ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti
M
mzia wereTeli

kognituri fsiqologia 1 -
aRqma, yuradReba, mexsiereba
saleqcio kursi
user

2012
sarCevi
Sesavali kognitur fsiqologiaSi .................................................................................... 4
sagani, Seswavlis sferoebi, ZiriTadi cnebebi ......................................................... 4
kognituri fsiqologiis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi ......................................... 8
kognituri fsiqologiis aRorZineba........................................................................... 12
signalebis aRmoCena .............................................................................................................. 16
signalebis aRmoCenis Teoria da SegrZnebis zRurbli ....................................... 16
damkvirveblis kriteriumis zegavlena zRurblze ................................................ 19
aRqma - sabazo sakiTxebi ..................................................................................................... 21
perceftuli konstantoba ............................................................................................... 24
siRrmis aRqma ....................................................................................................................... 27
obieqtebisa da formebis aRqma ..................................................................................... 31
aRqmis geStalt-fsiqologiuri gageba ....................................................................... 32
saxis amocnobis Taviseburebebi ................................................................................... 34
aRqmis Teoriebi ...................................................................................................................... 39
uSualo aRqma....................................................................................................................... 39
“qvemodan-zemoT” da “zemodan-qvemoT” Teoriebi .................................................... 40
“qvemodan_zemoT” Teoriebi ............................................................................................ 41
etalonis Teoria............................................................................................................ 41
prototipebis Teoria.................................................................................................... 43
TvisebaTa Teoria ........................................................................................................... 44
struqturul-aRweriTi Teoria ................................................................................. 48
“zemodan-qvemoT” midgomebi ............................................................................................ 50
yuradReba .................................................................................................................................. 52
Sesavali................................................................................................................................. 52
cnobiereba ............................................................................................................................. 53
cnobiereba da naxevarsferoebis specifikuroba ................................................... 55
yuradRebis gamtarunarianoba da SerCeviToba ........................................................... 58
smeniTi signalebi .............................................................................................................. 58
mxedvelobiTi signalebi ................................................................................................. 60
SerCeviTi yuradRebis modelebi .................................................................................. 61
brodbentis filtraciis modeli ............................................................................. 61
moreis SerCeviTi filtris modeli ........................................................................ 63
treismanis atenuaciis modeli.................................................................................. 65

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 doiCisa da doiCis gviani filtris modeli ........................................................ 67
mravalmodaluri Teoria............................................................................................. 68
naiseris sinTezi ............................................................................................................. 68
yuradRebis resursebis modelebi................................................................................ 69
agzneba, sifxizle da yuradReba ..................................................................................... 71
yuradRebaze moqmedi sxva faqtorebi ......................................................................... 73
strupis efeqti.................................................................................................................... 74
mexsiereba .................................................................................................................................. 76
mexsierebis funqciebi da kvlevis meTodebi............................................................ 76
mexsierebis tradiciuli modelebi ............................................................................. 79
argumentebi mravalsacaviani Teoriis sasargeblod ........................................ 79
vos da normanis modeli.............................................................................................. 81
atkinsonisa da Sifrinis modeli............................................................................. 83
sensoruli sacavebi: xatisebri da eqosebri sacavi ............................................. 86
sperlingis aRmoCena ...................................................................................................... 87
sensoruli sacavebis funqciebi ............................................................................... 91
xanmokle mexsiereba .......................................................................................................... 92
xangrZlivi mexsiereba ...................................................................................................... 94
informaciis gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria .............................................................. 97
integraciuli modeli: muSa mexsiereba................................................................... 100
muSa mexsierebis kvlevis meTodebi ....................................................................... 104
mexierebis mravlobiTi sistema – tulvingi .......................................................... 105
koneqcionisturi perspeqtiva ....................................................................................... 108
glosariumi............................................................................................................................. 110
gamoyenebuli literatura................................................................................................ 116

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 Sesavali kognitur fsiqologiaSi

sagani, Seswavlis sferoebi, ZiriTadi cnebebi

es leqcia warmoadgens Sesavals kognituri fsiqologiaSi. Cven gavecnobiT

kognituri fsiqologiis sagans da kvlevis sferoebs, agreTve ganvixilavT
kognituri fsiqologiis ZiriTad cnebebs.
kognituri fsiqologia Seiswavlis, Tu rogor xdeba adamianis mier
informaciis gadamuSaveba, ufro zustad ki, rogor xdeba aRqma, swavla,
damaxsovreba da azrovneba.
Cven yvelas gvainteresebs pasuxi kiTxvebze:
 ratom xdeba, rom obieqtebi ufro Sors gveCveneba nislian dReebSi,
vidre isini sinamdvileSi arian?
 ratom xdeba, rom cxovrebis garkveuli momentebi (mag., bednieri
wuTebi an bavSvobaSi Seqmnili uxerxuloba) adamianebs Zalian kargad
axsovT, Tumca aviwydebaT Zveli nacnobis saxeli?
 ratom eSiniaT adamianebs TviTmfrinaviT mgzavrobis ufro metad,
vidre - avtomobiliT? daSavebis an sikvdilis Sansi avtomobiliT
mgzavrobisas xom gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre TviTmfrinaviT
mgzavrobisas?!
 ratom gvaxsovs ukeT is adamianebi, romlebsac bavSvobaSi SevxvdiT,
vidre isini, romlebic erTi kviris win vnaxeT?
 ratom xarjaven amden fuls politikuri liderebi reklamaSi?
am da sxva kiTxvebze Cven SegviZlia pasuxi gavceT kognituri fsiqologiis
daxmarebiT. kognituri fsiqologia Seiswavlis, Tu rogor aRiqvamen adamianebi
formebs, ratom axsovT zogierTi faqti, zogierTi ki aviwydebaT, rogor
swavloben isini enas da a.S.
amgvarad, kognituri fsiqologia Seiswavlis imas, Tu rogor iReben
adamianebi informacias samyaros Sesaxeb, rogor inaxeba igi mexsierebaSi da
gadamuSavdeba codnis saxiT da bolos, ra zegavlenas axdens es informacia
adamianebis yuradRebasa da qcevaze. kognituri fsiqologia moicavs fsiqikuri

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procesebis mTel diapazons _ SegZnebidan dawyebuli, azrovnebiT da amocanis
gadawyvetiT dasrulebuli.
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi, Cveulebriv, iyeneben informaciis
gadamuSavebis modelebs. es aris evristikuli modelebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba
arsebuli literaturis organizebisTvis, Semdgomi kvlevebis stimulaciis da
koordinaciisTvis da agreTve mecnierebs Soris komunikaciis xelSesawyobad.
informaciis gadamuSavebis modeli gulisxmobs, rom Semecnebis procesi
SeiZleba daiSalos garkveul etapebad, romelTaganac TiToeuli warmoadgens
erTgvar hipoTetur erTeuls. igi moicavs im unikaluri operaciebis nakrebs,
romlebic sruldeba Semomaval informaciaze. navaraudebia, rom reaqcia
movlenaze (mag: kiTxvaze pasuxi) moicavs aseTi etapebisa da operaciebis
seriebis Sesrulebas.
gadamuSavebis yovel axal etapze informacia gadadis wina etapidan. Semdeg
xorcieuldeba misi gadamuSaveba am etapisTvis damaxasiaTebeli operaciebis
gamoyenebiT. informaciis gadamuSavebis yvela etapi erTmaneTTan aris
dakavSirebuli, Tumca pirvel etapad mainc miiCneven Semomavali informaciis
etaps.
stimulebi, movlenebi, signalebi an gamaRizianeblebi, romlebic gare
samyarodan Semodis informaciis gadamuSavebis sistemaSi, cxadia, uSualod ar
aisaxeba adamianis fsiqikaSi, isini gardaiqmneba garkveul simbolur formebSi,
romlebsac kognituri fsiqologebi `Sinagan reprezentaciebs~ uwodeben. Cveni
warmodgenebi samyaros Sesaxeb yovelTvis ar aris realobis identuri. ra Tqma
unda, informaciis reprezentacia dakavSirebulia im stimulebTan, romlebsac
Cveni SegrZnebis organoebi iReben, magram gadamuSavebis dros isini
garkveulwilad icvleba. es cvlilebebi anu modifikaciebi dakavSirebulia
Cvens warsul gamocdilebasTan da mis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli codnis
mdidar da rTul sistemasTan. xdeba Semosuli informaciis abstrahireba da
Senaxva adamianis mexsierebaSi. Tumca, rogorc Semdgom davrwmundebiT,
zogierTi STabeWdileba (stimuli, gamaRizianebeli an maTi nakrebi) uSualo
saxiTac inaxeba. am da sxva sakiTxebs Cven mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.
informaciis gadamuSavebis modeli svams or mniSvelovan kiTxvas:
1. ra etapebs gadis informacia gadamuSavebis procesSi?
2. ra saxiT inaxeba informacia?

