ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

The project report deals with the research topic , ‘ A Study on measures to be adopted
for Control Agriculture Production Wastages around Coimbatore city. The research
is carried out using questionnaire to bring out the opinion of about Control agriculture
Waste

Data collection is done through questionnaire and it is analyzed with the help
of statistical EX-CEL by applying various test such as chi – square test and weighted
average test .

In this survey , the design used is descriptive in nature . The information is

collected from the individuals and analyzed with the help of different statistical tools,
for describing the relationship between various types of variables, pertaining to
perception about farmers and retailers .

Moreover cross table analysis has been done for processing the data
obtained to meet the objective of the study.

This , however requires findings viable solutions to a number of complex

technical institutional , and policy issues , including land market , research on seeds
and inputs , agriculture extension , credit rural infrastructure , connection to markets ,
rural non-farm employment trade policy and food price stabilization

This paper reviews what the economic literature has to say on these topics.It
discuses in turn the role played by agriculture in the development Process and the
interactions between agriculture and others economic sectors , the determinants of the
green revolution and the foundations of the agriculture growth , issues of income
diversification by farmers
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective of the study

1.2 Scope of the study

1.3 Limitation of the study

1.4 About the study

1.4.1

1.4.2

1.4.3

1.4.4

1.5

1.6

1.6.1

1.6.2

1.7

1.7.1

1.7.2

1.7.3

1.7.4

1.8

1.8.1

1.8.2
 I. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Data collection

Data Analysis

III. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

IV. FINDINGS AND SUGGRSTION

5.1 Findings
5.2 Recommendations

5.3 Conclusion

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEXURE
 List of tables

Table Description Page

no no.
4.1 Table showing Age of respondent

4.2 Table showing Gender respondent

4.3 Table showing

4.4 Table showing
4.5 Table showing
4.6 Table showing
4.7 Table showing
4.8 Table showing
4.9 Table showing
4.10 Table showing
4.11 Table showing
4.12 Table showing
4.13 Table showing
4.14 Table showing
4.15 Table showing
4.16 Table showing
4.17 Table showing
 List of charts

Chart TITLE Page

no. no.
4.1.1 Chart showing

4.2.1 Chart showing

4.3.1 Chart showing

4.4.1 Chart showing

4.5.1 Chart showing

4.6.1 Chart showing

4.7.1 Chart showing

4.8.1 Chart showing

4.9.1 Chart showing

4.10.1 Chart showing

4.11.1 Chart showing

4.12.1 Chart showing

4.13.1 Chart showing

4.14.1 Chart showing

4.15.1 Chart showing

4.16.1 Chart showing

 CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER - I

INTRODUCTION

Agricultural wastes are non-product outputs of production and processing of

agricultural products that may contain material that can benefit man but whose
economic values are less than the cost of collection, transportation, and processing for
beneficial use. Estimates of agricultural waste arising are rare, but they are generally
thought of as contributing a significant proportion of the total waste matter in the
developed world.

Agricultural development is usually accompanied by wastes from the irrational

application of intensive farming methods and the abuse of chemicals used in
cultivation, remarkably affecting rural environments in particular and the global
environment in general. Generally, agricultural wastes are generated from a number of
sources notably from cultivation, livestock and aquaculture.

These wastes are currently used for a number of applications through the ‘3R’ strategy
of waste management. Agricultural waste management system (AWMS) was
discussed and a typical waste management options for a poultry farm was also
described using the six agricultural waste management functions. Agricultural waste
has a toxicity potential to plant, animals and human through many direct and indirect
channels. The effects of these toxic agricultural wastes on the environment were
discussed as well as their management.
 Objectives of the Study

 To consolidate the information on the existing system of waste management.

 To detail the action plan for waste management in conformity with the state
policy on waste management.

 To provide a document which would be used for immediate procurement of

equipment and services for implementation of the waste management system.

 Provide a baseline for all future plans for waste management for the market.
 Scope of the Study

 Spatial targeting of land use to stimulate the growth of systems for the
efficient utilisation of green (plant) biomass cascading through novel
transformation processes for improved economic, environmental and social
outcomes.

 Identifying and developing markets for a wide range of products and services
generated through integrated food and non-food systems.

 Developing integrated, systems-based approaches to land management to

encourage the sustainable intensification of agricultural production systems.
 Limitations of the Study

 Very less data and information available on waste management in APMCs in

India

 There is no specific state policy for Agricultural Waste Management in

APMC

 There are data gaps in information received from the APMCs

 This led to confining of the Study based on the data gathered by the markets.
 ABOUT THE STUDY

India with its varied agro climatic zones is amenable to grow a wide variety of food
crops and horticultural products. These crops form a significant part of the total
agricultural produce in the country comprising of cereals, pulses, cotton, fruits,
vegetables, root and tuber crops, flowers, ornamental plants, medicinal and aromatic
plants, spices, condiments, plantation crops and mushroom. After attaining
independence in 1947, major emphasis was laid on achieving self sufficiency in food
production.

