants ey > 0 ouch that ee S ule 6 for all # Se. We get the assertion of the lama. by substvting the Aetniion of.m2 Panauusuororss waa wore seo) TI be ‘We can det thin produ! with RF, bonus me have a produ of Toten of the el numa nd coe ofthe eorex suber. IE ¢ ‘Pe ane xan nega o with C- (We have chic of to sah 5) oe ctmer ial foe atic of rank in this Puctan space, ie ee hon as embeded in te naaral way on the dagoal. ‘he {Kates tnpose by our fda at absolute vals ©. an be vertu dctersning ein inthis Boldean spac, and our robe, Tn turf bon redced tothe following ‘Gites iste of sak 8 te Evcldenn N-pace show that oder cost eoctim Ue nue of nt pots In « parlletoge Sri esa aqial fo ie voce of he pralotpe. “Tiss precbely Sate sal do. Be etic inependetwestrninR®, Tho abelian group esa tes ate, "By Staton,» fandamentl domain EPs ay (remus) ont such tht every wstor of RY ‘Saat totally one recor nh ot mol the ate. Hor funda: Spel doy ne all aye at thn Ff pt sighs tvts witho su <1 Teta tn Mcdivioe, we donate by, the st of wets =i Tbk" uch that Ink Se forall Ss and call Phe parallelotope determined by (at ininits). Tce) be the ummber of trualatios fof F which ae contained ia efor some € [ot be the numberof traculations P, of F which Intersct , for some Fe. “Le be the number of Inte point in the paallotape Pe, Then only no Volt) $ VollP) moo VOI”) “phere Vol means volume in Euidoan ypace, ws ‘ayeice POINTS 1 FARAnLLororRS us ‘The only late pot in P tx tue. Thar nO) 5 0 5 m0. ‘Weal now prove «theorem sooering any lation in R Theorem 2, Let range ee Messrs och that forallv GS. ws have co Voi PD 6 or VP, sith cman caer > 0. Eel Ib a fed late in RY. Then, when Vol?) > ew hove YoKPD 4. er yaupyt—¥, tg = Page ae" vara, oth camstants ee depending only om ey a Le ‘Proof. Te suo to prove that m(2) ~ n(Q) is boundod by a term of onder of magaitode B™—"™" if wo set B ~ Vol). ‘fs trasation F of our fundamental domain by an elomout 2 ia i sot cosine in P, but intersects P,, then it intrtets the boundary OID, (Nataly, the Une sega between spol in Fe Py sad plat fn Fe bot aot fa; ie cotalel is the convex sat Fy and cre the Doundary of) We can write Pew ILD. ‘where Dy is tho closed interval or tho closed dice of radius according ‘el real orcamplex Then the boundary of D, const of two points ‘oracle, and ar UY [oo.x I): ‘The dimension of the boundary is therefore 1” — 1. will now sufice tu giv an upper bound ofthe dsted Wind for tbe numberof nations Fe which interact cach | oDqx II Ds pense there are at moet N auch tra in the union, Thi wll be done by parszatrisiag Ue boundary by » map having sulable partial derivax tive We seal tht ify i difereatable map with derivative ¢, thenne panantonores ao for any two velar y, x we hare loa) — o00 = ley — ‘where [| ¢ Baetideas norm, sed es the maximum of the norm ofthe Uurrativeof yon the segment tetweon y und. (Thi the mean value theorem) ‘We pormetie Fe by © map eel oP sending the N-cabo with sider of length oqusl to 1 onto, a follows elated, we map pom —y, OtST andi wis complex, we us polar coordinates, and map osust worn, 9 Ee St ach patil derivative of y is then bounded by «times a constant {Gor 2s) and hence there fs contant cy (= 2eNeq) such thab lel = cab ‘Ti taadary of Psi then parametrized by the (W — 1-ube I te eo each ede of J" into [BUS] segments of equa length, we get ' deompodton of 27" ito we all cubes, of diameter < (V — 1)°9/(B%], “The image of such = ‘Small cube ander y hs diameter =i aa ‘the number of tasltions Fy (21) whith meet » region of diameter ‘Eesis bounded by aconetant eg depending only on yaad the diameter GFF, Thus the image of small cube under g mess st mote. slates Foot F by lation pata Since weave [BC'—™™]erall cubes, we sce hat pC") mest best ey") translates of F. The boundary EP. coosots af at meet N pon, ead of whieh can be araretried as Indicated. "This proves our theorem. ws) areicn rons 1 raRaLRLonoeES n "The net lemma determines the volume of the fundamental dams of savideal oof viewed as atize in Euclidean spas wre Ie Lemma 2. Let ob am alo he ring of igre of b nd le Pe fundamental domain of 2 lace R. Then Valh) = 2g? = 2--NeV Di Prof. ‘The dela has a basse ++ ey over Z- Let e,--,9 be the eal embeddings of k Let rig and Welt sonjugatea be the complex one. Rach in maps onthe wctor ©: ei Tat eh et wa write nam )+V=n, ‘whnre 2) are el oordinatos inthe complex numbers C. Thus rate VET Pe Tyee Ne ‘The dicriminant of ¢ ata module over Zs the square ofthe determinant ee Adding the lst st ofr rows tothe midi rows, and then subtrcting ‘sgn, we oe that this detrminant, upto sig, i ual to sod the deterinaat obtained here isthe dterinant of set of baie ‘vector fore lati fn RY having all her components he dieetionne pananustororas Ww ofthe canonical uit veotre of RY, ‘Thus we obtain VD = 2 ValtF) ss desire, ‘We can Sally chow how Thsorem 2 implies Theorem 1. We had seen ‘at we sold asm our Mi-dvior sch that Ube contin of Theorem 2 (Tur auised, and slo sch that 2 associated ideal ais one of ite Dumber of representatives ofthe Heal elses, Bor any Mydivigr ewe Gnd vor) = TL es) IL (ed) = ae TL Vole) = 2-°Nev TBAT our) _ 20R)" vy, ‘Wakr) ~ Tos Ile ‘thersby proving Theorem 1 §8. A tolume computation ‘We begin with some remats on sone Bade in Bueldesn space RY. Welet be the ordinary measure in RY sitet C of Wis tid to be conver if, whenever zy ae pints of C, thea’ tam, ostsl sso is in € (in other words, he ne segment between = andy isn). symmetric (with respect the origin) if €C implies Theorem 3. Let Lb alates of dimension N in RY, and lt C be & ed coon, metric ab of RS. Tf HO) = PH, ‘whee Piaa fundamental domain for L, then there exists tice point» 0 ine. Proof. We shall ist prove the theorem under the sssumption Htc) > 2a. ‘Cader this asumption, we contend that thore exist two distinct ements in JC whowediference is in L- nded, if not we have fe- Uaents (ssi) Was 4 Youn courvtamion ro mio = Baten ty = 5 4G0-.0") Bat (40) = 1/2" -p(C). Hones the set YO) F cannot be dsint (otherwin the emumpsion on the measire of Fwould be ontradtad). du tas beta With suitable 2,22 Zand 15 + 2. This proves our contention This gee for yet tat nee mnie “nee, aad ‘ys — a) liea in C by convexity, as desired. Sago ne) Z BHU) Hore > 0, u(A+9C) > wc) B Ma, so ec tha aici a 1-6 Laing nd 0 shows Be Siete ne te at or mt nk comptes vole. emia 3. Lt w= te frp eer be a tan nt cong rn Mata Poh omer 0k bees aoe Mtb pay ENidse ent dation Ve) Then Vale) = 24007" Pr To pn ih he tt Fol) = Fp leggal + Regal be etal + Base he ample vars ten. yt lo Be eel By Plaanauuncorores W881 us. We wish to find Prun(t), Uke polar coordinate (wy) with oS oy Ede and 5 4 ia deserbe sj. Weave Vill) agg ith Bang ny the integral being taken over thereon faa Heese Mel Hla oe Fae esrting the region of negation so at & Of a utp the Isa by 2 “Wer mike the change of vars 2 ew nbn 2) ervey Theitegal teases toe PAGE Manly Wan = fogs mann Aan ‘he integra taken ove tho repon 2 0 forall sand ay berber SO But Went) = MM oC te can pit of th tov tren Oa ad we he Saga " Wl) = [1 Wren = wd = dW, Bs cing iv latgratin on ws swing the homoge. Bs BOER ur of he eet af als so 1 Wan) = NS AD MO ilar way, we eet Want) = ff 40 = 0" ars we aoveowen consae 9 hich after performing the integration and using induction, I =a ie Ga 6 = Gest "Tis yields Fant = Fh whence the desired value oF Prgrs done out 84. Minkouski's constant Tet be of degrae 2 over Q and let a be an ident of the integers vowed aes late in RM. We eect tho number ain Lemme 3 rach ta the room ofthat enon as volume at east ual to 2 times the volume tf» fundamental dain fora, We denote yh the abolte rae of the dseriminant Dy. Thon the vale of «such tht WaerNal!