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 es aris kiTxvebi informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebisa da misi Senaxvis
formebis anu struqturis Sesaxeb.
ufro detalurad ganvixiloT struqturisa da procesebis cnebebi.
struqtura (forma) gamoiyeneba kognituri sistemis agebulebisa da
organizaciis aRsaniSnad. es aris garkveulad metaforuli termini, rac imas
niSnavs, rom postulirebuli struqturebi pirobiTi warmodgenebia azrobrivi
elementebis organizebis wesis Sesaxeb. amdenad, mniSvnelovania, rom gaviziaroT:
struqturuli modelebi ar warmoadgens maT uSualo, TvalsaCino aRwerebs.
erT-erTi aseTi modelis magaliTia mexsierebis struqturuli modeli, romelic
“TavSi yuTebis“ metaforas efuZneba. am da sxva struqturul modelebs Cven
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. aq ki ubralod gaviziaroT, rom es metaforuli
cnebebia da, cxadia, ar SeiZleba maTi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gageba.
terminiT “procesi” aRiniSneba operaciebisa da funqciebis nakrebi, romelTa
saSualebiTac xdeba azrobrivi movlenebis gaanalizeba da cvlileba. “procesi”
aqtiuria xolo “struqtura” _ SedarebiT pasiuri. Cven ganvixilavT procesebs,
roca SeviswavliT mexsierebaSi kodirebas, daviwyebas, gadamuSavebas da sxv.
informaciis gadamuSavebaze struqtura da procesebi erTad muSaoben.
amasTan, erTi meoris Sedegia: garkveuli struqturebi yalibdebian informaciis
gadamuSavebis procesebis Sedegad, romlebic Tavis mxriv, garkveulwilad
informaciis Senaxvis struqturebis mier imarTeba.
kognituri fsiqologia cdilobs Seiswavlos rogorc informaciis Senaxvisa
da gadamuSavebis kognituri procesebi, aseve kognituri struqturebi anu
formebi. amdenad, kursis ganmavlobaSi Cven SeviswavliT ZiriTad im monacemebsa
da Sexedulebebs, romlebic arsebobs am or sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
Cven momavalSi xSirad gamoviyenebT or cnebas. esaa konceptualuri
mecniereba da kognituri modelebi. isini erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia, magram
gansxvavdebian imiT, rom konceptualuri mecniereba _ Zalian farTo cnebaa,
xolo kognituri modeli ki aRniSnavs konceptualuri mecnierebis calkeul
klass. mecnierebi kognitur modelebs qmnian (ageben) garkeul movlenebsa da
obieqtebze dakvirvebis Sedegad da eqsperimentebis safuZvelze. isini
gamoiyeneba garkveul kognitur sferoSi an qvesferoSi arsebuli
kanonzomierebebis aRwerisa da axsnisTvis. aseTi modelebis magaliTebia

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yuradRebis filtraciis modeli an mexsierebaSi informaciis gadamuSavebis
modeli.
am modelTa mizania:
. kvlevebis organizeba;
. dakvirvebisa da cvlilebis Sedegebis gaazreba;
. dakvirvebis Sedegad aRmoCenili faqtebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba;
. axali hipoTezebis Camoyalibeba;
. iseTi movlenebis winaswarmetveleba, romlebic jer ar gamovlenila;
. sxva mecnierebTan kavSirebis damyareba da komunikacia.
amgvarad, kognituri modelebi garkeul metaforebs warmoadgenen, romlebic
dafuZnebulia dakvirvebaze da daskvnebze da aRweren, rogor amoicnoba, inaxeba
da gamoiyeneba informacia.
kognituri fsiqologiis Seswavlis sferoebia: aRqma, xatebis amocnoba,
yuradReba, mexsiereba, warmosaxva, ena, ganviTarebis kognituri aspeqtebi,
azrovneba, amocanis gadawyveta, problemis gadaWra, adamianuri da xelovnuri
inteleqti. kursis msvlelobisas Cven ganvixilavT am sferoebSi arsebul
ZiriTad miRwevebs, agreTve mniSvnelovan eqsperimentebs da Teoriul modelebs.
sanam am sakiTxebis Seswavlaze gadavidodeT, mokled ganvixiloT kognituri
fsiqologiuri mecnierebis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi.

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 kognituri fsiqologiis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi

kognitur fsiqologias safuZvlad udevs garkveuli mecnieruli

Sexedulebebi. qvemoT Cven mokled ganxixilavT maTgan ramdenime ZiriTads.

1. kognitur fsiqologiaSi monacemebi srulad unda iyos ganxiluli axsniTi

Teoriis konteqstSi, magram Teoria carielia empiriuli monacemebis gareSe.
es debuleba xazs usvams kognitur fsiqologiaSi monacemTa aRwerisa da
Teoriuli axsnis erTobliobas. debulebis ilustraciisTvis gavixiloT
magaliTi: davuSvaT, Cven viciT, rom adamianebs aqvT gacilebiT kargi unari,
icnon is obieqtebi, romlebic naxes, vidre - aRadginon informacia maT Sesaxeb;
maT gacilebiT ukeTesi Sedegebi aqvT sityvebis cnobaSi, romlebic manamde
wavukiTxeT, Tu gaigoneben maT, vidre maSin, roca maT sityvebis damoukideblad
aRdgena moeTxovebaT. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianebs
gacilebiT ufro kargi cnobis mexsiereba aqvT, vidre – reproduqciuli
mexsiereba. es Zalian saintereso empiriuli ganzogadebaa. magram mecniereba
moiTxovs ara mxolod kanonzomierebebis ganzogadebas, aramed mis axsnasac.
mecnierebisTvis mniSvnelovania dadgindes, Tu ratom xdeba ase. amasTanave,
Teoria gvexmareba empiriuli monacemebis ganzogadebis SezRudvebis
gacnobierebaSi da im sazRvrebis identifikaciaSi, romelTa farglebSic es
kanonzomierebebi vrceldeba.
mecnierebis mniSvelovani funqciaa winaswarmetyveleba. Teoria gvexmareba
viwinaswarmetyveloT, Tu ra pirobebSi da garemoebebSi gamovlindeba mocemuli
kanonzomiereba.
meore mxriv, Teoria empiriuli monacemebis gareSe carielia. ar SeiZleba
Cajde savarZelSi da ubralod gamoigono mecnieruli Teoria. aseTi Teoria
spekulaciuri iqneba. mecniereba moiTxovs Teoriis empiriul Semowmebas da
dadasturebas.
amgvarad, monacemebi da Teoria erTmaneTzea damokidebuli. Teoria
ganapirobebs monacemTa Segrovebas, rac gvexmareba Teoriis daxvewaSi, mis
koreqtirebasa da axli hipoTezebis CamoyalibebaSi. Semdeg Teoria isev
gvibiZgebs monacemebis Segrovebisken da a.S. mecnierebis ganviTarebasa da
winsvlas swored Teoriisa da monacemebis es mudmivi interaqcia ganapirobebs.

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 1. kognicia zogadad adapturia, magram ara mis yvela specifikur
gamovlinebaSi.
rodesac Cven vaanalizebT Cvens SesaZleblobebs, Cven vrwmundebiT, Tu
ramdenad kargad muSaobs Cveni kognituri sistema.
evoluciis Sedegad Cven movaxerxeT Cveni kognituri aparaturis ise
ganviTareba, rom mas SeuZlia Zalian akuratulad (zustad) moaxdinos garemos
stimulis dekodireba. mas asee SeuZlia Sinagani stimulebis gagebac, romlebic
xelmisawvdoms xdis CvenTvis informaciis umravlesobas. Cven SegviZlia aRqma,
swavla, damaxsovreba, fiqri, msjeloba da problemebis gadaWra. Tumca
stimulebs SeuZliaT gvibiZgon informaciis araswori gadamuSavebiskenac. imave
procesebma _ aRqmam, msjelobam da mexsierebam, SeiZleba migviyvanos
Secdomamdec. amis magaliTebia aRqmis iluziebi, stereotipuli msjeloba da
Sexedulebebi, azrovnebis rogiduloba da a.S. adamianebi, umravles
SemTxvevebSi, adekvaturad gadaamuSaveben informacias, magram isini ar arian
unakloni. amdenad, Cven gvaqvs maRali donis adaptaciuri, magram ara unaklo
kognituri sistemebi.