Development of high yielding wheat varieties and high production technologies and
their adoption in areas of assured irrigation paved the way towards food security
ushering in green revolution in the sixties. It, however, gradually became clear that
horticultural crops for which the Indian topography and agro climates are well suited
are an ideal option of achieving sustainability of small holdings, increasing
employment, improving environment, providing an enormous export potential and
above all achieving nutritional security. As a result, emphasis on diversification to
horticultural crops was given since last one decade or so.

The agriculture sector in India contributes about 17 percent of country’s GDP and
provides employment to approximately two third of the population. However, its
potential has not been tapped due to underdevelopment of the food sector in India.
The single most important challenge facing the country is providing remunerative
prices to farmers for their products without incurring the additional burden of subsidy
through minimum support prices or other such measures.
The challenge could be addressed if cereals, fruits, vegetables, milk, fish, meat and
poultry etc. are processed for consumption in the domestic and international markets.
There are various issues to be dealt with in utilizing the opportunities for agribusiness
industry. In post WTO scenario, Indian produce has to face competition in domestic as
well as export markets. With the phasing out of quantitative restrictions, developed
countries are imposing strict qualitative restrictions and are imposing barriers to trade.

The Indian commodities are facing tough competition in the international market
when it comes to quality, pesticide residues, varieties with more shelf life, packaging
etc. This implies that Indian produce need to be more competitive to face the
international competition which again demands the maintenance of quality standards 2
throughout the value chain including good agricultural practices.

Whereas it has been found that 30 – 40 percent of fruits and vegetables are wasted due
to post harvest losses. There is lack of basic as well as specialized infrastructure such
as cold storages, refer vans, cool chains, ripening chambers etc.

Also there is a missing link between production and research system and international
consumers. The system lacks in capacity building market information, research and
intelligence.
 AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58 per cent of India’s
population. Gross Value Added by agriculture, forestry and fishing is estimated at Rs
18.55 lakh crore (US$ 265.51 billion) in FY19(PE).

The Indian food industry is poised for huge growth, increasing its contribution to
world food trade every year due to its immense potential for value addition,
particularly within the food processing industry.

The Indian food and grocery market are the world’s sixth largest, with retail
contributing 70 per cent of the sales. The Indian food processing industry accounts for
32 per cent of the country’s total food market, one of the largest industries in India
and is ranked fifth in terms of production, consumption, export and expected growth.

It contributes around 8.80 and 8.39 per cent of Gross Value Added (GVA) in
Manufacturing and Agriculture respectively, 13 per cent of India’s exports and six per
cent of total industrial investment.
 MARKET SIZE

During 2018-19* crop year, food grain production is estimated at record 283.37
million tonnes. In 2019-20, Government of India is targeting foodgrain production of
291.1 million tonnes. Milk production was estimated at 176.3 million tonnes during
FY18, while meat production was 7.4 million tonnes. As of August 2019, total area
sown with kharif crops in India reached 92.6 million hectares.

India is the second largest fruit producer in the world. Production of horticulture crops
is estimated at record 313.9 million metric tonne (MMT) in 2018-19 as per third
advance estimates.

Total agricultural exports from India grew at a CAGR of 16.45 per cent over FY10-18
to reach US$ 38.21 billion in FY18. In FY19, agriculture exports were US$ 38.54
billion. India is also the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices and spice
products.
 IVESTMENT IN AGRICULTURE

According to the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT),
the Indian food processing industry has cumulatively attracted Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) equity inflow of about US$ 9.41 billion between April 2000 and
June 2019.
Some major investments and developments in agriculture are as follows:

 Nestle India to invest Rs 700 crore (US$ 100.16 million) in construction of

its ninth factory in Gujarat.
 In November 2019, Haldiram entered into an agreement for Amazon's global
selling program to e-tail its delicacies in the United States.
 In November 2019, Coca-Cola launched ‘Rani Float’, fruit juices to step out
of its trademark fizzy drinks.
 Two diagnostic kits developed by Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR) - Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) and the Japanese
Encephalitis lgM ELISA launched in October 2019.
 Investments worth Rs 8,500 crore (US$ 1.19 billion) have been announced in
India for ethanol production.
 By early 2019, India will start exporting sugar to China.
 The first mega food park in Rajasthan was inaugurated in March 2018.
 Agrifood start-ups in India received funding of US$ 1.66 billion between
2013-17 in 558 deals.
 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE

Some of the recent major government initiatives in the sector are as follows:

 In September,2019, Prime Minister, Mr Narendra Modi launched the

National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP), expected to
eradicate foot and mouth disease (FMD) and brucellosis in livestock.
 In May 2019, NABARD announced an investment of Rs 700 crore (US$ 100
million) venture capital fund for equity investments in agriculture and rural-
focused start-ups
 As per the Ministry of Agriculture, during 2019-20, Rs 1.50 crore (0.21
million) has been allocated to state of Andaman and Nicobar as a central
share for implementation of per drop more crop component of Pradhan
Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY).
 Under Budget 2019-20, Pradhan Mantri Samman Nidhi Yojana was
introduced under which a minimum fixed pension of Rs 3000 (US$ 42.92) to
be provided to the eligible small and marginal farmers, subject to certain
exclusion clauses, on attaining the age of 60 years.
 As per the Union Budget 2019-20, government will work with State
Governments to allow farmers to benefit from e-NAM.
 PRODUCTIVITY LEVEL OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

Agriculture productivity = Total agriculture crop production/Total land area

(hectares)

Productivity levels in Indian agriculture in very low as compared to the productivity

levels of other countries, in terms of global rank, the productivity levels of India in
major agricultural crops is very disappointing.