® wll schiove our papas, in view of Lamma 2, $2. By Theorem 3 there ‘ests Tate point in the region of Lomma 3. ‘This means that Were ‘ists aa sentent a © 6,2 Och that level too Janel $ a ‘The gvometric mean beng bounded by the arithmetic mean, we gt Ween” = > sheee iweca 5 Wehaves actorntion of el, =a, whee nan idea. Hee [N&(a)| = NaN. Canesing Ne, we have ‘Theorem 4. In any idl las, hare ei a deal ewh that Nb s cut,10 anauaznors wate sore Cy te now constant: amy Coron he tei of iin tit > 1 hei toa one prime raed ink Proof, Webave Nb = 1 wheats rey (nN as ()" de®) toe LN =2, then we chsin ab ence ¢> $> 1. Our atertion wil be rove if we chow that the souere of number (Ye mun ening Tig mi fro mie os {pal eompatation pov what we want Pe toggle 0 ale or te Minkowski constant in a couse of Are around 1950, win o | omm | 2 | oases 2 | 1 | ones 4 |. | oossrs 1 | ® | oonzes a | 1 | cossse onsss “1 uowen's cosarane m For large Nw eth de 2 (4/0) (re/9) ‘We conse by an example of which Artin wus very fond. Consider the equation OX) =X Xb 1. The dtciminaat & of a rot of XSLaE bis" NaH, In this special ae, = 2800 — 19-15, ach prime factor cout to the fet power Teta bea root off(X) and k= Q(a). Than ais integral over 7. Since AX) is imeem 5, is ireduble over Z(orQ) and iso degre 5 ‘overQ. The dneriminant of Z[a ts madale over Zhss vo square factors, noe it mart be equal to D(a), breause i dire rom D(o) by 2 square. nce Zla] ~ oy by Proposition 10 of Chapter 1, $3 Tis not dteut to chow thet the Galois group of te polynomial i the ‘hil syeametrie group, Hen the oping eld Kas degree 120 over Q. By the Minkowell theorem, every ideal class an eal 6 such that Ne <4 (asag the vale forthe Minkowsit eonstant ia the table end evil estates). Save Nisan ntger, fis ihe 12,0. TEN #1 the oly ponbility in that Oe pit Seal p with Np 2 or 3. This Seoul mea thatthe rosie class ald 0/9 hs degree 1 over 2/p2 and Trace that ine «rot and oF nd, ‘Thi i impossible (ret compar {tion and henoe the only post is that Nb= I, But then 6 = (1) ‘od (hull) every ideal fe principal. The ing a integer «poe cipal eal lng "A Artin oto tan be shown thatthe plittng fd ie worried cover the exeason Q(VA) = Q(V/19-151) "Ari's example ls gives an example of an unr extension whose Galois group i the lethal group, Ae be once pointed out given say ‘Galo extension K ofa aurber bald, with group G, Uhre exit initaly ‘any frie extensions of Eaueh chat KB —= Kad RE is ncamied ‘vee B. To obtuin sch B, t sulle to construct an extension which Strobe loclly all the ramifeation of (this pots efite numberof fonditions on, which oan be rls by the approximation there), fod one mart insure thet # = E. To do this, one ean for instance tse the exstneeof primes and density thetem proved ia «intr chapter We leave it an an earn ‘Ar ial aplieston ofthe Minkowskl theorem, we shall prove: Theorem 5. If kis a number fd, denaeby Ny ond de the degre FQ) ind bert val of th dieriminant respecte ‘Phen the quotient [Maflg des bonded forall k' Q. Fartermore, thre eats only afte snember of fie hasing a ion ao he driest. Proof. ‘The fat scuton follows fom a trivial computation involving the innuality ofthe Colaty to Theorem 4, aed the standard estimatea2 sanatuzzorores waa from Sting’ formate wie Mew yEN ey, 0<0<1 “We leave it to the reader, This shows thatthe degre is bounded when ‘he disrimingat i bounded. “Henge to prove the second sserton, we tuust show at theres only afte nomber of number elds having tiven depres N and given sbeolte value ofthe discriminant d ‘Consider Bleu space ‘Suppose that thee is at Ist one color abeslte value oy, Consider ‘he domain defined by the inequalities leu — al 5 Ca? Feld ich ott ‘where Cy is a lrge constat, depending on N. Hero we denote by ya ‘ment of ett with Cot Fas the ease maybe ‘Then out domain p conver and symmetric with rwcpoct tothe origin ‘Consequenly it sist contain an clement « 7 0 in Since the norm frie aberate value 21 (being a poser rational intege) i flloms from the fst inequality that the absolute vale ofthe imaginary part of « In greater than 1 Henge the two conjugates of «eoresponding to are ddininet Purtherore, « i dines trom any other conjugate, singe ‘Steady its abeclte value ab mois ditinet from its absolute valve at Siete Tene a sa generator for E over Q. Ts equation over Z bas fenficente which ate elamontary symmetric funtions of « and it Sapte, and re therefore bounded ara fention of dana N. Hence sel ean satsy only faite nutber of equations over Z, thereby proving ‘Gar theorem if there isa compl, Tf all abolut values are real the proof i even east since me can Tplce the Bt pir of conditions Sply by ig Cid! and arguo inthe same way Covolry Hermite’ Theorem). La bea fit atof primes. Thar is ‘nla fe number of fle ef bounded der ne Q, ond waramifek inde. ‘Pool. For each prime pe there only finite numberof extensions of Q, of bounded depres, and for such extensions, the dseiminants sre ‘bounded, This immediatly implies abound for the global deriminants, znd re can apply the previous reel to conelude the proa. CHAPTER VI The Ideal Function 81. Generalized ideal classes Let bbe a number fd, and lot denote the mulipeative group of oar fractional ideas." Let P be the subett of principal ideals.” If 6, bare fractional ideals (which we sy from sow on, estead of noraero ‘deal unless otherwise spaced), then we wrivea ~ (eis equlvalent 08) Ie there exists ac such that e = (26 Le. ab-! ia principal fractional ‘deal. Then tho equivalence classes of raetiona dal forma nit group (as we sw in Chapter V, fl), which we ell the ideal ease group. Its ‘onde ie ually denoted by h andi eal the ease number of all now ree the notion of ideal elas group. By 2 eyele (oft) Ie whore # ragis over the normalized boats value off (ndosing the ‘rdiary absolute value or a pai saalute value os Q), with exponents Into) bleh ate integers = 0, ad sch that mie) — Ofer all but Ste ‘umber of ‘Th we ae datereted in asin a multiplicity & 0 to ach absolute value Actually, we shall not care about the complex 8, tnd ifs sal then we oly ere whether mi) ~ O or m(o) > 0. Thus for out purposes, we could take m@) = 0-0 in ease ve rea, and leave ‘ut the complex» altogether, rom a notational pont of view, the Iiteratureextonds the notation p to apply ta the archmedoun bole values By, and sls to sy that ch var "prim", or "pies a infty" ‘We tall avoid this, and raserve p to denote (ooo-ser) prime ies ofa Ife = o for some prime p, we do however la write m( instead of ‘mG. We we peo ef mfr m(] i> 0, and we lo ye that ‘ase that» (or) divides, Weeall mo) the multiplicity of vin Welet oer gan note the oe component of ip corresponds to\ m6 ‘rue wea, FoxoTION via) ‘We denote by cy the product = Le" taken ove al rime el, and eal it ce ite part of ‘We lt 11), oF Tle 19), denote the cet of fractional eal ela tively pra toc (ora ne shal alse, prime tod). Thus (inthe et ot fsctioal ideals not divisible by any Plas ideal» having a mulkip- sty > dine ‘Kent, we ltroduce a eubgroup off as follows. Ife @ 4, we define (od 0) to mean that satises the following two coniton: (Ite rite ion with sulpiity mG) > 0, then a i i the Joon ing yd 1 (med ng, wore m i Uke msimal Leal of). Symbolic, we alo wate {his congruence inthe form ea (node). (G) We in ral abucute value in Mj having mapliity m6) > 0 ing, anders the coesponding embedding of bin R, then oa>0. Tis clear that thooe elements of K* satistyng () and (i) form a group, land we denote tis group by ke We observ that elements of ate nove: fatly unite iy en prime dividing. [Au matter of notation, wo wits 5G to denote the sume of X-consitng of thse elements prime to 6 nt, to denne the subet of X conditing of those element etsy {he congroses relation () abd Gl) “We denote by Pte subgroup of P consisting of those