3. kognituri procesebi zegavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze da arakognitur

procesebzec.
kognituri fsiqologebi cdiloben ganacalkevon da ise Seiswavlon
kognituri procesebi. miuxedavad amisa, maT ician, rom sinamdvileSi kognituri
procesebi erT mTlian sistemas warmoadgenen da, Sesabamisad, erTmaneTze
zegavlenas axdenen. magaliTad, mexsierebis procesebi damokidebulia aRqmis
procesebze. ras daimaxsovrebT _ es garkeulad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras
aRiqvamT. zustad aseve, azrovnebis procesebi damokidebulia mexsierebis
procesebze. ar Seileba ifiqroT imaze, rac ar gaxsovT.
arakognituri procesebi da kognituri procesebic aseve erTierTgavlenas
ganicdian. magaliTad, Tqven ukeT swavlobT, Tu gaqvT swavlis motivacia.
Sesabamisad, Tqven gacilebiT uaresad iTvisebT masalas, Tu Tqven daTrgunuli
xarT da ar SegiZliaT dasaswavl masalaze koncentrireba.

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 amdenad, kognituri fsiqologia ara mxolod kognituri procesebis
urTierTzegavlenas swavlobs, aramed iTvaliswinebs maT urTierTqmedebas
arakognitur procesebTanac.
kognituri fsiqologiis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli sfero, am
TvalsazrisiT, aris kognituri da biologiuri procesebis urTierTzegavlenis
Seswavla. bolo wlebis ganmalobaSi SesaZlebli gaxda garkveuli kognituri
procesebis lokalizaciis dadgena Tavis tvinSi. dadginda agreTve, rom swavla
garkveul cvlilebebs iwvevs tvinSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom kognituri
procesebic zegavlenas axdenen biologiur struqturebze. amdenad, kognituri
procesebi adamianis sxva sistemebTan erToblivad muSaoben.

4.kognicia Seswavlili unda iyos sxvdasxvagvari da mravalmxrivi

mecnieruli meTodebis saSualebiT.
axalbeda mkvlevarebi zogjer eZeben “saukeTeso” meTods kogniciis
Sesaswavlad. Tumca ar arsebobs erTaderTi swori gza kogniciis Sesaswavlad.
yvela kognitur process sWirdeba mravalferovani meTodebiT Seswavla. yvela
am meTodiT kvlevam erTian gagebamde unda migviyvanos: rac ufro meti,
gansxvavebuli teqnikiT mivalT erTi da igive daskvenamde, miT ufro maRalia am
daskvnis sarwmunoebis (sandoobis) xarisxi.
kogniturma fsiqologma unda iswavlos kvlevis es mravalferovani
teqnikebi imisTvis, rom iyos warmatebuli mkvlevari da mecnieri. Tumca,
mniSnelovania, rom meTodebi, romlebsac is gamoiyenebs, mecnieruli iyos.
mecnieruli meTodebi gansxvavdeba sxva meTodebisgan imiT, rom isini safuZvels
qmnian mecnierebis TviTkoreqtirebadi bunebisTvis. mecnieruli meTodebi
saSualebas gvaZlevs, uarvyoT araswori mecnieruli molodinebi. aramecnierul
meTodebs es Tviseba ar gaaCniaT. magaliTad, avtoritetis azrze dafuZnebuli
daskvna SesaZlebelia Zalian sasargeblo iyos yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magram
is ar aris mecnieruli da Sesabamisad, ar aris TviTkoreqciuli. marTlac, erTi
avtoritetuli adamianis sityvebi xval SeiZleba CavanacvloT meore
avtoritetuli adamianis sityvebiT. am dros Cven verafers axals ver viswavliT
im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelsac es sityvebi exeboda. vinmes, Tundac Zalian
avtoritetuli adamianis azri, rom dedamiwa samyaros centria, ver aqcevs mas
samyaros centrad.

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 5. yvela fundamentur kvlevas kognitur fsiqologiaSi unda hqondes
praqtikuli gamoyeneba da yvela praqtikulma kvlevam unda migviyvanos
fundamentur gagebamde.
politikosebs da zogjer mecnierebsac uyvarT maRalfardovani sityvebiT
msjeloba gamoyenebiT da fundamentur kvlevebs Soris gansxvavebaze.
sinamdvileSi, maT Soris gansxvaveba sulac ar aris ase mkafio. kvleva,
romelic fundamenturad gamoiyureba, xSirad maSinve gvibiZgebs praqtikuli
gamoyenebisaken. zustad aseve, kvlevas, romelSic TiTqos mxolod gamoyenebiTia
xSirad mivyavarT fundamentur Teoriamde. magaliTad, fundamenturi kvlevis
mixedviT, daswavla ukeTesia maSin, roca gameorebaTa Soris aris garkveuli
intervali, vidre maSin, roca gameorebebi erTmaneTs uSualod mosdevs. am
fundamenturma aRmoCenam maSinve gamoiwvia misi praqtikuli gamoyeneba swavlis
strategiebSi. amave dros, mowmis Cvenebis Seswavlam, romelic Zalian praqtikul
kvlevad gamoiyureboda, gamoiwvia mexsierebis sistemebis Sesaxeb Cveni
fundamenturi gagebis gafarToeba.

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 kognituri fsiqologiis aRorZineba

Tanamedrove kognituri fsiqologiis wina istoria

kognituri fsiqologiis yvelaze aqtualuri problema _ `Sinagani

reprezentaciis” anu “kodebis” sakiTxi jer kidev uZvelesi droidan awuxebdaT
mecnierebs. maTi mTavari kiTxva exeboda imas, Tu rogoria informaciis Senaxvis
struqturebi da rogor xdeba codnis Camoyalibeba.
uZvelesi drois moazrovneebi cdilobdnen daedginaT, Tu sad mdebareobda
mexsiereba da azri.
Zveli egvipturi ieroglifebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, egviptelebs
miaCndaT, rom codna gulSia ganTavsebuli. am azrs iziarebda berZeni
filosofosi aristotelec. platons ki miaCnda, rom codnis Senaxvis adgili
tvinia.
berZeni filosofosebis mier sakiTxi ganxiluli iyo struqturisa da
procesebis TvalsazrisiTac. XVII saukunemde aqtiurad mimdinareobda kamaTi
imis Taobaze, Tu romelia wamyvani, xolo Semdgomi periodisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo romelime maTganze metad aqcentireba.
platonis mosazrebis mixedviT, azrovneba efuZneba stimulacias, romelic
miiReba mgrZnobelobis yoveli organodan. TiToeuli mgZnobelobis saxe
(modaloba) specifikur funqcias asrulebs. ase rom, platonis mixedviT,
adamianis aRqmas da Sexedulebebs obieqtis Sesaxeb gaaCnia sakuTari antipodi
fizikur samyaroSi. platonis mosazrebebs yvela ar iziarebda. maT Soris iyo
aristotelec. igi miiCnevda, rom adamianis goneba zemoqmedebas axdenda fizikur
samyaroze. obieqtis gacnobiereba, misi azriT, damokidebuli iyo adamianis
unarze gonebis saSualebiT gamoyos mag., cneba `magida“ sxvadasxva magidis
warmodgenebidan. garda adamianis abstrahirebis aqtiuri unarisa, aristotelem
ganaviTara kidev ori idea, romelmac didi zegavlena iqonia tradiciul
fsiqologiaze. es aris 1) asociacionizmis principi, romlis mixedviTac ideebi
erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian siaxlovis, msgavsebis an kontrastis principiT da
2) logikis kanonebi, romelTa mixedviTac WeSmariteba dgindeba induqciuri an
deduqciuri daskvnis safuZvelze. aristoteles ideebi ufro axlos aris
“procesebis” Tanamedrove gagebasTan, xolo platonis ideebi ki “struqturis”
Sesaxeb SexedulebebTan.

