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Veinovic PDF
Veinovic PDF
Ključne riječi: koeficijent propusnosti, metoda zadanog protoka, Key words: coefficient of permeability, flow-pump test,
hidraulički edometar, troosni uređaj. hydraulic oedometer, triaxial cell.
Sažetak Abstract
Određivanje koeficijenta propusnosti jedno je od najčešćih Permeability tests are one of the most often performed
laboratorijskih ispitivanja u geotehnici. Konvencionalne metode koje experiments in geotechnics. Conventional methods conducted by
uključuju mjerenja uz pomoć edometra i troosnog uređaja imaju oedometer and triaxial apparatus have many disadvantages, the most
brojne nedostatke od kojih je najznačajniji dugo vrijeme trajanja significant being the test duration. As a consequence, errors in
pokusa iz kojeg može proizići i pitanje točnosti podataka. Modernija permeability measurements could occur. On the contrary, by applying
metoda mjerenja zadanim protokom znatno ubrzava izvođenje pokusa, modern flow-pump method, permeability measurements can be
a uz primjenu odgovarajućih uređaja može se dobiti funkcijska veza obtained much more rapidly. Moreover, the permeability/void ratio
između koeficijenta pora i propusnosti. Ovo je naročito interesantno relation can be obtained by using adequate laboratory devices. This is
kod jako stišljivih materijala obzirom da promjene koeficijenta particularly important for soft materials, since their permeability could
propusnosti mogu iznositi i nekoliko redova veličina. U članku su vary within several orders of magnitude depending on the variation of
predstavljene prednosti i nedostaci mjerenja metodom zadanog void ratio. The article presents advantages and disadvantages of the
protoka u modificiranoj troosnoj ćeliji i hidrauličkom edometru u flow-pump method performed in a modified triaxial cell and hydraulic
usporedbi s konvencionalnim načinima mjerenja koeficijenta oedometer, in comparison with conventional constant head and falling
propusnosti. Ispitivanja su obavljena na uzorcima otpadne kamene head methods. The specimens were prepared from the waste stone
prašine dobivene završnom obradom arhitektonsko-građevnog dust, which is the product of final dimension stone processing.
kamena.
Uvod
uporaba vodovodne vode kao eksperimentalnog
Mjerenje koeficijenta propusnosti obavlja se u fluida, a u slučaju specifičnih potreba, npr.
geotehničkim laboratorijima gotovo redovito pri svakom ispitivanja materijala za brtvene slojeve
ozbiljnijem inženjerskom zahvatu. Zahtijevana točnost odlagališta otpada - uporaba filtrata iz
dobivenih podataka jako je međutim zavisna o namjeni odlagališta ili tekućine niskog pH (ASTM D
objekta. Tako je za rješavanje konvencionalnih 5084/90; GLR, 1993)
geotehničkih problema (npr. stabilnost pokosa, održavanje konstantnog hidrauličkog gradijenta
procjeđivanje) dovoljno poznavati propusnost unutar tijekom pokusa, čija veličina načelno ovisi o
jednog reda veličina ili dokazati da se ona nalazi u nekim propusnosti materijala.
granicama. Potreba za vrlo preciznim poznavanjem Prema Tavenas et al. (1983) dobrim izborom gradijenta
propusnosti javila se u posljednje vrijeme prilikom pokazao se raspon i = 1-50. U standardu ASTM
rješavanja problema zbrinjavanja otpada, naročito D5084/90 propisuju se različiti gradijenti za pojedine
opasnog (Aiban i Znidarčić, 1989). Obzirom na značaj vrste materijala, dok prema GLR-u (1993) gradijent treba
tog pokusa i dobivenih podataka, s vremenom su biti 30.
razvijeni posebni uređaji i metode za pripremu i Određivanje koeficijenta propusnosti provodi se
ispitivanje uzoraka tla. Razvoj metoda uključio je najčešće sljedećim metodama:
definiranje zahtjeva glede ispitivanja materijala
s promjenjivom razlikom tlakova – za slabo
(Kvasnička i Matešić, 1994; Mulabdić, 1995; GLR,
propusna tla, npr. prah i glina
1993; ASTM D 5084/90), koji se najčešće odnose na tip
s konstantnom razlikom tlakova – za jače
uređaja za ispitivanje, vrstu eksperimentalnog fluida i
propusna tla, npr. pijesak
veličinu hidrauličkog gradijenta. Tako se obično traži
sljedeće: sa zadanim protokom (eng. flow pump test) – za
provođenje ispitivanja u troosnom uređaju sve vrste tla.