princps mc sion ieals(o) witha eh Then it ear that P, is wsubroup of 1. ‘The acine group 16) wil calle the group of cial lassen, We ‘hall re in'e moment that itis it, and bas the ordnzy group of isl ‘aces factor group. Ife 1, we agro tothe eooveatin thas £0) = 1 js the group of fsctional deals and, = P. Fir we observe that every ideal elas i 1/P bas ropresntative in 1G), Le. has a representative del prime toe. To co thi late be an (steed in given elas mad P. Tf ordya = 19) fr sprite ideal ewe aoe the congrcnoss ana” (ody) wan) memutsenn eat cuisees 5 {or tog the Chinese remainder theorem. We use the notation x for fn element of ordee I at. The ala) ie prime to e Again ang he Chinese remainder there, we am multiply ale") by a etal lige bei intoger inf prime to, to make‘tan sea not feeooal). Th the neanone m1 rot Palo? ‘induce sa komarpiam af factor groups o Tea/P@ = 1, hse P(@ deaota the eoup of ppl ational prin to PQ) = Pate. ‘We nota that P(@) contains P, and we have the tower of eabgroupe 10> P@> Pe ‘We therefore have a srective homomorphism oP. 19/PO = TP. te ern i P(Q)/Py which we sall now analy. We have the surjective homomorphism kt» P, which to each a ‘spodates the pinial fractional deal). True the group of ull2 U. Similarly fF) donates the subgroup af #* costing af thowe de spent whow ideal prime to, then we havea surjetive homomorphism Ho PO ven by oto) ‘The Invern image of Ps precisely the subgroup Uy where U denotes the group of units off Us giving se to the dager ko -F@ hh odie oman ® o/h = Pa/Ps ‘Let RY denote the multipliestive group of ral numbers > 0. Tf isa ral abente valu, then) = Rand 42/2» (0,1). Fo pyle20 ‘run rat. oxen -n() be ts altipinty. We consider the map, o Ho TI mtn’ x Tree eee ee si yo ls i ce i bape dle rece en ates ee ee el sree gen ce a sea ee ape etsamca ae tat cen SAD ma oss ae emu etmi woe " <6) = ender ofthe group (ym sod #9 = Toto. ein lee that ees) = Oo — NIT, ‘We already see that 1(0/P faite, and the andar of 6) i ven in lens of the Wale fonction. “inal, we ave th tower HQ > Uke nd we lok atthe fetor group o Uhjky = UMW Nk) = U/L nhere U, cnet of those waits = 1 (mod* «In the above manner we Ihave usserewed the group of eee asx into varions constituents, ‘hich fe paral allow ta to write down « formula fr its onder. For ‘arity, we waite down the diagram of what we have dove 141 eel hoaPooF i Ustho el Uk “Two opposite vertical bare represent iomorphisms of fator groups. For ack hotiaontl evo, the roup on the Lf isthe inverse image ofthe troup on the ight under the earrespondinghomomorphisa, wa orvmanen mest cise m Theorem 1. The group of cient clase 1(/Pe ie fit. If his he cease of yan i oreo Ty and Be ake of eal ve thn ete” b= @iay ele a reanable convention to dafie #10 = Hte02", satin be arcinatan ot the dfs fh anton ‘Thon we en write helo wey ‘We note that U; being of nite index in, tas loo penta independent units, and the aitive group of “log vectors” of lenente of Uris late i It (esse) ae independent units gonersting U modulo roots of nity, andi (9)... 9) aro independent units generating U; mola toot of unity, then the logs of these units respectively generate Inttioe Jn RY, denoted by log U sad log respectively. We ean define the roqutator Fb Re= leone, pF and j=, 05 r Just athe regulator B can be Intarpreal a tke volume of fndamental domain, so can we intereet ‘Ras the volume of «fundamental domain fr log Ui in Ezample, We conclude this section by an example which isn some sense “typical”. Let k= Q. Hach pin deal ie represented by » prime ‘umber, nd we let + denote the rel abalute value. Let m be an Integer >I, representing sa ideal (m), and Wet c=. Then Une, tonsts of { alone. "Tho group I(e) const of thse ideals prime to ms nd Qya, const of tose postive rational numbers x sich that 1 (aod m) Any elas of Ts)/Pay ea bo represented by an sight progesion of portive integers prio to'm. ‘The ganeralized ideal lca group I 0: morphic to (Z/mZ)*, namely the multiplicative group of integers prime om, mod m. Tha reams our generalised idea ase neal tions of erithmetc progression in wumber leBs sup wean rection wie 82, Lattice points in homogeneously expanding By a lato in RY, we casa a ual» dare subgroup of rank W Let L ba auch laic, aad et D bea subset of RY We dnote by 2D the boundary of D (et of plats inthe eleure of D, not Tying in the interior) We let iD denote the eet of points ts, for te R and = © D. ‘Then OUD) — 3D. We are intrested in an sayemptoti formula for ‘henumber of points of in tD. Tog this, one has to make sore osm tion on the eaothoese of te boundary, follows, Let S be wsubeet of ome cueliean space. A map eS oRT is sid to saidy Lipachite condition if there exists a onstant C euch that forall z,y © we have love) — otal = Cle ah Let 1 deocte the unit cube ia K-pace, that ie the st of pointe Geucss 28) nth OS xy 1 Aaubset Pot sai tobe keLipachite [porametrzable if there existe a faite mumber of Lipshity maps biel whoo images cover ‘Let wis. yay bet bai forthe Latice Z over 7. The set F of al sits te betty OSHS D is a fundamental domain for Z. Then tho sensations F, of F ements Tel cover RY and are disjint. Every element of 2 has a ‘nique representative in F modulo "We let Vol denote volume a N-pace, Theorem 2. Let D ba tbat of RY ond Latte in RY, with fndax snenal domain F Assure tha he Boundary of Die (NW —"I)-Lipacite Perametranle. Ea N= NG D,£) be Be umber of lic ‘poids it. Then ny = kD + ob, ahr the conan nO depend om fy N, and he Zipadt cmon Proaf. Is point ( L lis i (D, Uaan Fy intoretstD. Furthermore, sithr Fis eonainl in te intror oft, or Fr intersect the boundary (7145) ue woxnen or inate n# 4 orves cusss 129 f(D, Lat () = amber of Le L mish tht 1 1D. sm) = number of 16 auch that FC intron of, 1) numberof € euch that Fy interme at. Then mi 5 mi smi +0, and mio Voll) VoleD (mo +8) Vol Henoe ms YEO = mien + 60, ad to conclude the poo, it sufices to erimate b(). Let g:Y— — RO ‘be one ofthe parameteisng maps for» pieo of the boundary of D, with ipshite conctant C. Then ty parumatriaes a crresponding pees of 3D. ‘et (denote che largest integer 3 ta tal. Cut up each side of the unit eube P"~* into adr of length 1. We then get (9 sal ube, ‘Tho image under yo each wall ene has diameter = Cand enee ‘the image under tp ofeach stall cube has diameter C,. ‘The number of 11, such that Py intareets the image of such a smal eube under fe [shen bounded by C, where Ce cogetant depending ony on J nnd Hence uo sour. ‘This proves our theorem. $3. The number of ideals in a given class [Let I be the group of fractions ideale of f,and the eubgroup of ruepal facta! ideal” We are interested inst seympoti fortula for tho numberof ia a » given slam of 1/P soc that Na = for £7 sp. More generally, we want such «formal forthe ideal in = crazed class of 1(0/P; for some cycle «We begin by tktching he ‘Stguroat i tho stl cae. We It, b denote leat (0 fesiona, ‘Let be- lven deal ass mod P, and et 6 be an idea! in tho invereo class For each deal the deal is then principal ideal () one {nine i 6 (because we tok et beanies ro@ ©). We have Nu Se ifand only if Nb) = NGQ) s Nive130 ‘rap tora roxcrion wis) ‘ements, 8 ofa callad equivalent if shore exists unit w such that a= us. Tet (8,0) be tho aumber of idoals ne such that Na 3 t ‘Then (@, 0b the numberof equivalence class of elements § © $0, such at NG Nb-C_ Let U dnote the group of units. Thea U operates, on the sumber ald , but we may als vow U as operting on Euaidean 7 Aico) = WY TE be (Atos comples, we fx a dafinitoidetintion of , with C). Namely, if we U, sad (0) ein WY, then wo) area isthe embedding of in by crroandng to. ements Ey of Rare ad Uo be nthe sme orbit of Uf there este ‘nit such that ¢ = wy ‘Wecandefnethenormon RY = Ay(~),namelyif€= (9) thea welet (oma, xe~ JL 1 yaein the same orhitof U, then cay NE-= No. For $e Axl) welave Nay = ONE Weare of coure interestd inclement {> On and hence it i wtf to deal withthe subet of (se) given by Jo) = TE consisting of those elements having nonter coordinates at all « @ ‘Thon JC) ie stable under the operation of U, and we can doin tho potion af «fundamental domain Din Jc), namely a ubast such that trary obit of U has «unique lament in D. We can then sey that (2,0) is the number of elerente Feb uch that o NesNet and 6D. IE is abst of Aa(z) and ¢ > 0, welt ¥() bo the subst of ¥ cone Slnting of those elements ¢ such that NG = & Attu at we are able fenutructD eh Uhl iD = D for eer reat > 0, Then Deo =e DU), ‘With this notation, our eonditions (1) are equivalent to the condition @ Fe DINED, (EAS) ra sexu oF weaue t 4 oHME coast a snd we gt the fundamental formula 58,9 = n(ON-9, 0,4. In other words, the numberof ideal « € € such that Ne & is equal to ‘he munber of points of the lattice 8 yng in the domain (X8-9DQ) = DINE-9. ‘This rodutes the problem of computing (@ 4) to Theoret 2, §2, provided {at we ean ennatructD() 2 as to sti the hypoth of that theorem, (Ghats, Lipehits parametrimble boundary), or convenience, iti escr to eanstrict a fandamental domain fora free sbelian subgroup of the unit group (.. digs the rots of nit) Tf we do that ae count the numberof points of the lie 6 in such mai then we got where wth asber of root of uty in ‘The whole dseusion ean be appind mote general to ideal eases of 1(@)/P. fll. We shall prove: Lemma I. Let cbe 0 eyle of k. Let V be a free mibgroup of Uc which generals, moto rot of unity. Let Sse) be th bel of Jee) iting of thou Esuch hat > Of else Thae elf ‘menial domain forthe operation of V on Jc, 0) such that = D if > 0, end such Bat D(l) has an (N'~ I)Lipactsparamatzale Pounders Let us postpone for a moment the proof of Len 1. Lt be on idea las of 16) Pande, 1) ete mber oes a ouch that Ne 2 Satet © 8 The map @ ‘ctnblishes a Bijetion between deals of a 2 aud Ucequivalnes eases of elemeats&aatistyng the pai of conditions eee et net Ze “8,0 ont ei {iMeetes $opo- 6 a8. ope We wrote £= 1 (tad rather than §/= 1 (md because our third cmon, that £ D, already guarantess that of > Oi Teal, a, $0 (noi)12 sme wea, roxerION singe D i contained in Jase, ©). The two congroeaces $51 (mode) =0(wod ) and tinea teaslation of the latin Gidea) Se jn RY = (or), ecause IF fp tone solution of thse congrucnes, then the map er sive a Bigtion of the aot of solutions of these congramoss and ey EXote that co ar relatively prime, and the Chinese remainder theorem spplies ke. 2-0 (rad hy) and only =O (mod) sad'2 0 (0d) ) ‘Ths we have shown emma 2. Lat the notation be a Lemma 1, end lt Tbe the ati ‘aia i tonslating yy one auton of te oo congruences above Then eB, equal the member of elomentsof Lyng in eee ‘We are theafre in the nitation diteauod in Chapter V,§2. Obearve ‘thet the vole of fundamental domain for in Re dhe ame es tho ‘lume of fondmental domain forthe tule lato “Theorem 3. Let bee eye of bond lt 8 bw la of 1) malo Then s(R9 = pa 00", ohare nn POR, Navas Ne and Ria the ereuatr, New 2M, 0) fe Be manera el sec is th mumber of ol of ey 6 Uy (is th able al of he deriinant of { parted, f on ondnary eal late modal principal ied, thon PURER gytnty 18,0 = PATE 04 whore the relator, he mame frat of uty in ky nd a ‘ore. Wiss] te west oF mans wy « cree cts 1 Prog. Ta Chapter V,§2, we ad compte the vlumo of fundamental domain for the lattice fan daly abd fund tog £0 2ONINeVE. In view of Lemma 2, there romain only to prove Lem i, costract ‘suitable fndamental domain for Via Jan, 0), and to prove that Vol Da) = 2 Wo sal ezatilly follow Hoke to do this. ‘We proced to taste D. Let ohio, TER. bo the homogenized log map given by 10 (+e ya le ‘Then we set one that the image of gi on sine in the hyperplane conscting of al elaments = ech tt Bratt ad Let (ony) bo a aot of genrator for ¥ and let gf) = ve Then i,--v 4d in bai for lati in and isthe sual nage of thee unis under the log mapping, because for aay ne we have Ny =. ‘We let be the uf fundamental domain for thi Iti in H, ame ‘the seta il near eombinations ete b eat 10). tis immotitaly verted that D ie fundsmental domain forthe setion of Fon Ju(ay¢) and that for any ral ¢> O wehhave(D = D. ‘Thi at ‘onto comes rom the fact that Osa punts outide 8 are in Me Then Ge= Wax Im in a diet product of loaly ompact groups ll but nite numberof Sich arecompact hoo Gea lel earmpact group (produ opeogs), {thd ee ake int nelly compact group by dersing that each uch Gi an open subgrou. Teach Gris enbalded in G onthe component, 8 chs suber. ‘The vet product of the additive groupe with respect to the toc integers (dened oly when » = fr eos i aed the adele iroup of Fonds denotal by As orsnply A. Weeall Ae the Sadeles. “Pu ett product ofthe maltpieative groups & with pect to ‘the waits Uy of ey called the Idee group of End is denoted by J oF ‘Sinply J. (tbe topology om the Sele group i nt the topology indeed tit dite of the aes) We ell J the idles, "We ean enbed the nutter fld in ths dels on the diagonal Since sa lement eof fis 2 adi integer forall bt » Gate number af and ‘Snes we can view a tz embedded in each fy the vector (oy. 4,--) 8 snot. ‘Simiuly, we can ersbed the maltpitive group B* in the dees be- came nonzero clement of kia padi witfr al but finite numberof “Wrecan defna the tace oh adele, Let # bee ite extension of Kand Muah of, oo Gn), Mg, We deie is trace Te) to have Ete ‘Than ite trace ean ade of Silat, me define tho norm ofan idle a .W@) whose momponent is TL Noto) Acconting to Covlary 8 of ‘Thwore 2, Chaplr If, these definitions ‘Se conten wil the emboddiag of Fin and Hin J, and the wal ‘Ucnition of worm and tage om Hel elements. Tn other word, the fol wa, somes 130 owing diagrams ae commutative BS Ay BS wt to yi otw bod Boh Theorem 1. The ete group ki embeded as odie ebro of ihe'okae A) The mulpcate gop fooled oe a dca aroun of Prof. Leta ©. To say that es love to Oin the ale topology means ‘hat oly 2 1 forall but Bite number of © and [ly avery small fora Anite set of «By the product formu, this implies thal a — 0. Hence (is an colated clement of Fin A. Te follows that fi diet in A. The ‘ame argument applied to an element a of close to I shows that Bis Geert in J. 82. Adeles Wo observe thatthe adele frm a topologlal rng (vith sero dvs) it we define multiphintion compocestvie. Ifa isan ds and is an ‘dele then ar can adele. The ap hed sven for enc idle a by the formu hs) = az isa topologies! nae Sulomorpiam ofthe adive group A oot ital. Let denote by Sy Une tet of arcimodean sbecate vues in the cononial et of abot valu Ms. ‘Theorem 2. We hae edad. ‘The factor group Aik compedt. Proof. ‘The Set statment means that given any adele, thee exist sn cement of ouch that 2 ~ a has integral components at al vas ont. This an eay extension of tho Chino reminder there, and fan be done for iwtance ae follows. Given 2< A, let m be rational integer such that me has Intgzal components for all noracchimdeas Let be the set of pies of such thst ye We cam finda algebraic integer in suc that msm (mod y)0 onus ax Ansa wus) forall yin 5 and large v, by the ordinary Chinese remainder theorem. ‘Then + — a/m wl be ntgeal forall pif ufos lage "The Geld Fan be viewed as emboddod in Ducidean space b= sd in that case, tho intges og frm a ation of rank N = (0) in RY. "To show that Ab ls compact we obmerve that given = @ 4 we eam ‘ranlate thy an lament of Hint, Ween then translate an element fof, bY an integer in og in such & woy thatthe renting adele has bounded components at all» © Sy because 0, bas mama rank in I lene very element of A/L basa representative in a compet subeet of