12
 codnis reprezentacia: Sua saukuneebi

renesansis epoqis filosofosebi da Teologebi miiCnevdnen, rom codna

adamianis tvinSia ganTavsebuli. SemuSavebuli iyo garkveuli sqemac ki, romlis
mixedviTac codnis SeZena SegZnebis organoebis gavliT xorcieldeba.
XVIII s_Si britanelma empirikosebma berklim, iumma, ufro mogvianebiT ki
jeims milma da misma Svilma jon stiuart milma ivaraudes, rom arsebobs sami
tipis Sinagani reprezentacia:
1. uSualo sensoruli movlenebi;
2. perceftebis mkrTali aslebi;
3. am mkrTali aslebis gardasaxvebi anu asociaciuri azrovneba.
XIX s_Si fsiqologia TandaTanobiT gamoeyofoda filosofias da
damoukidebel disciplinad yalibdeboda. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrules fexnerma, brentanom, helmholcma, vundtma, miulerma, ebinhausma,
kiulpem, galtonma, titCenerma da jemsma. XIX s. meore naxevrisTvis Teoriebi,
romlebic codnis reprezentacias xsnidnen, or nawilad gaiyo. pirveli jgufis
warmomadgenlebi (vilhelm vundti germaniaSi da edvard titCeneri amerikaSi)
azrobrivi reprezentaciis SeswavlaSi struqturas miiCnevdnen mniSvnelovnad.
meore jgufis warmomadgenlebi ki (brentanos meTaurobiT) procesebis
mniSvnelobas usvamdnen xazs. platonisa da aristotelesgan gansxvavebiT, am
etapze es mosazrebebi empiriul kvlevebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
1889 w. gamoqveynda uiliam jemsis cnobili naSromi “fsiqologiis
principebi”, romelmac udidesi zegavlena moaxdina fsiqologiis, gansakuTrebiT
ki kognituri fsiqologiis ganviTarebaze. mexsierebis miseuli gageba pirdapir
ukavSirdeba Tanamedrove kognitur fsiqologias. jemss miaCnda, rom procesebi
da struqtura erTnairad mniSvnelovania fsiqologiuri mecnierebisTvis.
aRsaniSnavia, dondersisa da ketelis eqsperimentebic azrobrivi operaciebis
Sesrulebis drois gasazomad.

codnis reprezentacia: XXs. dasawyisi

XXs._Si biheviorizmisa da geStalt-fsiqologiis aRorZinebam radikalurad

Secvala Sexedulebebi codnis reprezentaciis Sesaxeb. biheviorizmis
ZiriTadadi formula iyo “S-R” (“stimuli _ reaqcia”), sadac Sinagani

13
reprezentaciis adgili aRar rCeboda. geStaltfsiqologebi ki Sinagani
reprezentaciis Teorias izomorfizmis konteqstSi agebdnen, efuZnebodnen ra
reprezentaciisa da realobis urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisobas. kognituri
fsiqologia aRar iyo aqtualuri, igi bihevioristulma revuluciam daCrdila.
bihevioristul TeoriaSi yvela Sinagani mdgomareoba ganixileboda, rogorc
“Sualeduri cvladi.” es pozicia Zalian popularuli iyo XXs. pirvel
naxevarSi.
Tumca bihevioristma edvard tolmenma 1932 Caatara rigi eqsperimentebisa
virTagvebze da aRmoaCina, rom, miuxedavad imisa, virTagvebs daswavlili
hqondaT SemovliTi gziT sakvebamde misvla, isini mainc umoklesi gziT
midiodnen sakvebamde, Tuki aseTi saSualeba eZleodaT. tolmenis azriT,
cxovelebi TandaTanobiT imuSavebdnen garemos “suraTs” da Semdeg iyenebdnen
mas miznis misaRwevad. am “suraTs” mogvianebiT “kognituri ruka” uwodes.
tolmenis eqsperimentebSi virTagvebSi kognituri rukis SemuSaveba imaSi
gamoixateboda, rom isini sxvadasxva sawyisi wertilidan poulobdnen sakvebs.
amdenad, es Sinagani ruka iyo garemos Sesaxeb informaciis Sinagani
reprezentacia.

kognituri fsiqologiis aRorZinebis faqtorebi

XX saukunis 50_iani wlebidan mecnierTa yuradReba isev miipyro mexsierebis,

xatebis amocnobis, azrovnebis, enis da sxva kogniturma procesebma. kognituri
fsiqologia kvlav Semovida “modaSi”. 1956 weli gansakuTrebiT gamorCeuli iyo
kognituri procesebis kvlevebiT da am sakiTxebze gamoqveynebuli statiebiT.
isini exeboda yuradRebas, mexierebas, problemis gadaWras da sxva SemecnebiT
procesebs. 1967 wels gamovida ulrik naiseris wigni “kognituri fsiqologia”.
brunerma kognituri fsiqologiis aseT swraf aRmavlobas “kognituri
revolucia” uwoda.
kognituri fsiqologiis aRorZinebis mniSvnelovan faqtorebs warmoadgenda:
1. biheviorizmis “marcxi.” biheviorizmi ver xsnida adamianTa gansxvavebul
qcevas (reaqcias) erTi da igive stimulebze. igi ver xsnida agreTve erTi da
imave adamianis sxvadasxva reaqcias sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva stimulze

14
adamianebis erTgvar reaqcias. dagrovili empiriuli monacemebi adamianis
Sinagani procesebis ignorirebis saSualebas aRar iZleoda.
2. kavSirebis Teoriis warmoSoba. kavSirebis Teoriam xeli Seuwyo
signalebis aRmoCenis da yuradRebis eqsperimentul Seswavlas, agreTve,
kvlevebs kibernetikasa da informaciis TeoriaSi, rac mniSvelovani iyo
kognituri fsiqologiis ganviTarebisTvis.
3. Tanamedrove lingvistikis ganviTareba. SemecnebasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebTan erTad ganixileboda enisa da gramatikis axali midgomebi.
metyvelebis fsiqologiaSi noam Comskis (Chomsky) axalma ideebma enis
SemoqmedebiTobisa da “transformaciuli gramatikis” Sesaxeb radikalurad
Secvales asociacionizmisa da biheviorizmis empiristuli pozicia.
4. mexsierebis axali kvlevebi. verbaluri swavlisa da semantikuri
organizaciis kvlevebma safuZveli Seqmna mexsierebis modelebis
CamoyalibebisTvis.
5. kompiuteruli mecniereba da sxva teqnologiuri miRwevebi. kompiuteruli
mecnierebis ganviTarebam da gansakuTrebiT ki, xelovnuri inteleqtis kvlevebis
Camoyalibebam fsiqologebs ubiZga gadexedaT Sexedulebebi informaciis
gadamuSavebis da Senaxvis sistemis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, axali teqnologiuri
xelsawyoebi Tvisebrivad axali tipisa da, amavdroulad, ufro zusti
eqsperimentebis Catarebis saSualebas iZleoda.

15
signalebis aRmoCena

signalebis aRmoCenis Teoria da SegrZnebis zRurbli

gare samyaros Semecnebas adamianebi sensoruli sistemiT iwyeben. es sistema

moicavs sxvadasxva modalobas, rogoricaa, mxedveloba (vizualuri), smena
(audialuri), gemo, ynosva, taqtiluri SegrZnebebi (Sexeba) da sxv. fsiqologiis
safuZvlebSi Cven SeviswavleT SegrZnebebi, maTi modalobebi da Tvisebebi.
kognitur fsiqologiaSi Cven kidev erTxel ganvixilavT SegrZnebis
zRurblebs da gansakuTrebiT SevCerdebiT signalebis aRmoCenis Teoriasa da
SegrZnebis zRurblis Tanamedrove gagebaze.
diqotomia sensorul Sinaarssa da aRqmas Soris ukve didi xania,
fsiqologebis kvlevis sagania da igi dResac aqtualuria. miCneulia, rom
realobis aRmoCena da interpretacia ganpirobebulia rogorc signalebis
(stimulebis) TaviseburebebiT, aseve im codniTa da gamocdilebiT, romelic
adamians aqvs aRqmis momentamde. am WrilSi SegrZnebis zRurblis CvenTvis
cnobili klasikuri gageba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. am TvalsazrisiT,
mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis signalebis aRmoCenis Teorias, romelic meoce
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda.
signalebis aRmoCenis Teoria Camoyalibda gadawyvetilebis miRebis
statistikuri Teoriisa da eleqtoteqnikis safuZvelze. meore msoflio omis
dros inJinrebma SeimuSaves signalebis aRmoCenis Teoria, romelic
radiolokaciuri sadgurebis mier signalebis aRmosaCenad gamoiyeneboda.
tenerma da sversma aRmoaCines msgavseba radiosadgurebisa da adamianis mier
signalebis aRmoCenaSi. maTma samecniero naSromma adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb
signalebis aRmoCenisas didi zegavlena moaxdina sensoruli zRurblebis
Teoriaze. kerZod, dadginda, rom adamianis gadawyvetileba signalis arsebobis
an ararsebobis Sesaxeb damokidebulia ara mxolod signalis (gamRizianeblis)
intensivobaze (rogorc es manamde iyo cnobili), aramed gadasawyveti amocanis
Sinaarssa da amocanis rezultirebis codnazec. Semdgom kvlevebSi dadginda,
rom adamianis mier signalebis aRmoCenis albaToba marTvadia am faqtorebis
safuZvelze. ase, magaliTad, SesaZlebelia signalebis aRmoCenis albaTobis
Secvla “warmatebis” SemTxvevaSi “dajildoebis” meqanizmis gamoyenebiT.

