COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Prof. Oscar Reyes – Universidad Industrial de Santander

DISCLAIMER
This presentation is meant for educational purposes only. It is based
on the book: “Principles of Electronic Communication Systems”,
3rd Ed. 2007, by Louis E. Frenzel, Jr. McGraw-Hill.
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LESSON 8

Angle modulation
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Angle Modulation
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 𝑡

𝑠 𝑡 = ℜ𝔢 𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡+𝜃 𝑡

𝑠 𝑡 = ℜ𝔢 𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑖 (𝑡)
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜃𝑖 (𝑡)
Phase modulation

Carrier amplitude Angle (phase) Frequency modulation

1 𝑑𝜃𝑖 (𝑡)
𝜃𝑖 𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 𝑡 : 𝑓𝑖 𝑡 = Instantaneous frequency
2𝜋 𝑑𝑡
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Phase modulation (PM) Frequency modulation (FM)

𝑡
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos[2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡)] 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos[2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋𝑘𝑓 𝑚 𝜏 𝑑𝜏]
0

The angle 𝜃𝑖 𝑡 is varied linearly with the message The instantaneous frequency 𝑓𝑖 𝑡 is varied linearly
signal 𝑚(𝑡): with the message signal 𝑚(𝑡):

𝜃𝑖 𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑚(𝑡)

Carrier
frequency
Frequency sensitivity [Hz/V]
Phase sensitivity [rad/V]
𝑡
𝜃𝑖 𝑡 = 2𝜋 𝑓𝑖 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
0
𝑡
= 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋𝑘𝑓 𝑚 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
0
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PM and FM
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Relationship between FM and PM

Phase Phase 𝑑
𝑚(𝑡) ∫ modulator
FM wave
demodulator 𝑑𝑡
𝑚(𝑡)

𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) 𝑓𝑐

𝑑 Frequency Frequency
𝑚(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 modulator
PM wave
demodulator ∫ 𝑚(𝑡)

𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) 𝑓𝑐
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Frequency deviation

Figure 5-4: Frequency deviation as a function of (a) modulating signal amplitude and
(b) modulating signal frequency. [Frenzel, 2008]
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Comparison between AM and Angle modulations

• Zero crossings (instant frequency).

• Envelope
• Power
• Tradeoff: Channel bandwidth vs Noise
performance
• Nonlinear modulation process
• Spectrum
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References
[Frenzel, 2007] Frenzel, Louis E. Principles of Electronic Communication
Systems”, 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill, 2007.
[Wikipedia] Wikipedia in English, the free Encyclopedia. Visited on Dic. 2013.
[FCC]. www.fcc.gov. Propagation characterization