Asa. Thin proves that 4 is eompuet. [een fact ery to construct a fundamental domain fr A/ ‘Theorem 3. Let 2, Tat Pate te ec of rb a baie fr the integers of over panned by the vcore Fo with O'S <1, Then P= JLaxr fundamental domain for A rk Prof. Given 2€ A wo ean bring it into Aa, by trnsaton with sn ‘demeatof uniquely determine opto an element of oy. Resisting the ‘onpoceats Yt lie inthe hal-open Interval ar shore determines the letra ter uniquely if we nog thas the translation ave a opr tentative fa ; 88. Ideles In this seton we carry ot an iavestgation similar to that of the ‘eee, bat applied to the multpientve ils. ‘We denote by any faite et of sole values a My cantaning the set Sof achedean abeolute values. or each v fy correponding to a patie valuation, we have the ‘aie intagereo ac the unite Us of o_ Both of Wm are empact groups ‘Bath idee har components 6, all bat Gite number of which loin Uy, We deine wn, 3) ones “a snd All but a fnite number of terms of this product are equal to 1,50 the Driduel ie well defined. Furthermore, the map lal ene hmomonphiem sort fF oat tho mutpiatve group of postive real numbers. This mp i ‘bvioulyeoutinons, and is herd ra eloed subgroup of J, denoted bt iy the product formula, is eortained in J? andi a elas dare subgroup of J ‘Ther ls 2 tsturl homomorphism of J ont the factional deals of oy. Indes, givens idele a= (0) each li in Ky Iti padi, then wo ‘tape of the order of nary the integer auch that we cas ith prime lement and a unit win Up Welet rem onke "Thon r= 0 for almost alls, and therefore re ‘i fratonal eal, sko denoted by (e). The map a = Te J a homomorphism of J onto the group of factions! dala Te, whose ered Je, “Thus weave an komorphiem II, TIP, where P isthe group of pricpal fettiona dons and 1/P i the group teal so, ‘This group eat nd thas we enlarge Seta et ‘Which caatalas enough pies we ean fod such an that Joes1a nuns AND ABELES wis ‘An clement of F¥ viewed ssn dees call a principal dele. Ite ssn ideal principal iden We therefore have an induced oma- ‘Sorphsm from J/E* onto the Mes laces Tho factor group J/A* will ovalld the group of Hele clones and wil be denotoit by Cx (or ifthe ‘Sterne to is eer), Te cataie the elosedeobgroup f= J° ZR Tev'S be Seite subeot of containing S..Thon J a open sub- soup of J, and J§ an open subgroup of J®. ‘The intersection Jane srl be denoted by and wil be elo the group of Sunite, I 68 Gocreteabgouy of Fg (bvien an if S~ Sten Ky amply te ‘Poup of uns of he go negro, namely Hs te set of ents TECE sich that fap ~l for Ser The factor group Jal called the aroup a Sle Say, ad W denoted by Cyr We have mata fein crac, Choe tod under thee incision, the smaller group is mapped onto an open fod ehaed subgroup of te larger grow (laments vergestion) Tn ferme of idle, he first nelson can be weiten JeSs Enden be Si Sols S/he and we have a topoogiel and algerie isomorphism MIs = C/Cs: 16 $= Se thon J/g, i isomorphi to the group of ideal lasses (Le, Fractional ideal elses)) and is finite, ‘Thus for any 8, the group Wiese = 6/0, which a hosorboreb age of Can salto Hite In partivalt, Je, can be viewed tthe kernel of the homomorphism fd nto the group of eal clans, We ean Intrpos J in similar ‘roy: asthe karl of the homomorphism onto the group of ideal cles Tepreenled by Hea "relatively pens fo 8” in the obvious messing to be attached to thee words) ‘Theorem 4. The facr grasp J°/k* = C* i compat, Sos IY for ony finite 838 Provf. Let yd oR ‘be the map mhich to each ele @stointes ye) — fl, Then 4) wm, sa moms a nd so i deltned on Jf. Te kernal is °. For any rea number p > 0, wwelet J” yl). Then Os topologically isomorphic tC Indeed, ithe consider an Idle = oo ad having component pl¥ at alle Sa nd 1 others, then 4a) = p and (r= 9. Teil therfore suice to prove that Cis compart for ome p Lemma. There zis a cosante(k) > 0 sich that for p > e and ll (2 ther exits om eomento © Eau at 15 fone sy) elle eate Fro wring a Theor Oo H, Caper, teresa enent for lly € My. This implies 1g lets fore and abo for ay 6, taal, = lcs 2 f= TE els $3 ss dca us 1a padi, then the vals oa ae ofthe frm. 10,1, NB ND, sod thete in ony a rite numberof y such that Np p. We take p > e, {nthe lemma. We ean consti tat there xt § euch that 1 feel, s0, ves Iai, ves. Lat X be he aubet of J desi by these conditions. Then X i of type Uf anmatsio) x Tvs snd each frtor i ompast. (Each annulus tthe annulus between 1 end (6) Hence X is compact. In the canonical map Jaern romans Axo apeuns (Wu 58 the set X maps onto compact subset of which contains *, Hence OP ‘compat, a wart be shown Th soneinon for 3/4 follows at one. We ean recover the unit theorens from the compactoes of J®/8, without the arguments af the end of §, Chapter V.. We iniete how thie ‘an be dae, Given al S > 8, let eb dhe numberof elements of §, We map log: Js by the log murine, sD Goel De “Then J maps ito the hyperplane determined by the exaation fbr eae. Call this hyperplane °~!, Te group ky maps ont a diseote subgroup ‘Of RY Todeed, ins bounded region of I, thre is aly finite number of elements of fog). (This cler, since precribing «bounded region Of Rin eet defines bounds on the abecutevalus of an eloment of ‘and hence bounds oa the cotieints ofthe equation which this mont ‘atiies over Z) Theor 5 Thsmae lh) i Snr abou frank a = Prof. Note Gs that £°~* is genratd (over W) by log(9), boeae wwe can pick #1 coordinates in arbitrarily, and hun adjust the lst ‘coordinate (at an areimedean boolute value «sp thatthe gama of the Togs equa to. Let W be the subspace generated by lg). We have + eontinuaus homameephisn Jifte snd the image of our homomorphism gonrats °-¥/1 asa veetrepace fover Rut ths image isthe continous image ofa compact ee, hence ‘compact. It fellows that WH" thereby proving our seein ‘The Keroel ofthe log mapring eoeits exactly of the rots of unity in, becauce It isa subgroup coniting of elements al af whose baste ‘vals are bousdad, and hence a faite subgroup. For computational purposes, we hall now destibe how to construct a fundamental domain forthe factor group J74* 'We select one sbrlute valu to in Suy and let tbe the eomplerent ofp in 5. Tha the etetion af theo mapping to Uae danatd by L (wut 54 sea, cuss Gkovrs; ete cuasees us. Wee that bh soaps J2, onto Busidan rspece, where r = ry — 1. Tho sues {vty follows froma the fat that we ean sled + eospontate of un dele nS, arbitrary, and then adjust Ue component at #0 a8 10 get an sdemeatof J Tet (¢} (= I,--.y1) be a base forthe gioup of unite medulo toate ‘of unity ‘Then the veetor Ca) ate a baie of Rand for any be, wee ean write 10) = Dailed wit nique el nur, Let Pb he parton in space panned by the vectors), that ie the ct ofall vets Eaten with OS x <1, Let we the numberof rots of unity in, and et an BY = cult of bin HP) such that O Sarg by Leth be the order of the ideal elas grow, and let... 3 be erants of J® such that thir asocited eal represent the dite del eases. We then have the following result. Theorem 6, The eit B of J* costing of 6 yo ut 4 a fundamental domain for J® wd Proof. Starting with any idle bin J9 we can chang it ito an ele “which reproserte principal deal by dividing hy» uniquely dtarined {BO atakphnton by Bld element beings ua to anil reproscating ‘he unt ieay and therfore takes the Mele into JA change by unite Tands un °(P), and Sally eulipliestion by a toot of unity adjusts the argument atop land usin BY Tee clear that tis nal repeat tive in Bis uniquely dotrmined, Urey proving cur theater. 