16
 sensoruli aRmoCenis meqanizmis sirTulis sailustraciod ganvixiloT
Semdegi magaliTi: warmoidgineT, rom sadarajo koSkuraSi zis morige
damkvirvebeli. misi amocanaa, dReSi ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi yuradRebiT
adevnos Tvali radaris indikatorebs, rom ar gamoeparos mtris TviTmfrinavi.
Tu aseTi TviTmfrinavi marTlac gamoCndeba, maSin morigis mier TviTmfrinavis
amocnobaze SeiZleba milionobiT adamianis sicocxle iyos damokidebuli. Tu
misi gadawyvetileba mcdari iqneba (sinamdvileSi TviTmfrinavi ki ara, mag.,
gadamfreni frinvelebis gundia caSi), maSin igi cru gangaSs gamoiwvevs da misi
Secdomis Sedegad daixarjeba uamravi resursi.
amgvarad, indikatorze ori tipis signali SeiZleba gamoCndes:
“TviTmfrinavi” da e.w. “xmauri” (am SemTxvevaSi frinvelebis gundi). Tu morige
xmaurs TviTmfrinavad miiCnevs, maSin igi cru gangaSSi iqneba damnaSave da
SeiZleba daisajos. xolo Tu TviTmfrinavis signals “xmaurad” miiCnevs, maSin
gamova, rom mas gamoepara mtris TviTmfrinavi, ris aRmosaCenadac is
sinamdvileSi morigeobs (muSaobs). amgvarad, yvela SesaZlo variantidan morige
guSagisTvis misaRebia mxolod ori: “swori dadastureba” an “swori uaryofa”.

cxrili #1

cdis piris alternatiuli pasuxebi

signali aris signali ar aris
swori aRmoCena araswori uaryofa – gaSveba
signa

xmauri

dadebiTi pasuxi stimulis uaryofiTi pasuxi signalis

+

arsebobis pirobebSi arsebobis pirobebSi

li
alternativebi

cru gangaSi swori uaryofa

stimulis

xmauri

dadebiTi pasuxi uaryofiTi pasuxi stimulis

stimulis ararsebobis ararsebobis pirobebSi
pirobebSi

cxrilSi #1 warmodgenili sqemidan naTlad Cans, rom zRurbli

ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva faqtorTa nakrebiT. stimulis intensivobis garda,
mis aRmoCenaze kidev sul mcire ori faqtori axdens zegavlenas: damkvirveblis

17
molodini (gamoCndeba Tu ar stimuli) da stimulis arseboba-ararsebobis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis Sedegi (dasja Tu waxaliseba).
molodini SesaZlebelia gaizardos konteqstis zegavleniT an damatebiTi
stimulaciis safuZvelze. ganxilul magaliTSi konteqstis zegavlena iqneba,
mag., Tu mezobel saxelmwifoSi omi mimdinareobs an Tu romelime
saxelmwifosTan pilitikurma daZabulobam piks miaRwia). aseve, konteqstis
zegavlenaa winare gamocdileba, mag., weliwadis am dros bevri gadamfreni
frinveli brundeba Tbili qveynebidan.
laboratoriul eqsperimentebSi am faqtorebis manipulirebiT SesaZlebelia
signalebis aRmoCenis zRurblebze zegavlenis moxdena. morige guSagis
SemTxvevaSi, signalis gamorCena an cru gangaSi gamoiwvevs tragedias an tyuil
xarjebs. Sesabamisad, am realur situaciaSi eqsperimentebis Catareba
SeuZlebelia. Tumca, SesaZlebelia situaciis modelireba laboratoriul
pirobebSi.
laboratoriul pirobebSi aseve SesaZlebelia signalis aRmoCenaze
mosalodneli rezultatis faqtoris Seswavla “gadaxdis sixSiriT”
manipulirebis gziT. magaliTad, Tu Cven vTxovT cdis pirebs, daadasturon
ekranze naCvenebi garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis arseboba, romlebic mxedvelobis
velSi Cndeba eqspoziciebis naxevarSi SemTxveviTi TanmimdevrobiT. yoveli
sworad identificirebuli stimulis SemTxvevaSi Tqven cdis pirs uxdiT
garkveul Tanxas (mag., 5 cents) da yoveli arasworad identificirebuli
stimulis SemTxvevaSi ki uqviTavT imave Tanxas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gadaxdis sqema
simetriuli iqneba. Tu Cven SevcvliT gadaxdis sqemas da gavxdiT mas
asimetriuls, maSin, Sesabamisad, gaizrdeba an Semcirdeba stimulis aRmoCenis
albaToba. stimulis aRmoCenisTvis dajildoeba-dasjis simetriuli da
asimetriuli sqemebi warmodgenilia cxrilebSi #2-4.

cxrili #2
gadawyvtileba
Tviseba aris Tviseba ar aris
Tviseba aris + 5 centi _ 5 centi
Tviseba ar aris _ 5 centi + 5 centi

18
cxrili #3
gadawyvtileba
Tviseba aris Tviseba ar aris
Tviseba aris + 25 centi _ 5 centi
Tviseba ar aris _ 5 centi + 5 centi

cxrili #4
gadawyvtileba
Tviseba aris Tviseba ar aris
Tviseba aris + 5 centi _ 5 centi
Tviseba ar aris _ 5 centi + 25 centi

damkvirveblis kriteriumis zegavlena zRurblze

cxdia, Zlieri da intensiuri signali ufro advili amosacnobia, vidre

susti da naklebad mniSvnelovani. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT wveulebaze da
aRmoaCineT, rom oTaxis meore boloSi myofi sawinaarmdego sqesis adamiani
Zalian xSirad giyurebT da misi mzera ikveTeba TqvensasTan. rogor moaxdenT am
signalis interpretacias? aRiqvamT mas, rogorc stimuls (anu gamowvevas)
Semdgomi socialuri kontaqtebisTvis? rogor moiqceviT da riT iqneba
ganpirobebuli Tqveni qceva? signalebis aRmoCenis Teoriis mixedviT, Tqveni
reaqcia damokidebuli iqneba Tqven gamocdilebaze (an survilebze), warmateba-
warumateblobis albaTobis Sefasebasa da mosuli signalis (mzeris) Zalaze.
pirvel rigSi, Tqveni amocanaa gaarkvioT aris es signali Tu “xmauri”. imisTvis,
rom mzeraSi signali amoicnoT saWiroa garkveuli kriteriumebis SemuSaveba.
rodesac signali aWarbebs am kriteriums, cdis piri mzeraSi signals amoicnobs.
xolo roca stimuli kriteriumze sustia an mcirea, maSin cdis piri ise iqceva,
rogorc signalis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. is, Tu ra doneze dgas es
kriteriumi, mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli damkvirveblis gamocdilebasa da
warmatebis Tu warumateblobis molodinze. swored amitom, am kriteriums

19
damkvirveblis kriteriums uwodeben da sxvadasxva gamocdilebis adamianebis
SemTxvevaSi, igi ganapirobebs signalebis amocnobis gansxvavebuli donis
zRurbls.