GDP From Agriculture in India increased to 6091.05 INR Billion in the fourth quarter
of 2019 from 3664.29 INR Billion in the third quarter of 2019.

India being one the largest producers of most of the agricultural crops (both
food grains and non- food grain) but ranks are very low in terms of
productivity. India is the second largest producer of rice and wheat in the
world, but in terms of productivity the ranks are and 38 respectively. India is
the largest producer of pulses, but it is only 138 in the world. Thus after the
tremendous effect of Green Revolution, productivity (yield per hectare) has
not improved much.
 FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR HOW PRODUCTIVITY

There are several factors responsible for low productivity of Indian agriculture.

Rural Environment

In India rural social environment is itself an important cause behind low

productivity. Indian farmers are lazy, illiterate, superstitious, primitive
outlook, conservative, unfit and unresponsive to the modern method of
cultivation. According to G.S. Sahato, the marginal productivity of farmer is
zero in agriculture due to family-based cultivation process.

High Land-Man Ratio

Indian agriculture is characterized by huge population pressure. According to

2001 Census, about 72.2% of total population lived in rural areas and about
three-quarters of total rural working population, i.e., nearly 228 million
workers (out of 310.7 million workers) was engaged in the agriculture sector.
Due to rise in population, uneconomic subdivisions of land take place. All
these lead to low productivity.

Degradation of Land

According to Government of India, about 329 million hectares (half of the

land) have already been degraded. This results in 33 to 67 percent of yield loss.
Moreover, 5% of land has been damaged so badly that it cannot be used
further.
Existence of Big Farmers

Although Zamindari system had been abolished in India, but the rural big
farmers are still playing their shadow roles. These big landowners are
regulating rent, tenure system and rights of tenancy etc for tenants. Thus the
position of tenants are going worse day by day. In this type of tenure system, it
extremely difficult to raise productivity by only applying modern technologies,

Irregular and Inadequate Credit and Marketing Facilities

According to the study of Raj Krishna, due to insufficient and inadequate

availability of agricultural loans at minimum rate of interest the poor farmers
cannot properly invest money on the land during the peak season of
cultivation. Moreover, the marketing of the agricultural crops is regulated by
middlemen or touts. All these resulted in low agricultural productivity.

Lack of Modern Technologies

In India about 60% of the cultivatable land are out of irrigation facilities only
75.14 million hectares (out of 87.94 million hectares) in 2000- 01 are under
irrigation facilities. Thus, ‘Package Programme’ under green revolution turns
to be ineffective in most of the gross cropped areas in India.
 MEASURES TO RAISE PRODUCTIVITY

Several measures have been adopted from the view of socio-economic angles
to raise the productively of Indian agricultural system.

Proper Implementation of Land Reforms

Proper implementation of land reforms and land tenure system can bring up
the productivity rate of Indian agriculture. After independence, except West
Bengal and Kerala land reform programme has not been successfully
implemented. Hence more endeavor has been required from the part of the
government of other states to raise productivity. The famous slogan, ‘land to
the tiller’, must be turned into reality.

Adequate Land Water Resources

As already said, 329 million hectares of land degraded. Hence an integrated

and efficient management of our land is very necessary, the Tenth five year
Plan lots of initiatives have been taken in these areas.

Adequate Credit and Marketing Facilities

To apply ‘Package Programme’ the farmers need adequate amount of low rate
of interest credit facilities. Farmers should get easy loans at the beginning of
the cultivation so that they can use all the modern technologies in the land and
improve both crop production and productivity. Not only that, the government
must pay proper attention to expand the agricultural market from remote
corners villages to urban areas so that sufficient amount of marketable
surpluses can be generated.
 Agricultural Waste Management

Soil properties are important considerations in areas where soils are used as sites for
the treatment and disposal of organic waste and wastewater. Selection of soils with
properties that favor waste management can help to prevent environmental damage.

It contains domestic waste and may contain industrial waste. It may have received
primary or secondary treatment. It is rarely untreated sewage. Food-processing
wastewater results from the preparation of fruits, vegetables, milk, cheese, and meats
for public consumption. In places it is high in content of sodium and chloride.

In the context of these tables, the effluent in lagoons and storage ponds is from
facilities used to treat or store food-processing wastewater or domestic or animal
waste.

Domestic and food-processing wastewater is very dilute, and the effluent from the
facilities that treat or store it commonly is very low in content of carbonaceous and
nitrogenous material the content of nitrogen commonly ranges from 10 to 30
milligrams per liter.

