wos ‘eu aie else ler Cana Ba all ar ASME Prien angen Tee @ Hex Technology The Stud Guide: B7s, Bl6s, and Other Common Bolt Materials found in ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping lay‘sunucmne ‘eu aie else er cana Ba all ar ASME Preteen anges Tecrlgy AL frst glance, the names of fasteners used in bolting for ASME pressure vescele and piping ean gound like something out of the old-school board game “Battleship.” 87, 86, 2H, A193. dangit, you ust sunk my destroyer. Each of these labels are meaningful, and can indicate the use of diferent materials (such as alloy steel or stainless steel) with alifferent mechanical properties. — oetaececrabanzomichascabgic! oeran SME rs Ve nd igh shay The names also indicate which will perform better in certain environments, such as high-temperature and high-pressure applications. In this article, wel discuss several different relevant aspects of these fasteners, including + tensile strength + stainless steal (grade B8) vs. carton steel (grade 87 & B16) + heavy hex nuts (2H nuts, or Grade 4 & 7 nuts) ut well start with an overview of the standards governing the use of nuts and bolt in industrial applications Summary of Standards for Common Fasteners Industrial fasteners can be called stud bolts or — of course — just plain of bolts. They are governed by three main Industry standards: + ASTM A193: “This specication covers alloy steel and stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fitings for high temperature or high-pressure service, or other special-purpose applications. Ferric steels shall be properly heat treated as best suits the high-temperature characteristics of each grade. + ASTM A320: This specification covers ally steel bolting materials and bolting components for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and iting for low-temperature service + ASTMAI94: “Ths specication covers a variety of carbon, alloy, and martensitic and austenitic stainless steel ruts. These nuts are intended for high-pressure or high-temperature service, or both” NOTE: Items that we will nt cover in this article include: coating practices such as zinc plated, PTFE or Xylan(R) coating, hhex bolts, or hex cap screws or machine screw nuts and coupling nuts found in ASME 18.2.2, a5 these have nothing to 0 with industrial Botting. Stud and Nut Combinations B7 Studs and 2H Nuts oetaececrabanzomichascabgic!ran SME rs Ve nd igh shay [ASTM A193 Grade B7 bolts are made of chromium-molybdenum steel. The bolts are quenched and tempered (a.k.a heat treated) to develop the desired tensile strength (mechanical properties) (Grade 87 Stud Bolts are used in pressure vessels that do not need corrosion resistance, aren't susceptible to stress Corrosion cracking, and for temperatures typically less than 750F. However, these bolts can have many different types of finishes, including + lain finish for standard applications + hot-dip galvanized process + zine plated andor have a PTFE or Xylan coating for corrosion resistance NOTE: Typical a coated stud will have a lower temperature rating than plain finish stud bolts. (See our article “PTFE Coated Studs: Do They Work?" for more.) Size and strength: + ASTM A193 B7 stud bolts with a diameter of 25 inches or less will have a yield strength of 105,000 PSI. + Grade 87 fasteners with a stud diameter of 2-5/8" to 4" ciameter have a lower yield strength of 95,000 PSI + "107" inch stud bolts have an even lower yield strength of 75,000 PSI The nut material for Grade B7 bolts is typically ASTM A194 heavy hex nuts (2H nuts). oetaececrabanzomichascabgic! ooThis is supposed to be a stack of 87s on aj site, Can you fin A194 Grade 2H Nuts 2H nuts workin eo ia Ould see failure o 7 Studs and are stronger than the his does not include over tapping of the nut fo strength ofthe nut Grade B7M Studs and Nutsran SME rs Ve nd igh shay [ASTM A193 Grade B7M studs are identical in chemistry to Grade B7, as they are quenched and tempered carbon steel to. achieve a lower hardness. However, they have a lower tensile strength than B7 studs. \We typically see Grace B7M bolts in hydrogen stress corrosion cracking (SCC) applications such as hydrofluoric acid or in Floating Head Heat Exchangers. [ASTM A194 GRADE 2HM are similar to 2H nuts, except this grade is re envionment. ynended for use in stress corrosion cracking Grade B16 Studs ASTM A193 B16 stud bolts are used primarily fr high temperature applications. They are manufactured from a chromium= molybdenum-vanadium alloy steel, Although £193 Grade B16 bolts and studs have similar strength requirements as Grade 87, the fasteners retain strength Under high temperatures, and also experience less relaxation at those high temperatures. ‘There are two nut combinations you can use for B16 stud bolts. They are: + ASTM A194 GRADE7: These are also heat-treated chrome-molybdenum steel nuts that are also sultabe for sub zero service conditions and have minimum Charpy impact values in accordance with ASTM specifications + ASTM A194 GRADE 4: Those were taken out of ASTM AT94 in 2017, but were heat treated molyodenum steel nuts. Itis imperative that you use Grade 7 (or 4) nuts with 816 studs, because thoy have similar propertles. 2H Nuts, on the ‘other hand, wil relax more. Sof you have high temperature and 24 nuts you will se increased relaxation, or loss of bolt toad, (Not sure how to handle bot relaxation? Contact us. We can help.) B8 Studs Class 1 and Class 2: What's the Difference? ASTM A193 B8 studs are commonly used in high temperature applications (roughly 7S0F to 1100F) . However, you have to be cautious because there isa aference between 88 Class 1 and B8 Class 2 studs. oetaececrabanzomichascabgic! eoran SME rs Ve nd igh shay Grade 88 stud bolts are made of AISI 304 stainless steel, These type of fasteners are made with austenitic stainless steel ‘and require carbide solution treatment ‘The carbide solution treatment, also known as solution annealing, isthe process in which fasteners are heated and then water-quenched to assure maximum corrosion resistance. Clase 1 stud bolts are not rain-hardened, and have a yield strength of 30 KSI, or 30,000 PSI. However, Class 2 stud bolts are strain-hardened and have a 95,000 PSI or 95 KSI yield strength, How can you tella Class 2 versus a Class 1 bolt? The B8 symbol on @ Clase 2 will have a line underneath it will not have an underine, Please look forthe line on 2 B8 class 2. while a Class ASTM Al94 GRADE @ Stainless stee! nuts requied for these fasteners BBM Studs ASTM A193 Grade BBM fasteners are manufactured the same way as 88 fasteners. The difference isn the materials that they are made of BBM fasteners are manufactured from AISI 316 stainless steel as opposed to AIS! 304 stainless steel. The 316 form of stainless steels better for corrosion resistance because it has more molybdenum, ASTM A193 Grade BBM Class 1 fasteners require a carbide solution treatmer additional strain hardening ust lke 88 fasteners. while Class 2 fasteners require an ASTM A194 GRADE @M Stainless stee! nuts are required for these fasteners. ASTM A320, GRADE L7 and Grade L7M ASTM A320 Grade L7 and L7M fasteners are recommended for use in low temperature environments typically found to be -S0F to -150F, These fasteners also require Grade 4 or Grade 7 nuts oetaececrabanzomichascabgic! teRELATED: ran SME rs Ve nd igh shay Beyond ASME PCC~1: What Today's Boltng Professionals Need to Know ‘The Myth About Bolt Yield ‘Guide to Bott Lubricant and Torque Learn the best practices in bolting when you enral in our ontne training. I's 100% free. (© Copyright 2020 Hex Technology 5, Suite 601 ‘ems of Use Privacy Poley oetaececrabanzomichascabgic! os