COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Prof. Oscar Reyes – Universidad Industrial de Santander

DISCLAIMER
This presentation is meant for educational purposes only. It is based
on the book: “Principles of Electronic Communication Systems”,
3rd Ed. 2007, by Louis E. Frenzel, Jr. McGraw-Hill.
 O. Reyes

LESSON 7

Linear modulation
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AM: Amplitude Modulation

𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)
𝑅 𝑡 = |𝑔 𝑡 |
max{𝐴𝑐 𝑘𝑎 𝑚 𝑡 }
𝐴𝑐
min{𝐴𝑐 𝑘𝑎 𝑚 𝑡 }

𝜇 = max |𝑘𝑎 𝑚|
0
𝜇+ = max{𝑘𝑎 𝑚 𝑡 }
𝜇− = min{𝑘𝑎 𝑚 𝑡 }

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
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AM – Spectrum
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)
𝑀 𝑓
𝐴𝑚 We assume:
𝑚(𝑡) = 0 ↔ 𝑀 0 = 0
𝑓
−𝐵 0 𝐵

𝑆 𝑓
𝐴𝑐
2 𝐴𝑐 𝑘 𝑎 𝐴𝑚
2

USB LSB LSB USB

−𝑓𝑐 − 𝐵 −𝑓𝑐 + 𝐵 𝑓𝑐 − 𝐵 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐵
𝑓
0
−𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐
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AM – Power and efficiency

𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)
1
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑅
2
1 2
= 𝐴𝑐 1 + 𝑘𝑎2 𝑃𝑚
2

𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑐
𝜂=
𝑃𝑇
𝑘𝑎2 𝑃𝑚
=
1 + 𝑘𝑎2 𝑃𝑚
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AM: Modulator – Demodulator

𝑚(𝑡) LPF 𝐴 BPF 𝑠(𝑡)

𝑐(𝑡)
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AM: Modulator – Demodulator

Non-linear
BPF LPF 𝒎(𝒕)
device
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DSB-SC:
Double-sideband suppressed-carrier
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚(𝑡)
𝑅 𝑡 = |𝑔 𝑡 |

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚(𝑡) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
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DSB-SC – Spectrum
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚(𝑡)
𝑀 𝑓
𝐴𝑚 We assume:
𝑚(𝑡) = 0 ↔ 𝑀 0 = 0
𝑓
−𝐵 0 𝐵

𝑆 𝑓

𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚
2

USB LSB LSB USB

−𝑓𝑐 − 𝐵 −𝑓𝑐 + 𝐵 𝑓𝑐 − 𝐵 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐵
𝑓
0
−𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐
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DSB-SC: Modulator – Demodulator

𝑚(𝑡) LPF 𝐴 BPF 𝑠(𝑡)

𝑐(𝑡)
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DSB-SC: Modulator – Demodulator

𝑠(𝑡) BPF 𝐴 LPF 𝑚(𝑡)

𝑐(𝑡)
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DSB-SC: Modulator – Demodulator

BPF LPF 𝑚(𝑡)

𝑐(𝑡)

(Local oscillator)
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DSB-SC: Coherent detection

BPF LPF 𝑚(𝑡) ∝ cos 𝜙 𝑚(𝑡)

𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 ′ cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐′ 𝑡 + 𝜙)
(Local oscillator)
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DSB-SC: Costas Receiver (Costas loop)

LPF

Phase
𝑚 𝑡 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) VCO
discriminator

-90°

LPF
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DSB-SC: Costas Receiver (Costas loop)

LPF

VCO LPF
𝑚 𝑡 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)

-90°

LPF
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DSB-SC: Costas Receiver (Costas loop)

1
𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 𝑡 + cos 𝜃 𝑡
2 1
𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜃 𝑡
2
LPF

cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃(𝑡))
VCO LPF
𝑚 𝑡 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) 1
sin(2𝜃(𝑡))
𝑠(𝑡) 8
-90°
𝑚(𝑡)
𝑐(𝑡) LPF
1
1 𝑚 𝑡 sin 𝜃 𝑡
𝑚 𝑡 sin 2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 𝑡 + sin 𝜃 𝑡 2
2
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DSB-SC: Costas Receiver

𝜃1 (𝑡) 𝜑 𝜃1 𝑡 − 𝜃2 𝑡
PD

𝜃2 𝑡 𝑔 𝑡
VCO Filter

Phase-frequency domain model of Costas loop [Wikipedia]

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QAM: Quadrature amplitude modulation

𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑚𝐼 𝑡 ± 𝑗𝑚𝑄 (𝑡)
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑚𝐼 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∓ 𝑚𝑄 (𝑡)sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

1
𝑚𝐼 (𝑡) LPF 𝑚 (𝑡)
2 𝐼
+ cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
s(𝑡)
cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 -90°
-90° ∓

𝑚𝑄 (𝑡) LPF 1
∓ 𝑚𝑄 (𝑡)
2
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Example: C-QUAM

𝐴
+
+ 𝑚𝐼 (𝑡)
𝑚𝐿 (𝑡)
+
+
s(𝑡)
cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
-90° ∓
−
+
𝑚𝑅 (𝑡)
𝑚𝑄 (𝑡)
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SSB: Single-Sideband Modulation

1 USB

𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 ± 𝑗𝑚 (𝑡)
2 LSB

USB
1 1
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∓ 𝑚(𝑡)sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2 2 LSB

1 1
𝑚 𝑡 LPF 𝑚(𝑡)
2 4
+ cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
s(𝑡)
cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 USB -90°
-90° ∓
LSB
1 1
𝑚(𝑡) LPF ∓ 𝑚(𝑡)
2 4
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SSB-AM: Single-Sideband AM
1
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑚 𝑡 ± 𝑗𝑚(𝑡)
2
1 1
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑚(𝑡) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∓ 𝑚(𝑡)sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2 2
1
𝐴𝑐 + 𝑚 𝑡
2

+
s(𝑡) Non-linear
BPF LPF 𝒎(𝒕)
cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 device
-90° ∓

1
𝑚(𝑡)
2
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SSB-AM: Single-Sideband AM
1
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑚 𝑡 ± 𝑗𝑚(𝑡)
2
1 1
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑚(𝑡) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∓ 𝑚(𝑡)sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2 2

Non-linear
𝑚(𝑡) BPF 𝑠(𝑡) BPF LPF 𝒎(𝒕)
device

𝐴𝑐

cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
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SSB-AM: Single-Sideband AM
1
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑚(𝑡)
2
1 1
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑚(𝑡) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚(𝑡)sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2 2
𝑆 𝑓
𝐴𝑐
2 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚
2

USB LSB LSB USB

−𝑓𝑐 − 𝐵 −𝑓𝑐 + 𝐵 𝑓𝑐 − 𝐵 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐵
𝑓
0
−𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐
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SSB-AM: Single-Sideband AM
1
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑚 𝑡 − 𝑗𝑚(𝑡)
2
1 1
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑚(𝑡) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡)sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2 2
𝑆 𝑓
𝐴𝑐
2 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚
2

USB LSB LSB USB

−𝑓𝑐 − 𝐵 −𝑓𝑐 + 𝐵 𝑓𝑐 − 𝐵 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐵
𝑓
0
−𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐
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Superheterodyne receiver

𝑠(𝑡)

RF
Section
IF Filter Demod. 𝑚(𝑡)

Local Oscillator
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References
[Frenzel, 2007] Frenzel, Louis E. Principles of Electronic Communication
Systems”, 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill, 2007.
[Wikipedia] Wikipedia in English, the free Encyclopedia. Visited on Nov. 2013.
[FCC]. www.fcc.gov. Propagation characterization