The wastewater from animal waste treatment lagoons or storage ponds, however, has
much higher concentrations of these materials, mainly because the manure has not
been diluted as much as the domestic waste. The content of nitrogen in this
wastewater generally ranges from 50 to 2,000 milligrams per liter. When wastewater
is applied, checks should be made to ensure that nitrogen, heavy metals, and salts are
not added in excessive amounts.

The ratings in the tables are for waste management systems that not only dispose of
and treat organic waste or wastewater but also are beneficial to crops (application of
manure and food-processing waste, application of sewage sludge, and disposal of
wastewater by irrigation) and for waste management systems that are designed only
for the purpose of wastewater .
Application of manure and food-processing waste not only disposes of waste material
but also can improve crop production by increasing the supply of nutrients in the soils
where the material is applied.

Manure is the excrement of livestock and poultry, and food-processing waste is

damaged fruit and vegetables and the peelings, stems, leaves, pits, and soil particles
removed in food preparation. The manure and food-processing waste are either solid,
slurry, or liquid. Their nitrogen content varies. A high content of nitrogen limits the
application rate. Toxic or otherwise dangerous wastes, such as those mixed with the
lye used in food processing, are not considered in the ratings.
 Why be concerned about waste management?

If not managed properly, agricultural waste from farm operations can pollute the
environment resulting in impacts to water quality and a general loss of aesthetics. The
degradation of water quality can impact adjacent waterways and groundwater both
onsite and offsite. This degradation reduces the ability of these resources to support
aquatic life and water for human and animal consumption. Nitrates, which are
commonly associated with fertilizers and agricultural waste runoff, can seep into
groundwater. Well water contaminated with nitrates is hazardous to humans,
particularly for infants, as it results in oxygen depletion in the blood. As alluded to
above, proper waste management can reduce operating costs associated with fertilizer
application if managed properly.

Other ways to improve waste management on farms is to routinely check areas where
fuel and chemicals are stored for spills and leaks and to be sure your farm is in
compliance with applicable storage and handling regulations. Keeping up-to-date on
technologies designed to improve waste management such as composters for
disposing of livestock mortalities and integrating them into your waste management
strategy is also good practice.
 Hazardous Effects of Landfills

Landfills are usually designed to dispose solid and degradable waste matter by
burying it under the soil. Therefore, the land area is first dug up deep enough to
accumulate the garbage, the waste is poured into the ditch and is covered with layers
of soil. This process of disposing solid waste is however, supposed to be done
carefully, to make sure there are no hazards caused due to products of disposal. But
many a time, with so much garbage that has to be disposed, there is lack of
management, resulting in harmful effects of landfills

Release of Landfill Gas

Every landfill has a particular capacity of waste that it can accommodate, after which
it is supposed to be closed. When the landfill is closed or capped, the entry of moisture
or water is shunted thus keeping it away from excessive decomposition. However, the
waste present inside the landfill already contains some amount of moisture which
combines with other solid waste and starts degrading, releasing various types of gases.
These landfill ages mainly include, methane and carbon dioxide, which give out a
rotting odor.

Production of Leachate

Since garbage is disposed under the soil, there are risks of harmful chemicals
combining with the ground water. Leachate is a toxic liquid that is produced when
water or moisture gets mixed with the solid waste. When the rainwater falls on the
soil, it seeps into the ground and can come in contact with the solid waste thus giving
rise to leachate. Now, if there is a groundwater stream that comes in contact with this
leachate, it is contaminated for use. To avoid the production of this toxic liquid,
landfills should be covered with waterproof materials.
 Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect is defined as, sudden temperature elevations that occur because
of unstable weather conditions. When landfills are left open or without the cap (cover
to protect the rainwater from seeping in), there can be various harmful gases, such as;
methane and carbon dioxide that are produced excessively. When the level of these
gases increases, they interfere with the temperatures of the environment making the
air warmer. This increase in temperature further makes the ice caps in the polar
regions melt, and raises the sea level, disturbing the entire weather clock. Now aren't
greenhouse effect and global warming, harmful effects of open and unmaintained
landfills?

Biodegradable

Vegetable waste being dumped in a market in Coimbatore

The word "compost" it simply means the decomposition of biodegradable materials.

In agriculture, particularly organic farming, farmers utilize their green waste for
composting whereby they use as manure for their crop.There are different types of
composting, which includes aerobic composting, vermi-compost and heap compost.In
Bhutan most of the farmers prefer heap compost which doesn't cost much for the
preparation as it can be easily made with locally available material.

However with the increase of the population, the generation of waste had been very
high and there is high risk of pollution and harmful effect to human being and
environment.
 WASTE PREVENTION

Purchase items with recycled-content or refurbished parts. Pay attention to items used
regularly like crates, cartons, bags, Gaylords and Gaylord liners, office and janitorial
supplies. Many European and domestic plastics manufacturers are offering recycled-
content crates. Ask vendors what they carry.