84. Generalized ideal class groups: relations with idele classes Let cho eel of Ife, we may now interpret inthe completion by follows, If» = tor some pie ely elt be the mail Blea i he completion = gy I lpity mG) i eetM6 ronute Axo neu wu 4a Leben ry Ife and m() > 0, we define o = 1 (mode) to mean hata Ger and an 1 aod.) Ifrin ral we dee as 1 (mod «) to snean ¢ >'0. ‘Thur we ean extend the ration mod? eo ile Thais sa Hae, we dain @ = 1 ea ©) 0 mean that ay = 1 (end fr al Welet J denote the grovp of eles asuch that a= 1 (odd). Thani is clear hat = J. For each sf we it We) be the subgroup of KF consisting of thse elementsa cH such tata = I fod) Ie then we at WG) = Uy Xe group of load ute We et Wom Imo Toe ‘By eamsenton, i i eal or comple, welt U, = “Ltting I! be the rteletl produc, we can write Jo= TW I iste, than W(0) = Ri the group of real > 0. is complex, the aleays Wo) = C* fy is nomarchinedesn, coreponding to the prime p, aud If vas smuliplcty m > Ong then Wie) = 14 mi, where nya before is the maximal idea inthe complet eal rng We tay ay that We) i a de of centr {ia the adie eld. Te lear thatthe colistion of forms a fundamental system of open subgroup ofthe idles a the deny. In other words each 7s ope, ‘odiven an open suberoup of J containing 1, Ure exists some euch that ‘his rabgroup contains ‘Werov conser the relations wih dele cacss, Any idl as (coment cof 1) has ropreeetative ile in J for any given €Taded, given 64, by the approximation thorem, there exists w © E* such that "iat Je (Select «so theta — a ie very lose to Lat all ead then Sivide by‘) Te follows that we have am srr for ech eoresponding to the digram yod Jab ah oe. wi 54 sweat cL4ss onovrs; torte exssees 1 ‘We have the natural honoraria rhe en @ shiek wo eah dele associates its ideal (2) Ibe clear that ¢ (= ie Tejetive, Furthermore, we have Pr) = be deed, fa J; and (2) = (2) for sore a Ey then (ale) = (), whence 'a = bien ideal of whose omaponents ae nits, Tes dear ‘that b= 1 (mod* and by defaition, be We Thus we havea diagram 4 S19 ea PP) = Pe ‘Thus the genera ideal clase group hat been express san dele class We now consider certain intermediate groupe between kV, and Jy comesponding fo nom groups of finite extensors, Tet Ik be « Galen extension. A eye ¢of F will be aid to be sudmisibte for K/k i (0) i egtained in the group of local norms [NK for euch» sad ulin IC Tere we abbreviate Nea Nh toe the local norm. Since K/ i Galois, we ean alto write need of [Ne Coons ll the w above sven sare connate by an lornt ofthe Galois group) vis achimedesn, and wl in K, wo say that w is unramied over «| IK y = With this convention, ios any abeolte vale of By and i K/Lic nranife over, then evary unit in U, ea lca wor, ‘This tbvious Ise real or eompley, and in the not-arhimedeae es, follows {rom Chapter I, $4, Caollary of Propestin 0 ‘We may say thnt x eyle isle than nye ¢ if. There i obvie coal smallest admis eye ffor K/k- Ten outh that fr nova ‘modean v corresponding top, the open dice Wi) i the largest dsc in 1, centered at 1 entatned in the Incl norms at, forall Ofcourse ‘fs unramifed, then 07 fand thi die eal of Uy dn somerphicmus rontes sso anes wu 64 Let (9) = 806 K/k) denote the aubgroup of TQ consisting of all oes NBL where Ma fractional deal of K, prime to fe. by defi- ion atively pine to every pie eal of Tying above some prime idea 9). The cubgroup Pa@ cio ‘sof erent importance in clam fl ehory. Ts usful ony if adie ‘ibe for KT that ese, we have: ‘Theorems 7. Let cb adsl fr K/h and lel be the mallet adeno Gelefor Ki, Pho he canon 19 > 100 nde an iomorphiom 1 > 10) erage = mr. Pt = PO We have Pi) He) = Pex. If cis ible only By Be same y euch hat thon Pe) = PRD. Pronf. Lat 1(0 be euch that © = (@)f0 with some b in 1h 0 prime fof and sone @ auch that am 1d). We expres ats & Toeal norm at al i 57 for oa, We ean take 4 bea unit. By the approximation theorem, ‘hem ext? € Keach that NET avery eles toatl. For insane, tate elo fo for on laud else to I for the other wl, and enc Sif) Wenn alloc such that ody? ~ ord forall Bp, ¥I Then axe {sles to 1 at all fs prime to aad = GE DNE(OnD). Since a i rib to follows that Vf fee sunt at aloe, We use ‘he approtmationtheoem gui, andthe fact chat every sant «norm isle bt off to Bd an element yin A ich What) sa uni forall, te and on NE NE vas) ‘on lish orovPS; ELE cases 19 Is very dow to 1 ll oe pei ay 1 (od. Thea a= anton, Pan(, thereby proving both assertion ofthe theorem, We ar interest la in reprcenting the factor group 1Q/P:x(@) ‘factor group of the idle We have figram otha 2 #10 1 I m6) Pao i ke Let Jp(le) denote the subgroup of Kidelee contig of those idle Ac Jr having component dy = 1a ll wf and ve. We eontend that eMPm(@) = KWAN TR ‘Tosco this let abe an idee in J, cach tht 0) = (@)¥ Far wome @ Eh sd ome ideal of K relatively primo toc. Let A c Jj have component ‘y= forall wl and fora arehnpedean and for all uth that Bis relatively prime to. TFB ooeus ia the factorization of, we let Avg have the same order at as itsll. Then from the defnitony, we seothat (Ea) = Fa. ‘Therefor (NEA) ~ (0), and ence aNFA dif fom a by an element of W "Thi proves on inclusion of our contention, and the revere inl ‘ion is obvious, We obtain a iomerhin dew NET, = 1O/P HI. (On the other hand, corepontng tothe inauson Je CJ, we contend that ENE a.= (Px) ‘that me have the diagram hoe I Le YH) hte i ir10 atrs Axo ADEEES sa ‘Ths verification uses these typeof teva technique a above, sn the Saunplioe that Wee Af. We leave it tothe reader. We thin obtain ‘Stomorhiom ofthe eoespondngfelar groups, whieh we summarie ina theorem. “Theorem 8. Lt Ki ba Galois etotion. Let be ine or Kk ‘Thon we hase an eomorpien IAENEDE = TO/PRC. {he somorphie i inde by the iomorphiom Jk = 518, ois bythe ideal ep b+ () of oto I "Thus in Thorem 8, Wo atch ie ewe fre ect an dele 3 the same ‘ost mod f* such that be Je. We thon map b on its deal (). We have (Ge Pax if and only ia € BNE. In this manner we have Fepre- {eet ie idle factor group J/2°N' a6 an ideal ease factor OUP ‘Observe thst the norm mup applies to the dle clases, nd that CuNtee = Fut: “Thus the factor group in Theoret 8 can ala be viowed as an ie lass tgoup. Weshall tad i apecaly inthe clas Gd tory, ad wo shall find thst i Kk i abelian, then the Gabis group G(K/) sfomorphic to thi foctor group. We shal allo exhibit the womorphism expt. oample, I we reconsider the example given at the end of Chapter VI, ft we take k—Qatd lt = Qf) be the ald blaine’ by adjoin A pemitivew-thrntof unity 12. Lote = stp. Then iis eal vered ‘Dut Pat is ply the wn las i (2/m2)* Lee ropreentd by the thts progestin of pedive eters 1 (Kody). Toe this let 7 be prime suber, pl, 0 that pis uated In K. Tat =e ‘be the factorization in K, with» = py. Let Oy be the decomposition group clin G. ‘Then Gy i eyelle,gnerated by the sutomerphiow ¢ ork st rene? (ood, (econ) ad ie determined by its elect on fay which it coer “thos the onder ofthe order ofp (nm) in 2/mi). 1 he oad IVIL§s) —uanoorse of AP nv mun roras cxasees 1 ges so that Np hen f= fm) = K-91, sud i precisely equa to this order. In particular, =1 (aod), thus showing thatthe norms of idals prime to cle inthe unit elas, in the idele classes We consider te deo cass group Cy = Ja. We hal embed the ralkiptonive group of postive reals Rin J= Jy, im $i Lat TEEQL fp eR", we dente by othe del = OM 0M 11d or its idle clas (to be made clear hy te context), The map ae LR x OR Oy Oa is then an alphas ismerpint of the product onto Cy andi in obi ‘ously continous, Infact, teal bcostnuout, Thies senialy teva Tan le las aioe 1 in Ce, the ican be represented by an idle {oloto tI at Jango se of absolute yl, dn ariclr a alls © 8 ‘Thus if [ll = p, theme, it slow to 1, and aa close to Tals, thus boing tht te ive of a omar i oon 1, whe Tet bean sbsolute value on k. We can embed inthe eles, on the ‘component, namely ie EH, then wo identity e with the ile em Goto tt, hhevingat the component, and 1 et allother componants. Th composite Hosauie =o. 1s then obviously s continuous injective homomorphinm of ht into Cy Teisegin verified easly hati a tol ebedig eis bzotions, Infact itv be padi. Wo ean wete Ba a ret product. Boy x ey ‘whore (=) isthe evelic group generatd by prime clement wink, and2 tories avo ADELES| cuss, {Us the group of lel alts in, The eyeie group (x) has the dierete topology, 0 that Heaxu. tho Hele clas of an element 7u (we Up is low to 1 in Cy then fe" = [eto must be eons to, and tis proves he Dicontinnity AU, whence everyere snee our eoxposta map i an algebraic 0- ‘aorpism betwen Kt and its age in C ‘Ter the oop of Cy with RE x C2, wo see Ut (a) coro. sponds to dierte eycie subgroup of R¥ namely the subgroup generated Uy Na, aod Uy crmsponds to subgroup of C2. Recall tht both Uy Sand Cf are compact, Thue Kf embeded aba coed eubgoyp of Cs "The citation when vir archimoen f sala, Hf ny,» comple, acanxc, where Cy isthe maitptictive group of complex numbers of absolute ‘aloe 1 "he argument proceeds 2 before. Warning. 