20
aRqma - sabazo sakiTxebi

aRqma aris procesebis erToblioba, romelTa saSualebiTac Cven

amovicnobT, organizebas vaxdenT da mniSvnelobas vaniWebT garemo
stimulebisagan miRebul SegrZnebebs.
aRqma moicavs mraval fsiqologiur fenomens. am fsiqologiuri fenomenebis
Sesaswavlad fsiqologebi xSirad mimarTaven iseTi situaciebis Seswavlas,
romlebSic Cveni SegrZnebebisTvis mniSvnelobis miniWeba problemuria.
magaliTisTvis, ganvixiloT qvemoT warmodgenili naxati #1. mxedvelobis
SegrZneba gvawvdis naxatze arsebul srul informacias, Tumca adamianebis
umravlesoba Tavadapirvelad masze xedavs uazro gadRabnil laqebs. mxolod
garkveuli xnis Semdeg adamianebi xvdebian, rom suraTze gamoxatulia ZaRli,
romelic raRacas ynosavs. amgvarad, Tavdapirvelad Cven ar SegviZlia am
SegrZnebebis erTi mniSvnelobis mqone mTlianobaSi, mentalur konceftSi
organizeba. mentaluri koncefti - es aris Cven mier aRqmuli stimulis an
stimulebis gonebrivi reprezentacia. mis gareSe Cven ar SegviZlia
gavacnobieroT, Tu ra aRviqviT naxatze.
naxati #1

am magaliTze dayrdnobiT, Cven vnaxeT, rom zogjer Cven ver aRviqvamT imas,
rac arsebobs. zogjer ki piriqiT, Cven aRviqvamT imas, rac ar arsebobs. amis
sademonstraciod ganvixiloT naxati #2, romelzec Cven aRviqvamT TeTr fonze

21
arsebul samkuTxedebs (marcxniv) da oTxkuTxeds. Tumca, Tu yuradRebiT
davakvirdebiT naxats, aRmovaCenT, rom samkuTxedebi, iseve rogorc oTxkuTxedi,
sinamdvileSi sruliadac ar arseboben. es samkuTxedebi, romelsac Cven vxedavT,
optikuri iluziebia. isini warmoadgenen iseTi vizualuri informaciis aRqmas,
romlebic fizikurad ar arseboben vizualur sensorul stimulebSi. amgvarad,
zogjer Cven ver aRviqvamT imas, rac aris realobaSi da zogjer ki - piriqiT.
daakvirdiT naxatze #3 gamoxatul kibes da SeecadeT gahyveT mas, sanam
bolomde ar axvalT. Tqven aRmoaCenT, rom es SeuZlebelia. am iluzias
„perceftul kibes“ an „dausrulebel kibes“ uwodeben. misi efeqti isaa, rom
„kibeebze asvlisas“ iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos mudmivad maRla
adixarT, magram sinamdvileSi wreze trialebT.

naxati #2

mTavari daskvna, romelic perceftuli iluziebis arsebobidan unda

gamovitanoT, is aris, rom ar aris aucilebeli, Cveni SegrZnebebi da aRqma erTi
da igive iyos. sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT, sensoruli organoebidan miRebuli
informacia yovelTvis ar emTxveva Cvens aRqmas (gonebaSi). Cveni goneba iRebs
arsebul sensorul informacias da alagebs (aorganizebs) mas ise, rom Seqmnas
Cveni garemos obieqtebis, Tvisebebis da sivrciTi mimarTebebis gonebrivi
(Sinagani) reprezentaciebi.

22
 naxati #3 – usasrulo kibe

Tumca adamianebs gvaqvs SedarebiT SezRuduli mxedveloba da midrekilni

varT iluziebisken, Cven vizualuri stimulebis dekodirebis da maTTvis
mniSvnelobis miniWebis gacilebiT ukeTesi unarebi gvaqvs, vidre - robotebs,
(Tundac Zalian daxvewil Tanamedrove robotebs). ra ganapirobebs am
upiratesobas? adamianis upiratesobas mravali misi unari udevs safuZvlad,
magram maT Soris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia codna da gamocdileba.
adamianebma gacilebiT meti ician garemosa da masSi mimdinare kanonzomierebebis
Sesaxeb, vidre - robotebma. ukve saukuneebia, rac xelovnebis warmomadgenlebma
ician, Tu rogor miaRwion, rom Cveni aRqma gaxdes samganzomilebiani, maSin,
rodesac vuyurebT organzomilebian gamosaxulebas. ra principebi ganapirobeben
Cvens realur Tu iluzorul aRqmas? pirvel rigSi, Cven ganvixilavT garkveul
perceftul informacias, romelic ganapirobebs organzomilebiani sensoruli
informaciis samganzomilebiand aRqmas. Semdeg Cven gavecnobiT im gzebs,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen aRqmis stabilurobas miuxedavad dakvirvebadi
sagnebis zomisa da formebis cvlilebisa. mxedvelobis, smenis, Sexebis, gemos an
sunis SemTxvevaSi Cven arasodes ar gveZleva zustad igive stimulebis

23
erToblioba, romlis gamocdilebac manamde gvqonda. Sesabamisad, aRqmasTan
mimarTebiT, kognituri fsiqologiis winaSe ismeba fundamenturi kiTxva: „rogor
vaRwevT perceftul stabilobas (aRqmis konstantobas) sensoruli
receftorebis doneze am sruli arastabilurobis fonze?“

perceftuli konstantoba

saganTa aRqmis fizikuri pirobebi, rogorebicaa: ganaTebis xarisxi, sagnis

dacilebuloba Cvengan, xedvis kuTxe da sxv. mudmivad icvleba. Sesabamisad,
icvleba is informaciac, romelic SegrZnebis organoebis saSualebiT
mogvewodeba am sagnis Sesaxeb. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven TandaTanobiT
giaxlovdebaT ori studenti, romlebic erTmaneTSi saubroben. rac ufro metad
giaxlovdebian isini, miT ufro meti adgili eTmoba Tqven baduraze maT
gamosaxulebebs (miT ufro farTovdeba/ diddeba maTi gamosaxulebebi). erTi
mxriv, es proqsimaluri sensoruli mtkicebuleba (faqti) gviCvenebs, rom
moaxloebuli studentebi ufro didebi xdebian. meores mxriv, Cveni aRqmis
mixedviT isini igive zomis rCebian. ratom? Cveni Tanaklaselis zomis
konstanturi aRqma - aRqmis konstantobis magaliTia. konstantoba aRqmis
Tvisebaa, romlis mixedviTac sagani rCeba igive sididis miuxedavad imisa, rom
misi sensoruli gamosaxuleba icvleba. aRqmisas sagnis realuri zomebi ar
icvleba da Sesabamisad, Cvens perceftul sistemas gaaCnia meqanizmi, romelic
azustebs, akoreqtirebs sensoruli gamosaxulebis cvlilebebs. aRqmis
konstantobis nairsaxeobaTa Soris Cven ganvixilavT zomis, formis da feris
konstantobas. zomis konstantoba es aris aRqmis Tviseba, roca obieqti
inarCunebs igive zomas miuxedavad proqsimaluri stimulebis zomisa. baduraze
gamosaxurebis zoma pirdapir damokidebulia Tvalidan am obieqtis daSorebis
manZilze. erTi da igive obieqti ori sxvadasxva manZilidan sxvadasxva zomisad
aisaxeba baduraze. roca Cveni sensoruli da aRqmis sistemebi cdebian, adgili
aqvs iluziebs. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT naxati #4, romelzec gamoxatulia
ponzos (Ponzo) iluzia. am naxatze ori obieqti, romelic gansxvavebuli zomisa
Cans, sinamdvileSi erTi da igive zomisaa. iluzia warmoiqmneba

24
urTierTmiaxloebuli xazebs Soris manZilebiT. ekvivalenturi xatebis zomebi
gansxvavebul sivrceSi, Cveulebriv, aRiqmeba gansxvavebuli zomebis xatebad.
aseTive magaliTia ebinhausis wreebis iluzia, miuler-laieris (Müler-Lyer)
iluzia da kinoskopis efeqtis saxeliT cnobili iluzia (ix. naxatebi # 5, 6, 7).

naxati # 4 - mario ponzos iluzia

naxati # 5 –ebinhausis wreebis iluzia

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 naxati # 6 – miuler-laieris iluzia

naxati #7 – kinoskopis efeqti

zomis konstantobis msgavsad, formis konstantobac dakavSirebulia

manZilis aRqmasTan, magram gansaxavebuli saxiT. formis konstantoba es aris
aRqmis Tviseba, romlis drosac obieqti inarCunebs igive formas, miuxedavad
proqsimaluri stimulis formis cvlilebisa.