Use re-refined petroleum products. These products are less harmful for the
environment.

Investigate using lube and hydraulic oils made from rapeseed oil and 100% vegetable
oil; these products are often made in Sweden for the forest industry. They are
biodegradable, non-toxic and have a higher rating for temperature and viscosity than
petroleum products.

Use food by-products as an animal feed (check with local authorities to see if a permit
is required). Arrange for cooperative buying whenever possible.

Request recycled-content corrugated cardboard that delivers excellent wet strength

performance. Often packaging products with higher recycled content aren’t as white,
however purchasing them helps to assure that there will be a market for the cardboard
that you recycle!
 RECYCLING

Common Recycled Content Products

Bulb crates
Flower cartons
Check-out bags
Consumer goods
Gaylord totes
Gaylord liners
Janitorial supplies
Lubrication
Hydraulic oils
Packaging
Product packaging

On-site Recycling

Create a recycling system for material you want to collect. Establish collection areas,
methods of transport, and times to pick up. Just as you have a recycling bin for your
office paper indoors, think about the logistics for collecting items like flower trays or
hydraulic oils.

Paper, glass, metals, wood, fiber barrels, used automotive oil, oil filters and packaging
can all be recycled or reused.
 COMPOSTING

• Contact your waste hauler about collection service for food scraps, food-solid paper,
and yard debris that can be commercially composted.

• There are other options that an organization can look into other than large-scale
commercial composting, here are a few:
Haul vegetative matter to a local farmer to be incorporated into small-scale
composting.

On-site composting often is feasible and less costly than alternatives, depending on
quantity and other logistics. Compost all organic wastes and use in landscaping.
 AGRICULTURAL WASTES

Modern agricultural techniques have increased.The production of grains to a large

extent, but have also resulted in increase of agricultural wastes such as crop
resedue,fertilizers,insecticides and sediments.

 Organic Fertilizers:-

These are natural fertilizer that are made from natural things using different methods.
These things includes organic wastes such as animals excreta,plant wastes and so
on.They are biodegradable.

 Chemical fertilizers:-

These are made up of chemical and are produce in the factories.

Plant use only 60% of chemical fertilizers that are added to the soil.
The rest remains in the soil and gets washed away by water.

 Pesticides:-

These are the chemicals that are used to kill the pests that harm crops.
These pesticides get waste away by rain water and enter various water bodies.
Such water when consumed causes various disorders like irritation in the
eyes,fatigue,dizziness etc.

The harmful effects get multiplied once the pesticides enter the bodies at the living
beings through the food chains.

Reuse of
 Wastewater for Agriculture

In rural and peri-urban areas of most developing countries, the use of sewage and
wastewater for irrigation is a common practice. Wastewater is often the only source of
water for irrigation in these areas. Even in areas where other water sources exist, small
farmers often prefer wastewater because its high nutrient content reduces or even
eliminates the need for expensive chemical fertilizers.

Concern for human health and the environment are the most important constraints in
the reuse of wastewater. While the risks do need to be carefully considered, the
importance of this practice for the livelihoods of countless smallholders must also be
taken into account.

The aim of IWMI research on wastewater irrigation is to maximize the benefits to the
poor who depend on the resource while minimizing the risks.

Wastewater irrigation provides income for small farmers

Many wastewater irrigators are not landowning farmers, but landless people that rent
small plots to produce income-generating crops such as vegetables that thrive when
watered with nutrient-rich sewage.

Across Asia, Africa and Latin America these wastewater micro-economies support
countless poor people. Stopping or over-regulating these practices could remove the
only income many landless people have.
 Pesticides

Aerial application (crop dusting) of pesticides over a soybean field in the U.S.

Pesticides are widely used by farmers to control plant pests and enhance production,
but chemical pesticides can also cause water quality problems. Pesticides may appear
in surface water due to:

 direct application (e.g. aerial spraying or broadcasting over water bodies)

 runoff during rain storms
 aerial drift (from adjacent fields).

Some pesticides have also been detected in groundwater.

Farmers may use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques (which can include
biological pest control) to maintain control over pests, reduce reliance on chemical
pesticides, and protect water quality.

There are few safe ways of disposing of pesticide surpluses other than through
containment in well managed landfills or by incineration. In some parts of the world,
spraying on land is a permitted method of disposal.
 Important Facts of Agriculture Waste

 India is short by 10 million tonnes of cold storage capacity due to which over
30 percent of agricultural produce goes waste every year

 More than 20% of produce from fields is lost to poor post-harvesting

facilities and lack of cold chain infrastructure.

 Also 10% of food grain that India produces annually is eaten by rodents.

 Only 7% of food in India is processed. The United Kingdom process +65%

of its food. Even a developing country like the Philippines processes as much
as 45% of its food.

 India, the world’s second largest fruit and vegetable producer encounters a
waste of close to 25% worth of produce.
 Waste management

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and

monitoring of waste materials.

Concern over environment is being 3 seen a massive increase in recycling globally

which has grown to be an important part of modern civilization.

