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Aritra Guru (2018A4PS0552P) Life Cycle Analysis of Ethanol as an alternative fuel The increasing price of petroleum, the depletion of fossil
resources, and the negative environmental consequences of driving with petroleum fuels have driven the development of alternative
transport fuels. Bioethanol, which is converted from cellulosic feedstocks, has attracted increasing attention as one such alternative.
Ethanol (C2H5OH), commonly called ethyl alcohol, is a renewable fuel that is made from various plant materials. Typically, ethanol is
blended into petrol (usually a 1:9 ratio, called E10). Other variants include E15 (15% ethanol), E85 (for special flexible-fuel vehicles) and so
on. In terms of gasoline gallon efficiency, 1 L of petrol is equivalent to 1.5 L of ethanol. Ethanol is typically made from dry or wet-mill
processing corn, molasses and other such starch-based crops. In this study, we shall consider switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) as the
source of ethanol. Life cycle analysis (LCA) is the process of researching upon the environmental impact of a substance, from its
manufacture to its successful disposal. This report analyses the environmental impact of using ethanol from switchgrass as transport fuel
and compares the results with the ones of petrol to analyse the potential of developing switchgrass ethanol as an environmentally
sustainable transport fuel. Raw material extraction The raw material used here is switchgrass, as a source of ethanol, although
conventionally corn-based ethanol is used. But yields from a grass that only needs to be planted once would deliver an average of 13.1
megajoules of energy as ethanol for every megajoule of petroleum consumed—in the form of nitrogen fertilizers or diesel for
tractors—growing them. This means that switchgrass ethanol delivers 540 percent of the energy used to produce it, compared with just
roughly 25 percent more energy returned by corn-based ethanol according to the most optimistic studies. The following data table illustrates
the costs associated with the growth of switchgrass: Emission The above table gives a detailed report on what kinds of emissions the
manufacture and maintenance of switchgrass as a source of ethanol entails. It is important to understand that by making these methods
more efficient and more eco-friendly, we can improve the net impact of ethanol on the environment, thereby increasing its sustainability.
Transport of fuel The transport distances assumed are important for the outcomes, as lorries fuelled with diesel are the major transport
vehicles, which lead to significant environmental impact. The transport distances both from the switchgrass farm to the ethanol production
plant and from the ethanol to the oil refinery are assumed to be 20 km. The sensitivity of transport distance was observed to see the
influence of the transport section in this study. To compare with, 20, 40, and 80 km transport distances were assumed. It can be seen that
the increase of transport distance leads to worse environmental performance in all impact categories. Increasing transport distances leads
to higher demand of diesel used in lorries, which contributes largely to abiotic depletion potential (ADP). One key consequence of the
increasing use of diesel is CO2 emissions, resulting in the increase of Global Warming Potential. All these changes are obtained for E85-
fueled driving. For E10- fuelled driving, changes occurred in all impact categories are only up to 1%. Ethanol as fuel As a vehicle fuel,
ethanol is mainly used in one of two ways. The first one is blended with petrol, typically 5 to 20 percent by volume, for use in existing
vehicles with no engine modifications. The second is to use the ethanol, almost in its pure form (85 to 100%), in vehicles with specifically
modified engines. In this study, ethanol is assumed to be used as a mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% petrol by volume (termed here E10)
on new vehicles with no engine modifications. The functional unit chosen is to compare the life cycle flows on the basis of one-kilometre
distance driven by new passenger cars. Under these conditions, the amount of fuel required for travelling I km is calculated to be 62.4 g and
61.94 g for E10 and petrol, respectively. This is based on fuel economy of 11.9 kilometre per litre (original 28 miles/gallon). Fuel economy is
assumed to be the same for E10 and petrol, although in-use experience has indicated that El0 may have approximately a 1% fuel economy
penalty. Ethanol also has a higher Octane number than gasoline, which provides increased power and performance The following tables
show data of the effect of using ethanol-blended petrol, with pure petrol (gasoline) also provided as reference: After-effects As compared to
petrol, it is observed that ethanol has a higher Human Toxicity Potential, higher Eco-Toxicity Potential and higher Eutrophication potential.
These factors negatively affect the prospects of ethanol being use. About 1.54 kilos of CO2 are produced when a litre of pure ethanol is
combusted. In comparison, petrol produces around 2.3 kilos per litre, which implies a greater carbon footprint. Conclusion Ethanol fuel as a
blend in gasoline may help to reduce overall life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions only if the energy required to generate the process steam
derives from biomass (e.g. lignin or bio-fuel) rather than fossil fuel for pre-treatment of the feedstock. Replacing traditional gasoline by E10
fuel may save energy, lead to less summer smog and ozone depleting substances, and lower discharges of heavy metals. It may, however,
result in increased eutrophication, acidification and winter smog, and generate more solid wastes. Ethanol-blended fuel is widely used in
Brazil, USA and Europe. Most cars in the US can run on blends of up to 10% ethanol (E10) and ethanol represented 10% of the US
gasoline fuel supply derived from domestic sources in 2011. Since 1976 the Brazilian government has made it mandatory to blend ethanol
with gasoline, and since 2007 the legal blend is E29 (25% ethanol and 75% petrol. By December 2011, Brazil had a fleet of 14.8 million flex-
fuel automobiles and light trucks, and 1.5 million flex-fuelled motorcycles, that use E100, the neat ethanol fuel.
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bioethanol, which is converted from cellulosic feedstocks, has attracted increasing attention as one such alternative. this study
assesses the environmental impact of using ethanol from switchgrass as transport fuel and compares the results with the ones of
gasoline to analyze the potential of...

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235920495_Alternative_feedstocks_A_continuing_trend_in_the_polymer_industry

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this means that switchgrass ethanol delivers 540 percent of the energy used to produce it, compared with"cost competitive, energy
responsible cellulosic ethanol made from switchgrass or from forestry waste like sawdust and wood chips requires a more complex
refining process but it's...

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/grass-makes-better-ethanol-than-corn/

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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-010-0177-2

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for winter smog emissions, the relatively high contribution made by enzyme manufacturing is due to the emissions from its energy
consumption and from the fermentationit may, however, result in increased eutrophication, acidification and winter smog, and
generate more solid wastes.

https://www.scribd.com/document/62508533/Ethanol-1

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ethanol derived from cellulose. The functional unit chosen is to compare the life cycle flows on the basis of one-kilometer distance
driven by new passenger cars.

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e947/e0e69628b4d75e457625713e0a67db575466.pdf

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ethanol also has a higher octane number than gasoline, which provides increased power and performance. for example, indianapolis
500 drivers often fuel their race cars with e98 because of its high octane. there are currently projects underway, including the co-
optimization of fuels and...

https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ethanol_benefits.html

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1522346 schools - 2 Ethanol blended fuel is widely used in Brazil, USA and Europe, where cars run on blends of upwards of 10
percent. In fact, Brazil, a world ...

http://docplayer.net/159515910-Table-of-contents-editor-s-note-2.html

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Jul 24, 2012 - Some flexible-fuel vehicles are able to use up to 100% ethanol. Since 1976 the Brazilian government has made it
mandatory to blend ethanol with gasoline, and since 2007 the legal blend is around 25% ethanol and 75% gasoline (E25).

https://openei.org/wiki/Definition:Ethanol

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By December 2011 Brazil had a fleet of 14.8 million flex-fuel automobiles and light trucks and 1.5 million flex-fuel motorcycles that