(ASTM D 5084/90; Bagchi i Sopcich, 1989; Prve dvije metode pripadaju konvencionalnim metodama
GLR, 1993) mjerenja propusnosti, dok je treća metoda novija i
predstavlja modificiranu/inverznu metodu konstantne
96 Rud.-geol..-naft. zb., Vol. 15, 2003.
Ž. Veinović, B. Kovačević-Zelić, P. Kvasnička: Laboratorijsko mjerenje koeficijenta propusnosti tla...
razlike tlakova. Određivanje propusnosti svodi se kod uzorka osigurava se primjenom povratnog tlaka (eng.
konvencionalnih metoda na mjerenje protoka vode kroz back pressure).
uzorak određenog presjeka uz određene uvjete tlaka. Kod Kod konvencionalnih metoda, mjerenje količine
treće metode, upravo suprotno, nameće se protok fluida procijeđene vode redovito predstavlja problem jer je za
kroz uzorak, a mjeri se odgovarajuća razlika tlakova. procjeđivanje mjerljivih količina često potrebno dosta
U članku su pokazani rezultati mjerenja koeficijenta vremena, a preciznost mjernog instrumenta ovisi o
propusnosti metodom sa zadanim protokom u kvaliteti njegove izvedbe, što utječe i na cijenu
modificiranoj troosnoj ćeliji i edometru. Ispitivanja su ispitivanja. Osim toga, promjena temperature ili rast
provedena na uzorcima otpadne kamene prašine kako bi bakterija mogu značajno utjecati na izmjerenu
se utvrdila potencijalna mogućnost njezine primjene pri propusnost (Aiban i Znidarčić, 1989).
izradi brtvenih barijera na različitim geotehničkim
objektima.
Metoda zadanog protoka
Figure 6. Pore pressure variation at the bottom side of the sample Figure 7. Hydraulic oedometer (ICE Zagreb)
(effective stress 200 kPa, flow rate 0,0138 ml/s)
100 Rud.-geol..-naft. zb., Vol. 15, 2003.
Ž. Veinović, B. Kovačević-Zelić, P. Kvasnička: Laboratorijsko mjerenje koeficijenta propusnosti tla...
The paper presents a comparison between traditional of sealing layers on landfills. The samples were
and modern experimental techniques for evaluating the prepared using the standard Proctor laboratory
permeability of soils. Permeability tests are performed compaction procedure at different water contents. They
in geotechnical laboratories at solving almost every were tested in an improved triaxial cell (Figs. 1 and 3)
conventional geotechnical problem such as for example and in a hydraulic oedometer cell (Figs. 2 and 7), and
slope stability or seepage related analyses. However, the consolidated to different void ratios and cell pressures at
requested accuracy of data greatly depends on the which permeability tests were performed. In a triaxial
purpose of the structure. Problems associated with the cell, the sample is encased in a flexible membrane
disposal of waste (especially hazardous one) require (Fig.5), and in an oedometer cell in a steel ring (Fig. 7).
accurate knowledge about the permeability values. This is the essential difference between those two
Instead of standard methods for measuring the devices. The Harvard apparatus syringe pump (Fig. 4)
coefficient of permeability (constant- or variable-head) was used for the flow rate application. Two types of
a flow-pump test has been found a more suitable method cells were used not only to test the material, but also to
for low permeable materials and applied to carry out find out what type of equipment/method would give
tests on waste stone dust samples. The flow pump better results.
system differs from traditional permeability measuring The summary of the flow-pump test results is given
systems in that the flow pump maintains a constant in Table 2. Figure 6 shows the pore pressure variation
volumetric flow rate regardless of changes in the with time for one of the tested specimens. Some
hydraulic permeability of the soil and changes in the problems occurred while performing the oedometer cell
hydraulic gradient. The pressure difference, from which tests probably due to sample damage (Fig. 8) which was
the hydraulic gradient is evaluated, is measured by a caused by poor contact sealing. Such problems are
differential pressure transducer. This is exactly the prevented in triaxial cell tests owing to a flexible
opposite concept to that of the conventional constant membrane.
head test, in which a constant gradient is imposed across The extremely low and accurate flow rates can be
the sample and the corresponding flow quantity is produced in flow-pump test resulting in low induced
measured. The paper discusses the advantages and hydraulic gradients across the specimen. In spite of its
disadvantages of the flow-pump method in comparison great advantages for low permeable materials,
to conventional methods, especially regarding the test widespread commercial use of the flow pump test has
duration, reliability of results and cost of equipment. not been accomplished yet, probably due to the lack of
The experiments were performed on the samples of standardised test equipment, general unfamiliarity with
waste stone dust, which is obtained as a by-product of the flow pump testing and relatively high initial cost for
final dimension stone processing. Bulk density and the system. In our opinion the potentials of the
Atterberg limits of the stone dust are shown in Table 1. application of the flow pump test method are
According to the unified soil classification system undoubtedly present in various fields of geotechnical
(USCS) stone dust was determined as low plasticity silt engineering. It is therefore necessary to introduce this
(ML). The purpose of the research was to establish the method into the laboratory work as a regular practice.
possibility of use of the stone dust for the construction