1f Sis «Gait ot of shel values on hy then one obtains sini continuo injetive nap deo but this map is not bicontinuouy, ie, not @ topological embedding if ‘Shae move than ope slement $6. Galois operation on ideles and idole classes “Lot bea munber eld a before, and let ocksok be an iomorphim, Bach» © Mh it then mapped on an abvolte value oa, daied by [eel = lal seh, les yeek ble “Then induces an otmorphiem on the completions, uniquely determined by entity, and again denoted by 9, manely ach Hee (WHT 66) Gao ormeamiow ox ipELES axo wuss ctasses 153 ‘We shall apply thie to the ecw af finite extension B/h, Consider the prodct ms ‘which occu at partial produto the adols of B. (Put IF would sve the cae dzesion fr ieles) Tf isan isoraorhism of cover b be leaving fixed, then o operates on the above product in & naturel way, namely if fede IL Be, tha os (eo, and thon dust an ioe 2 Tene, (0), ‘where w! ranges over those elements of Mex tsh thst wp. Tn particular, suppor that Ke Galas over bandit © G(K/2) ‘Thon ¢ permtes thre © Mx wich tht we, and henoe ¢ induees a, sstomoephism Wx. Tk. “The group G permute the factors Kz anstively, became the ements of @ permute the aleclute valu wp transitively. The sme apliea to ‘ther products taken fr for instance the predut Tu Imhere Uy ithe group of les ute in Ku in the ease when ve pa "Thi product that ease oan lio be rte Tv ‘We shal stay this type of operation in grester detail in Chapter IX, 61 Tin the operation of @ on sch a produ as the subgroup of @ leaving on factor Ku lnariant isthe subyroup Gu ie the decomposition group of w, costing ofall .@ @ such thal tt = We had already considered that subgroup inthe contest of ‘rime ideals, Chapter $5.1st nuns axo annies vv, 8) “The above dicusion applies to eles, beeause the eles of ae the ‘lon of the eubgroape where S ranges over Site subsets of My, and ech patil fstor ten over wl & Gravarint. faaly, we note tat @ Isves K* invariant, and ee induos an sulomorpism ofthe idee dase group Jx/K*. Sine the operation of 30 ‘meat € 6 on Js cbvioalybiootinvus, follows that the autor ‘ports indueed By ¢ on Cs sleow topological isomorphism. “We have natral embeddings A, Ag and J > creesponding to Inclusions ky = By for, We lav tothe rar the veriation that vhs and J = Jy> For each Gite extension B of k we have aturat homomorphisms Auk-+AgiE and Jyh = ,-+J/B = Cn. ‘oth ofthese homomorphiems are injective, Le. are embeddings, Perhaps the east way to see this eto woe th beginning ofthe exact sequence forthe eshomelogy o groupe a follows. Without Iss of generality we fay assume that Bie Galo over E.Say forthe map Ax/B— Axi, ‘the short exact sequence 0-5 Kan hal 0 ves rise to the exeteohomology sequence 0+ BYR) + Ag) = MAK) ~ PUD ‘Bat H(K) = 0 because K hae 2 normal basis andthe representation of ‘the Gall group G on Ki sealocal, with trivial lea component s0 we ‘an apply Lama 2of Chapter TX, $1. Since £°(K) = and 5(Ax) = Ay sre obtain the somerphis Aull (A/D. andin particular we obtain the injection of Aint AK, ‘he proo for Jille= G+ Oh {ollows exact the same pattern, after using Hilbr's Theorem $0 i. the tivity of H1(K*) intend ofthe tality of #7). CHAPTER VIII Elementary Properties of the Zeta Function and L-series SI. Lemmas on Dirichlet series Wo rel the forma for sri by prt f(s) sh) ae soon of emer umber ad if wt Aemevtor tty and Bea Bt he to the paral ram hen Eadie Ande +E Aatbe bao West coer ero z vbere fa} is a sequence of complex number, and eis a complex variable Wevntes=a-titwithe, rel ‘Theorem 1. Ifthe Divs sree Eon consent for some #= sy then concn fray + wh Bele) > do ~ Rel} form ov on ‘ampli of he raion. Proof. Write nt 4, gods the folowing serie by parts 1 2S Uf Palos) = Day an/m, than the tl ends of this Diihlet series are given for > why 4 1 Pi, ee eee ¥, reps aa aewana) sh we einai int vals 1L8 > Dand Re) 2 6 EATCSESESIal lle np — alot {Tis pore the thewen ring tat ce Dit eevee fr sme i th ATT Sante tat he secs ergs or Bt) > tn TOUTS RCatscion at eonvergeen so wesc tht thee oe Tete Rapin te ait of he nee = eb don sh Snvene orn wide © e te Duh srs ones 4. = 018") ‘cae thew erm ofthe serie tends ta, [followsin particular that he Divichlt series converges absolutly and unformly or compacts for 7st, then wo most hve Rel) Berets, £5 > 0. Thsisimmesiatly aon by corapatison with thesres C1/n'* ‘We hl aw derive» saa erin ing a0 estimate forthe partial oma ofthe suients of the serie, Theorem 2. Assure tht ther itso number Cando, 2 0 such that Lgl = as foe ba Cate fur lt. Then th aba of comergece of Dyfi & 6 Prof. Summing by pasts, we Sand form = m, n— ra= et ald ohop abt auf Lat § > Oand let Ree) 2 3 + ‘Then vu ramos ox pntenLas names 1 ‘whenoe taking the rom from = m+ 1 to we Sd 1 efecH 1 eo — Patol s Seok ‘This proves our theorem, Lat wo=5k, Applying Theorem 2 shows at) is amin dened by the sien for Ree) > 1. Namely we have oy = 1 in this case. Furthermore, we Ive free > Ts 3 [dees si+ ‘This follows immesiatly by comparing the insite sum with th intra ones for #> 1, we havo 150-1 6. ‘We shall prove ina moment tbat ¢ ean be continued analytically tothe line ¢'= 0, aa that itis analytic exept pos fora tngularity at ‘= 1. "The preceding estimate thon impli that £ has © single pole ‘ste 1, with eidue equal to 1. "To act the analytic continuation, we we ‘onside tho alternating set funotion imple trick, namely we a) ate ‘Tho partial sum ofthe eoofcansof this Diichlt seis are equal to 0 cor and therfore aze bounded. ‘Theoram 2 shows that £4) is analyte fora > 0. But Bro + ro = 10, sod tee no= (13h) 09 By soalte continuation, this seady gives an snalytis continuation of $ torte linea = 0, and me mist til sow that there are no ples except at156 wnoreartes of mix et voXCTON ax Z-senns [VIIA £51, Thine easily doe by considering 1 eae) poe patty teh r= 28.1 Ten ut fo wh a an Wits couieiets of ty are bounded by ry whence f is snalytie for old) > 0. Furthermore, by a siilar argument as before, we get [ee ‘From the expression with fa, we see that the only posible poles (other {han at ¢— I) oooor when 2" = 1, or equvaenty, when arin foe? 1 or some integer n. Using fa, 040i the same way that the only such oles occur o> gt [Atany such ple wehave 3" = 2%, which shows ~ n =0. Thisproves: ‘Theorem 3. The zl function {a i anal for Re(s) > 0 een for Empleo ate =I, wh residue 1-17 3> 0, the eis Yn" cncerges {Enory on compose and abo i he rpion Rela) = 13. For application tothe Lois we considera special ease of Theorem 2, init the iyphese ie mado more preci ‘Theorem 4 Lt (0) basque of complex bers with patil ss tat Oy Sty and aavume tht there a complex number p, and G5 aguck thal jor alm we hare Hay mel 3 Om, ori ober wards, by = np O(6). Then th fonction H0= Zeal ined bythe Dil erie fr Be) > 1 ha nana coninuntin tity Sey whe i ana r«alepa wih ren# Prov. ‘The pro! is obtained by considering fe) ~ a, end applying ‘Theorems 2 end §dizely va, 2) eta ronerios oF A womnan rm 180 82. Zeta Junction of a number fatd Wehave for Rel) > 1: vo = Ty Cet = the product being taken over all prime numbers p. ‘To se this real {hates complex number with [|< 1, then log +) is dined by the ae seri Thue the sm 3) Emn(1-7) eee See ee ence ie oes ‘Sanat fates foveal he scomtte re he 110 = B as he sum being taken ovr all pre aumbersp and ll ntgers m & 1 Observe thatthe sum 1 coerce willy bsley for Rel) H+ 81> 0. Nee = comtibutes to the singularity ate ‘We ue the notation fe) ~ 2) to tn that two functions which have a sngulvty at 1 df by funtion wish is auaySe a1 rotation, we have this sod 1 oe te) ~ D4 ~ bo. [Next considera number fd & with (k:Q] = NI pis a prime ideal of spp, andi Np = 9 where fy = de isthe degre ofthe residuejun.) 