26
 feris konstantoba - es aris aRqmis Tviseba, roca obieqti inarCunebs igive
fers miuxedavad proqsimaluri stimulebis ferisa. TeTri, ruxi da Savi feris
SegrZneba damokdebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad intensiurad airekleba sinaTle
mocemuli sagnidan: mcire arekvleva Savi fers iZleva, intensiuri arekvla -
TeTrs, xolo saSualo xarisxis arekvla ki - sxvadsxva elferis rux fers.
miuxedavad SegrZnebis doneze moqmedi am kanonzomierebisa, feris aRqma
garkveul farglebSi ar aris ganpirobebuli ganaTebis xarisxiT. ase mag., susti
ganaTebisas carcis naWeri gacilebiT naklebi sinaTlis sxivebs aireklavs,
vidre - SuadRisas mzis gulze Savi feris naxSiri. magram carci mainc TeTrad
aRiqmeba, xolo naxSiri ki - Savad.

siRrmis aRqma

Cven Zalian kargad viciT, rom sagnebi, romlebic Cven garSemo gvakravs
samganzomilebiania. maS, rogor xdeba, rom Tvalis baduraze brtyeli,
organzomilebiani gamosaxulebis asaxvis pirobebSi adamiani aRiqvams sivrcis
mesame ganzomilebas, anu siRrmes? rodesac Tqven gadaadgildebiT garemoSi,
Tqven mudmivad iyurebiT garSemo da Sesabamisad, orientacias axdenT
samganzomilebian sivrceSi. Cveulebriv, roca sivrceSi iyurebiT, Tqven afasebT
sivrcis siRrmes. magaliTad, roca sazRvravT ra siZlieris xmiT unda dauZaxoT
megobars, an afasebT manqanasa da Tqvens Soris manZils quCaze gadasvlisas.
siRrme es aris manZili zedapiridan, romlis Sefasebis aTvlis wertilad Cven,
Cveulebriv, viyenebT sakuTar sxeuls. rogor vaxerxebT, rom Cveni aRqma
samganzomilebiania, maSin, roca Tvalis baduraze gamosaxuleba
organzomilebaSi gveZleva? davubrundeT „dausrulebeli kibis“ magaliTs.
daakvirdiT, agreTve, SeuZlebel konfiguraciebs naxatze #8. saocaria, magram
am organzomilebian suraTze Cven siRrmes aRviqvamT. zogadad, siRrmis aRqma
SesaZlebelia rogorc monoklaruli (erT TvalTan dakavSirebuli), aseve
binokularuli (or TvalTan dakavSirebuli) stimulebiTac. monokularuli
siRrmis stimulebi SesaZlebelia mxolod or ganzomilebaSi iyos
warmodgenili da aRqmuli iyos erTi TvaliT. naxatze #9 warmodgenilia

27
naxati #9

naxati #10

28
siRrmis sxvadasxva monokularuli stimuli. esenia: teqsturis (masalis,
zedapiris) sxvadasxva gradientebi, zomaTa mimarTebebi, wrfivi da sivrciTi
(atmosferuli) perspeqtiva, naxatis gegmaze obieqtebis adgilmdebareoba,
interpozicia, moZraobis paralaqsi, Crdilebi, ganaTeba da konturebi. yvela es
stimuli Tqven SegiZliaT moZebnoT miTiTebul ilustraciebze.
siRrmis aRqma da Sesabamisad, misi Sefaseba, meore mxriv, efuZneba
binokularuli siRrmis stimulebs, romelic aigeba ori TvalisTvis sam
ganzomilebaSi miwodebuli stimulebis safuZvelze. meqanizmebi, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen Cveni aRqmis am Tvisebas sakmaod rTulia da araerTgvarovani
sxvadasxva manZilebis SemTxvevaSi. SedarebiT mokle manZilebze, rogoricaa,
manZili 5 metramde, siRrmis aRqmas uzrunveluofs marjvena da marcxena Tvalis
urTierTqmedeba anu binokularuli mxedveloba. marjvena da marcxena Tvalidan
Semosuli informacia ara mxolod avsebs erTmaneTs, aramed maTi
urTierTqmedeba gvaZlevs Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul unars Seafaso sivrcis
siRrme. am fenomenis sailustraciod, daxuWeT erTi Tvali, erTi saCvenebeli
TiTi daiWireT Zalian axlos saxesTan, xolo meore ki - rac SeiZleba Sors.
daakvirdiT gamosaxulebas, xolo Semdeg SeanacvleT daxuWuli Tvali. rogorc
xedavT, Tqven mier danaxuli TiTebis ganlageba (maT Soris manZili) icvleba.
amis mizezi marjvena da marcxena Tvalis baduraze maTi gamosaxulebebis
SeuTavseblobaa.
binokularuli uTanasworoba ganisazRvreba, rogorc gansxvaveba marjvena
da marcxena Tvalis gamosaxulebebis adgilmdebareobebs Soris. gansxsvavebis
xarisxi (done) damokidebulia siRrmeze (anu obieqtamde manZilze da fiqsaciis
wertilze). amdenad, es aris is signali, romelsac vizualuri sistema iyenebs
imisTvis, rom asaxos siRrme. Cveni Tvalebi erTmaneTisgan sakmaod dacilebulia
da Sesabamisad, isini Cvens tvins awvdian ori saxis informacias: binokularul
SeuTavseblobas da binokularul konvergencias. rac ufro axloa Tqvengan
obieqti, miT ufro metad gansxvavebul informacias agzavnis Tqveni ori Tvali
tvinSi da Sesabamisad, adgili aqvs binokularul disparatizms
(SeuTavseblobas). stimulTa interpretirebisas tvini gansxvavebulobis xarisxs
iyenebs obieqtis daSorebulobis Sefasebis indikatorad. im obieqtebisTvis,
romlebic Cvengan SedarebiT axlo manZilze imyofebian, Cven viyenebT siRrmis
stimulebis binokularuli konvergenciis safuZvelze. binokularuli

29
konvergenciisas Cveni ori Tvali koordinirebulad brundeba SigniT. amasTan
rac ufro axlosaa sagani, miT ufro metadaa Tvalebi SigniT Semobrunebuli.
tvini am informacias (kunTovan moZraobebs) iyenebs sagnis saixlovis
gansasazRvrad. naxatze #10 sqematurad warmodgenilia am ori procesis
muSaoba. tvinSi, qerqis vizualur centrSi moTavsebulia specialuri neironebi,
romlebic pasuxismgeblebi arian binokularul aRqmaze. es neironebi
aerTianeben orive Tvalidan Semosul informacias, imisTvis, rom Camoayalibon
informacia siRrmis Sesaxeb.

naxati # 10

aRsaniSnavia, rom siRrmis aRqma ganpirobebulia ara mxolod im manZiliT an

siRrmiT, romliTac obieqti dacilebulia Cvengan. profitma da misma kolegebma
2003-06 wlebSi (Proffitt and …) daadgines, rom samizne obieqtamde manZilis aRqmaze
gavlenas axdens is Zalisxmeva, romelic saWiroa obieqtamde misaRwevad
(misasvlelad): is adamianebi, romlebsac zurgze akidebuli aqvT mZime
zurgCanTa ufro Sorad afaseben manZils mocemul obieqtamde, vidre - isini,
visac aseTi zurgCanTa ar aqvT. amgvarad, rac ufro meti Zalisxmevaa saWiro
raimemde misaRwevad, miT ufro Sors iqneba igi aRqmuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

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siRrmis aRqma es aris interaqcia perceftul Sedegsa da Sefasebul (aRqmul)
Zalisxmevas Soris, romelic saWiroa aRsaqmel obieqtamde misaRwevad. sxva
kvlevebiT dadginda, rom siRrmis aRqmaze ara mxolod Sefasebuli Zalisxmeva
axdens zegavlenas. aRmoCnda, rom rac ufro kargad TamaSobs CogburTeli,
miT ufro didad aRiqvams igi burTs da piriqiT. igive efeqti vlindeba golfis
moTamaSeebTanac. amgvarad, am SemTxvevaSi aRqma garkveulwilad miRwevis
xarisxis funqciaa. aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, rom siRrmis aRqmaze garkveul
gavlenas axdens gamocdilebis faqtori, romelsac Cven bavSvobidan cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi viRebT saganTa daSorebis mimarT. am gamocdilebis miReba xdeba
mxedvelobiTi SegrZnebebis, agreTve, saganTa SexebiT da sxeulisa da xelebis
moZraobebiT miRebuli kinsTetikuri SegrZnebebis safuZvelze.

obieqtebisa da formebis aRqma

rodesac Cven raimes vuyurebT, magaliTad, kompiuters, romelSic am

leqciis teqsti Segvyavs, Cven vxedavT mis garkveul mentalur reprezentacias.
ra forma aqvs am mentalur (Sinagan) reprezentacias? arsebobs ori ZiriTadi
pozicia am kiTxvis pasuxTan dakavSirebiT.
erTi poziciaa damkvirvebelze centrirebuli reprezentacia, romlis
mixedviTac individi asaxavs da inaxavs sagnis iseT gamosaxulebas, rogorc igi
misi TvalTaxedvidan gamoiyureba. es aris damkvirveblis TvaliT danaxuli
saganis gamosaxuleba da ara misi obieqturi struqturis gamomsaxveli
reprezentacia. meore poziciaa obieqtze centrirebuli reprezentacia, romlis
mixedviTac individi asaxavs da inaxavs ara sakuTari TvalTaxedvidan Seqmnil
gamosaxulebas, aramed sagnis realurad, obieqturad arsebuli struqturis
amsaxvel gamosaxulebas. orive pozicia pasuxs scems kiTxvas, Tu rogor
aRviqvamT obieqtebsa da maT nawilebs, magram maT Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom
pirvelis mixedviT obieqtebi da maTi nawilebi „me“-sTan dakavSirebulia, xolo
meore poziciis mixedviT isini warmoadgenen obieqturad arsebuli
erTobliobis nawils da ar arian dakavSirebuli “me”-s poziciasTan. Tumca unda