The consumption habits of modern consumerist lifestyles are causing a huge global
waste problem. Industrialization and economic growth has produced more amounts of
waste, including hazardous and toxic wastes.

There is a growing realization of the negative impacts that wastes have had on the
local environment (air, water, land, human health etc.).
 Chapter II
Review of Literature

Chapter II
 Review of Literature

India is developing country with 16 per cent of the world population and two percent
of the total land area.

The exponential increase in industrialization is not only consuming large areas of

agricultural land but simultaneously causing serious environmental degradation.
Industrialization and urbanization have resulted on discharge of large wastes is rich in
organic matter as well as in nutrients.

There are enormous quantities of industrial solid organic wastes available outside the
farm from different sources and they are yet to be used judiciously in crop production.
If, these wastes are properly disposed so that it do not contribute to the problem of
pollution (Sundari and Mathew, 2010).

Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is products produced for the
market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of one’s own purposes of
production, transformation or consumption, and of which one wants to dispose.
Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw
materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and
other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are
excluded (The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), 2013)

A few studies have also been done on vermicomposted plant based residues in
Guyana. Ansari (2006) showed that, the combination of biodung composting and
vermicomposting of grass clippings, water hyacinth and cattle dung could be
successfully processed within 60 days using Eisenia fetida. Similarly, Sullivan (2005)
conducted an experiment whereby kitchen wastes comprising plantain and eddo skins
were converted into vermicompost over a 70 day period. Moreover, each of these
studies conducted in Guyana utilized the Eisenia fetida species of earthworm in the
vermicomposting process.
According to Montserrat et al, (2004) the present production systems usually do not
take into account the need to protect the environment versus simple economic
benefits. This fact produces normally an exertion against environment, certain
difficulties to guarantee food quality, and specially the generation of a huge volume of
wastes which must be treated. European Union prepared and is preparing different
instruments to reduce the amount of waste and especially in the case of organic one to
undergo an adequate treatment/management to achieve a maximum recycling and to
avoid problems and wasting by landfill or incineration. Agriculture systems produce
organic wastes and at the same time have capacity to assimilate them and others
wastes from different sources.

Their management through the soil for plant production could generate enormous
economic and environmental benefits which contribute to sustainable development.
For that it is necessary to take into account aspects related to soil protection and
nutritional crops needs. This could lead to sustainability in the management of
residues and in the crop system. This is particularly important in Mediterranean soils
which are traditionally rather poor in organic matter. Such an improvement of the soil,
besides the increasing of the fertility, represents also a reinforcement of its capacity to
fix CO2.
 CHAPTER – III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 CHAPTER – III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research methodology deals with , the procedure adopted to carry out the study

According to Green and Tull , “A Research Design is the specification of

methods and procedures acquiring the information needed . It is the overall
operations pattern or framework of the project that stipulates which information is
to be collected from which sources by what procedures”.

Statement of problem

In agriculture , due to more seasonal changes and financial loans the farmers are
gets difficulty to make control on production wastages .

Type of Research

Descriptive Research:

Descriptive research includes surveys and fact finding , the major purpose of the
research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present .The researcher
has no control over the variables. For this study, descriptive research is been
carried out.

Data collection :

The task of data collection begins after the research problem has been defined and
research design has been chalked out.
Type of Data :

 Primary data
 Secondary data

Primary data :

Primary data are collected fresh and for the first time and thus happens to be
original in character. The data is collected for the first time through fields survey.
Such data are collected with specified set of objectives to assess the current status
of the variable studied. Primary data used for this project is collected through
questionnaire.

Secondary data :

Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and
which have already passed through statistical process. This study makes extensive
use of secondary data. References for this survey were collected from websites
and books.

Sampling :

Selection of some part of an aggregate or totality on the basis of which judgment

or inference about the aggregate or totality is made.

Sampling plan:

This is the stage where the planning is done about the sample unit , sample size
and sampling procedure

Sample unit:

Sample unit is the potential agriculture farmers

Sampling Procedure:

Convenience sampling is the sampling procedure used in this survey. This refers
to selecting a sample study based on the convenience. The researcher may make
use of any convenient base to select the required number of samples. This
procedure is one type of non-probability sampling technique

Sample Size:

The sample size is 100 which includes most frequent framers and market retailers
around Coimbatore city, And the farmers of the concern for satisfaction
measurements.

Statistical tools:

By statistics , we mean aggregate of facts to market extend by multiplicity of

cause ,numerically expressed enumerated or established according to reasonable
standards of accuracy , collected in a systematic manner for a predetermined and
place in relation to each other.

In study , the percentage analysis , pie chart , bar diagram , chi-squre test ,
weighted average are being used as statistical tools.

Percentage method:

In this, the portion of an individual observation in a distribution is described. The

most convention for describing the portion of an individual score in distribution
of score is the percentage method.

Percentage N = 100 x ( Cumulative fi / n )

Weighted Mean:

The weighted mean enables us to calculate an average that takes into account the
importance of each value to the overall total. The term ‘weight’ stsnds for the
relative importance of the different items.