160 rnoeanries op me 2 FONCTION AND Lees ls field extension thon we have Ene. Wie define the Doiskind seta function no = Is ‘Tho sun ofthe logit of the trms ys forely Ea og or Rai) o> 1 hn amined by x 2g wast) Lar Cosel te sam the ots of th es of ete ca arses unm fore 1+ 6 ok Fie the ce af fo-~ We can Chen exponentiin and maltiply out tho product, We find the adative expression Ene tatien overall nonzero ideals «afk, Just as with ffs), meals find Ho) loc 0) ~ ER So far, we have sed only the analytic and very simple statements of 1 Wel shal we the smemst tore refined results of Chapter VI $5 ‘Phoorem 8, For evry ial lst of Ue ideal elas group 1/P we deine 108 = Dxe ‘the no = Frew Ie we waite : t= ES ‘en the petal sum Ay = ay +++ + is equal to; 9), the number (Of idats in & with Nez m. Combining the relt of Chapter V1, $8, un, sama yoxeriow oF 4 nomnEH MELD 161 ‘Theorem 3 and Theorem 4 ofthe presaing srtion, we fi ‘Theorem 5. Lat bbe a number fa 8:Q] = N, and let be on eat laze "Phen i anal for Ro) > 1 — 1/3, eel fora ple pad Hy wih rere p en by pa eee, wide {The same hse for #0, eset that he reid i pall hp, where the case mend. Similarly, sing the etimates for th numberof deals in eal lass, we obtain: esealizat Theorem Se. Lele a ecleof band let bea las of 16) mo Pe hon 8) is analy for Rol) > 1 — 1/0, ezzp for a simple pole em Ih reap, ose in There 8, Chapler VT, 88, depeaing ‘only on ¢ ul natn @. With notation which wil not be misleading because of the cholo of letters, we ean deine the product taken over ase prime Heals not dividing ¢. We have Nad = Ze, HOM, sod thie yields imoditaly Corollary. The fancin f(s,2) 8 orale for Rels) > 1— 10, cep for‘ eimple plea o = 1 with reidue py where hf th order of te group TOP "The preduet for fle) fers fom the product for ra) by only 8 fit amber of factors, conreponding to thoes ye Thit Yee elation102 rnormarns ors neta ponents ap L-sonues (VIL ES] between p and namely Es) ‘artermore, this faite product does not affect the singularity of the Jogarthn ot Ip and ents wes ‘Theorem 6, ‘The eqitlence ~ denoting the property of difering by 0 fveton anal as ~ 1, hae log f) ~ lg il, nd toe io ~ Eh §3. The L-series {Let G be fnite abelian group. ‘The character group consists ofall homomerghicms of @ ito the makpieative group of rots of unity. Tt ira chasetr of 6, ther axe ‘ Bombe WE “Thine wily seen: Ix = 1, the statoment i lear. FX + 1, then for ome y eG we bavex(y) #1, Then Zw= Ew ‘Our ssston follows. (We note that the proof apples to a compact ‘Shelan group, the mm being replaced by an integral nd the Maar ese Sir being nota het g(@) = 1] ‘ie shal apply this to the Bate sbelin group @ — 1/P of del eases inn number feld&, More generally, we slot a cycle cand apply this to the faite group 0) — 10/2, of generalized ideal cases, For esch Guractar 1 of, we have the valve X(0) for any ideale (We ‘fine the Lvaies, x) Exe. oo = Ne [tis clear that the infinite product converges absolutely and uniformly [i thosome manner asthe product for the ata funtion f() and that we i.) ‘me seams 1 ave fora >, eg bis,x) =F 20. ‘As befor, from the point of view of convegenes to Res) > 1/2, we an ‘do amy withthe terms having m & 2, c0 Ut @0~ >, eet ~ EAD ‘ad thie holds whether wo sum ove al or merely overall those p such ‘hat deg = 1. Weal have obviously th Dirichlet sres eprsetation non= 5 ‘nd immoditaly from the definitions, collecting terms, W6.X) = EW ®, taking the sum over the lames @ of 1(0/Pe ‘Using Theorem 3 of Chapter VI, $3, we can now prove one fact about he Leeras £2) which distinguishes trom the wa fnetion ix #3 ‘Theorem 7. The Diller for Iys,X) ss conseget in te half plane Re(e) > 1— 1/8 if Xo i, and representa LX), which ot relic ht half plane Proof. By Theorem 3 lac. et. we know thatthe numberof eas «in| ‘given ola such that Ne wie equal tothe same number 9, with ‘terror term Ofe'). Using Uh remark atthe begining of the section, ‘oncering the eum ofa nae-teoal character over the elmant of « its ‘tin group, we ecelie What the partial eam of to coeiscnte of tho Dice aoe the estimate ra. ‘We oan therefore apply ‘Thvores 4 of §L (ith p = 0) to eonelade the roo. ‘We shall epply the Ls to study tho decomposition of primes in alan extanstora Io general, We reall hatin Seite eension Z/E, ‘prime p off sid to split completa if there sre ext [= atnet Prime of B lying above. For ead uch, fallows that the exension a(n!VO) wnonaaiae or min set voxcmox axo Z-semes (VI 8 ofthe reidu clas fd hus degen fp) = 1. We et Sze be the set of ‘mes of bwbich split completely i Tet Kk be Galo, and let be a yee of & divisible hy al the ramified primes. (That's all we ary gong to need fr tho ret of this seston but ‘phat slr in fet that ei adele in the sense of Chapter VI YL) Consider the intermediate group 1 >PRO>P, bere a) i the group of norms of factional ideals of K, prime toe. or any 9 of band Bip in K, we have wis yon, ‘Tharp splits completely in Ki and ox wormed, "The factor group ise norm ftom K, and pie apes wil be of fondamental importance in class eld theory, and we shall use ‘xpecaly its order (uo :Paxea) (called the norm inde) in various tecnica! steps in the prats of the ‘hs Geld teary. Using what we already know about Zseris, we ean State and prove basi result about this one. Universal Norm Indes Inequality, Lat ¢ be die bythe ramified primes of Kk. Then (19 =P) 5 HL Inher ord, the norm ines at mat eua the dgrn of he exten, Proof. Let H = Pax) and eth = (16:1). Lat x bea noon shamntar ofthe fator group (O/H "Thon X ray aso be viewel 8 3 ‘harater of 1(/Pe, Let n() bt onder of te tr of LX) ate = 1 ‘Thun mis) 2 0. (We sal ve in a moment that m0) = 0) Welle Lio.) = te — YP t00. ‘Then og E(,%) ~ me og (6 1) = = 00 crm sa ven rates ro or Ra) > Vad ay ante x f 19, an wie etn ~ MOE she ‘aia ha um ovr al hrater of 16/8. Wo nd + E loa tte ~ DE Me) Tx Comin ont rel ale «> 1 +— 1, and sgn 2 to man {hoe the stad soso hana oat te lee a se pn sams constant, neghboriood of |. Foreach» © Sy there are enacly = (C8 primes 8 of K lying ebovep. ‘Thus wef Ion PEt mh rom this we coulade tht mx) = Of allx » 1, and the inequality sw {ats out a the sume te. This conludes te pros. In view of Theoram 8, Chapter VIL § wo ean formulae our inagulity for idler anil lates Carolla. Lt Kt ba Galo extension of dere N. Then GrWNER) g ond (Cun) 5. ew bes conenuenge of la eld theory that infact, dhe nem index in equal to tho degre of the mama sbliansubleld af K. ‘Asuming mois of ela eld thory, we shall Indieate In the next section how the sume arpument which yar toed to prove ou universal ineqnality oan alto heed to prove a more general Jest ststament for primar in crtin weal el groups Conversely, nrg the net etion oe lan serves st motivation forthe theorems of elas eld theory. Te act, historally, he prose how one ws Ted hen