XW = ∑ W x / ∑ W

XW = Symbol for the weighted mean

W = Weighted assigned to each observation

∑WX= Sum of the weight of each element times that element

∑W = Sum of all the weights

Chi – Square Test:

Chi – square test is applied in statistics to test the goodness of fit to verify the
distribution of observed data with assumed theoretical distribution. There fore, it
is a measure to study whether two characters are dependent or independent.

Assumptions:

The two sets of data must be based on same sample size

There must be two observed sets of data or expected set of data in rows and
columns

Each cell in the data contains an observed or expected count five or larger.

X = ∑ ( O – E ) ^2/E
Application of chi – square test

To test the Goodness of fit

If the calculated value is less than the tabulated value at a certain level of
significance , the fit is considered to be good and hence the hypothesis is
accepted. But when the calculated value is greater than the tabulated value then it
is not a good fit.

Test of Independence of two Attributes

The test enables to explain whether two attributes are associated or not. In this
null hypothesis means the two attributes are not associated.
 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Questionnaire

Table no 4.1

AGE

Particulars Frequency Percentage

21-30 24 24%

31-40 47 47%

41-5- 29 29%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.1

AGE
50
40
30
20
10
0
21-30 31-40 41-5-
Frequency 24 47 29
Percentage 24% 47% 29%
Table no 4.2

GENDER

Particulars Frequency Percentage

FEMALE 36 36%

MALE 74 74%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.2

GENDER
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Frequency Percentage
FEMALE 36 36%
MALE 74 74%
Table no 4.3

Q1 - Approximate waste generated per day in Market?

Particulars Frequency Percentage

0-5 kg 30 30%

5-10 kg 21 21%

11-20 kg 19 19%

More than 20 kg 30 30%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.3

Approximate waste generated per day in Market

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Frequency Percentage
0-5 kg 30 30%
5-10 kg 21 21%
11-20 kg 19 19%
More than 20 kg 30 30%
Table no 4.4

Q2- How many times Goods visit to the market in a week ?

Particulars Frequency Percentage

once 69 69%

Three times 10 57%

Five times 4 5%

More than five times 17 17%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.4
 How many times Goods visit to the market in a week

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Frequency Percentage
once 69 69%
Three times 10 57%
Five times 4 5%
More than five timws 17 17%

Table no 4.5
Q3 - How do you dispose wastage every day?

Particulars Frequency Percentage

Own disposal system 71 71%

Disposal in Municipal dustbin 29 29%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.5

How do you dispose wastage every day

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Frequency Percentage
Own disposal system 71 71%
Disposal in Municipal
29 29%
dustbin
Table no 4.6

Q4- What is Frequency of waste collection vehicle in your area?

Particulars Frequency Percentage

Daily 9 9%

Alternate day 26 21%

Weekly 49 18%

Rarely 16 16%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.6
 Frequency of waste collection vehicle in your area

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Frequency Percentage
Daily 9 9%
Alternate day 26 21%
Weekly 49 18%
Rarely 16 16%

Table no 4.7
Q5- Which is major part of waste in your market from following ?

Particulars Frequency Percentage

vegetables waste 40 40%

fruits waste 34 10%

other wastes 2 2%

plastics 6 6%

leaves 18 18%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.7

Major part of waste in your market from following

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Frequency Percentage
vegetables waste 40 40%
fruits waste 34 10%
other wastes 2 2%
plastics 6 6%
leaves 18 18%
Table no 4.8

Q6 - Are you collecting the waste separately?

Particulars Frequency Percentage

Yes 40 40%

No 60 60%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.8
 Are you collecting the waste separately

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Frequency Percentage
Yes 40 40%
No 60 60%

Table no 4.9
Q7- Are you facing any Odour pollution due to organic waste?

Particulars Frequency Percentage

Yes 91 91%

No 9 9%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.9
 Are you facing any Odour pollution due to organic waste

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Frequency Percentage
Yes 91 91%
No 9 9%

Table no 4.10
Q8- Rate the present waste management system ?

Particulars Frequency Percentage

Unsatisfactory 81 81%

Satisfactory 9 9%

Good 7 7%

Excellent 3 3%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.10
 Rate the present waste management system

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Frequency Percentage
Unsatisfactory 81 81%
Satisfactory 9 9%
Good 7 7%
Excellent 3 3%

Table no 4.11
Q9- Any awareness taken by government for this Production waste
management?

Particulars Frequency Percentage

Yes 28 28%

No 72 72%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.11
 Any awareness taken by government for this Production waste
management

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No
Frequency 28 72
Percentage 28% 72%

Table no 4.12
Q10- Are the storage facilities set up by municipal authorities daily
attended for clearing of wastes?

Particulars Frequency Percentage

Yes 31 31%

No 69 69%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.12
Storage facilities set up by municipal authorities daily attended for
clearing of wastes

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Yes No
Frequency 31 69
Percentage 31% 69%

Table no 4.13
Q11- Problem if any faced due to presence of waste in the locality?

Particulars Frequency Percentage

Foul odour 25 25%

Sewage problem 37 37%

Road blockage 38 38%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.13
 Problem if any faced due to presence of waste in the locality

40

35

30

25

20 Frequency

15 Percentage

10

5
25% 37% 38%
0
Foul odour Sewage problem Road blockage

Table no 4.14
Q12- Are the bins for storage different for bio-degradable wastes
painted green , recyclable wastes painted white and other wastes
painted black?

Particulars Frequency Percentage

Yes 6 6%

No 94 94%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.14
Bins for storage different for bio-degradable wastes painted green ,
recyclable wastes painted white and other wastes painted black

100
90
80
70
60
50 Frequency
40 Percentage
30
20
10 6% 94%
0
Yes No

Table no 4.15
Q13- Do you need any awareness of waste disposal by media in
special attention?

Particulars Frequency Percentage

Yes 89 89%

No 11 11%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.15
 Do you need any awareness of waste disposal by media in special
attention

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No
Frequency 89 11
Percentage 89% 11%

Table no 4.16
Q14- Government taken any action regarding this organic waste
disposal in markets?

Particulars Frequency Percentage

Yes 7 7%

No 93 93%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.16
Government taken any action regarding this organic waste disposal
in markets

Frequency

Yes
7%

No
93%

Table no 4.17
Q15- While controlling this organic waste can improve the
agriculture production?

Particulars Frequency Percentage

Yes 87 87%

No 13 13%

Total 100 100%

Chart no 4.17
While controlling this organic waste can improve the agriculture
production

Frequency

No
13%

Yes
87%
 CHAPTER V
FINDINGS, SUGGESTION &
CONCLUSION

CHAPTER – V
5.1 FINDINGS

 Most of the Market retailers and farmars are trying to

control the agriculture production waste

 Most of farmers are not satisfied with waste management

control by the government

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

 Wastage control in agriculture production must be

improved

 Innovative technology about control agriculture

production waste should be taken

 Market reailors needs more support by the government

to control the organic wastages

5.3 CONCLUSION
Agricultural wastes are residues from the growing and processing of raw
agricultural products are non-product outputs of production and
processing and may contain material that can benefit man.

These residues are generated from a number of agricultural activities and

they include cultivation, livestock production and aquaculture.

These wastes when managed properly through the application of the

knowledge of agricultural waste management systems such as the “3Rs” can
be transformed into beneficial materials for human and agricultural usage.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY :
Annepu, R. K. (2012, January 10). Sustainable Solid Waste Management in
India. Retrieved February 19, 2016, from

http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/Sustainable Solid Waste

Management in India_Final.pdf

George, R. (2014, January 28). A Brief History of Class and Waste in India.

Retrieved February 19, 2016, from http://blog.longreads.com/2014/01/28/a-

brief-history-of-class-andwaste-in-india/

1. O.R. Krishna Swami - Research

Methodology

2. Gupta - Fundamental of
Mathematical Statistics

3. Joel salatin , Michal pollan - Agriculture and

ecosystem

Websites

www.agricollege.com

www.wikipedia.com

www.google.com
ANNEXURE

ANNEXURE
 A Study on measures to be adopted for Control Agriculture Production
Wastages around Coimbatore city

QUESTIONNAIRE

PERSONAL DETAILS

AGE : a) 21-30 b) 31- 40 c) 41 – 50

GENDER : a) Female b) Male

1) Approximate waste generated per day in Market?

(a)0-0.5 kg
(b) 5-10 kg
(c) 11-20 kg
(d) More than 20 kg

2) How many times Goods visit to the market in a week ?

(a) once
(b) Three
(c) Five
(d) More Than Five

3) How do you dispose wastage every day?

(a)Own disposal system

(b) Disposal in Municipal dustbin

4) What is Frequency of waste collection vehicle in your area?

(a) Daily
(b) Alternate day
(c) Weekly
(d) Rarely

5) Which is major part of waste in your market from

following?

(a) vegetables
(b) fruits
(c) other wastes
(d) leaves
(e) plastics

6) Are you collecting the waste separately?

(a) Yes

(b) No

7) Are you facing any Odour pollution due to organic waste?

(a)Yes

(b) No

8) Rate the present waste management system ?

 (a)Unsatisfactory

(b) Satisfactory

(c) Good

(d) Excellent

9) Any awareness taken by government for this Production

waste management?

(a) Yes
(b) No

10) Are the storage facilities set up by municipal authorities

daily attended for clearing of wastes?

(a) Yes
(b) No

11) Problem if any faced due to presence of waste in the

locality?

(a) foul odour

(b) sewage problem
(c) road blockage
12) Are the bins for storage different for bio-degradable wastes
painted green , recyclable wastes painted white and other
wastes painted black?

(a) Yes
(b) No

13) Do you need any awareness of waste disposal by media in

special attention?

(a) Yes
(b) No

14) Government taken any action regarding this organic waste

disposal in markets?

(a) Yes
(b) No

15) While controlling this organic waste can improve the

agriculture production?

(a) Yes
(b) No