31
iTqvas, rom am or pozicias xSirad ganixilaven erT kontiniumSi, rogorc
aRqmis kognituri meqanizmis or ukidures wertils. arsebobs mesame poziciac.
es aris orientirze centrirebuli pozicia, romlis mixedviTac, informacia
daxasiaTebulia misi kargad nacnobobis, gamokveTilobis an TvalsaCinoebis
mixedviT. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven axal qalaqs stumrobT. yovel dilas Tqven
gamodixarT sastumrodan da aTvalierebT qalaqs. Cveulebriv, Tqven qalaqs
aRiqvamT sastumrosTan mimarTebiT. SesaZlebelia, Tqven gqondeT damatebiTi
orientiric qalaqis reprezentaciisTvis, magaliTad, centraluri moedani,
eklesia, koSki, sadguri da sxv.

aRqmis geStalt-fsiqologiuri gageba

aRqma ufro mets akeTebs CvenTvis, vidre feris, formis an zomis sivrceSi
konstantobaa. is aseve organizebas uwevs obieqtebs garkveul koherentul
jgufebad. kurt kofkam (Kurt Koffka, 1886-1941), volfgang kelerma (Wolfgang Köhler,
1887-1968) da maqs verthaimerma (Max Wertheimer, 1880-1943) Camoayalibes aRqmis
geStaltis principebi. es principebi eyrdnoba Semdeg ZiriTad debulebas: mTeli
gansxvavdeba misi Semadgeneli nawilebis ubralo jamisgan da mTeli ufro
metia, vidre misi Semadgeneli nawilebis ubralo jami. geStaltis pregnantobis
(Prägnanz) kanonis mixedviT, Cven gvaxasiaTebs tendencia, aRviqvaT nebismieri
mocemuli vizualuri stimulebis simravle stabilur da koherentulad
organizebul formaSi.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven imyofebiT nacnob oTaxSi. Tqven aRiqvamT zogierT
sagans ufro “win wamoweulad”, pirvel planze, xolo - zogierTebi ki fons
qmnian (mag., kedlebi, iataki). figura SeiZleba iyos nebismieri sagani, romelic
aRiqmeba meti sicxadiT. igi yovelTvis aRiqmeba reciesiuli, naklebad cxadi,
naklebad xazgasmuli obieqtebis fonze. naxati #11 figura-fonis kargi
ilustraciaa. Tqven SegiZliaT aRiqvaT larnaki Sav fonze an ori profili
TeTr fonze, Tumca SeuZlebelia erTdroulad aRiqvaT larnakic da
profilebic.

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 naxati #11

erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc TiToeul figuras aqvs Sinaarsi, aris is, rom
TiToeuli maTgani akmayofilebs simetriis geStaltis principebs. simetria
moiTxovs, rom figuris maxasiaTeblebi simetriulni iyvnen centraluri RerZisa
an centraluri wertilis mimarT. qvemoT mocemul naxatebze (ix. cxrili #5),
iseve, rogorc naxatze #11, warmodgenilia formis aRqmis geStaltis ZiriTadi
principebi. isini moicaven figura-fonis aRqmas, siaxloves, msgavsebis da
simetriis, gangrZobiTobis da daxurulobis principebs. TiToeuli es principi
pregnantobis kanons efuZneba.

cxrili #5
x ● x ●
x ● x ●
x ● x ●
● ●● ●● ● x ● x ● { [ ] } < ( ) >
x ● x ●
x ● x ●
x ● x ●
x ● x ●
siaxlove msgavseba simetria gangrZobiToba daxuruloba

33
 gaCerdiT erTi wuTiT da mimoixedeT garSemo. Tqven garSemortymuli xarT
figurebisa da fonebis koherentuli da sruli simravleebiT (sinamdvileSi ki
aRiqvamT maT). Cveulebriv, Tqven ver xedavT naxvretebs kedlebze an raime
mcired dazianebebs im wignis zedapirze, romelsac kiTxulobT. SesaZlebelia
zogierTi aso gamorCenilia an wigns aqvs garkveuli tipografiuli xarvezi,
magram Tqven mainc aRiqvamT sityvebs da ver amCnevT xarvezebs. roca Cven
garemos vakvirdebiT, Cven midrekilni varT, garemos stimulebi aRviqvaT
jgufebad. Cven vxedavT erTmaneTTan axlos myofi da msgavsi obieqtebis
jgufebs. garda amisa, Cven aseve ukeT aRviqvamT dasrulebuli obieqtebis
jgufebs, vidre - arasrulisas, ukeT vamCnevT gangrZobiT xazebs - texilTan
SedarebiT da simetriul paternebs _ asimetriulTan SedarebiT. amgvarad,
adamianebi geStaltis principebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi iyeneben.
formis aRqmis geStaltis principebi Zalian martivia da kargad asaxavs
formis aRqmis Taviseburebebs. Tumca es principebi aRweriTia da arafers
gveubneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom xdeba ase. imisTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ratom an
rogor xdeba formisa da paternebis aRqma, Cven qvemoT ganvixilavT aRqmis
Teoriebs.

saxis amocnobis Taviseburebebi

rogor amovicnobT paternebs? mag., rogor amovicnobT saxeebs?

erT-erTi Sexedulebis mixedviT, adamianebs aqvT paternebis amocnobis ori
sistema. pirveli sistema specializdeba obieqtebis nawilebis amocnobaze da
maTi erT mTlianSi gaerTianebaze. meore sistema ki mimarTulia ufro farTo
konfiguraciebis amocnobaze.
meore sistema metad relevanturia saxis amocnobisTvis. roca Tqven xedavT
megobars, romelTanac yoveldRiuri urTierToba gaqvT, Tqven cnobT mas
konfiguraciuli sistemis gamoyenebiT. Tqven SeiZleba verc ki SeamCnioT is
mciredi cvlilebebi, romlebic mis garegnobaSi gaCnda. axla warmoidgineT, rom
Tqven SegxvdaT nacnobi, romelic 10 welia ar ginaxavT. Cveulebriv, Tqven
iwyebT misi saxis detalebis analizs da mxolod amis Semdeg xvdebiT, rom is

34
Tqveni Zveli megobaria. amgvarad, saboloo jamSi, orive sistema gexmarebaT
garCevisa da amocnobis sirTuleebis gadalaxvaSi.

naxati #12

saxis amocnoba warmoiSoba safeTqlis wilis TiTistarisebri xveulidan

(Fusiform gyrus). sxvadasxva kvlevebi adasturebs, rom ukve bavSvobis asakidanve
saxis amocnobas specifikuri sistema emsaxureba. am mimarTulebiT sainteresoa
faras (Farah) mier 1998 da 2000 wels Catarebuli kvlevebi. am kvlevebis mixedviT,
bavSvebs SeuZliaT amoicnon saxis fotoebi ufro swrafad, vidre - igive
sirTulis sxva stimulebi. erT-erT kvlevaSi monawileebs uCvenebdnen ori tipis
suraTebs (eskizebs) – saxlebis da saxeebis gamosaxulebebs. yoveli saxli
dakavSirebuli iyo mflobelis saxelTan da yoveli saxeli _ adamianis
saxelTan. TiToeul cdaSi iyo eqvsi aseTi wyvili. am eqvsi wyvilis daswavlis
Semdeg cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, amoecnoT saxe an saxli mTlianad an nawilebis
mixedviT. aRmoCnda, rom adamianebi saxlebs ukeT amoicnoben, vidre - saxeebs.
amasTan, isini daaxloebiT Tanabrad kargad amoicnobdnen saxelebs, rogorc
nawilebis mixedviT, aseve - mTlianadac. rac Seexeba saxeebs, maTi mTlianobiTi
amocnoba gacilebiT ukeTesi iyo, vidre - nawilebis mixedviT (ix. naxati #12).
aqedan gamomdinare, gakeTda daskvna, rom, rogorc Cans, saxis amocnobas
amocnobis specialuri konfiguraciis sistema udevs safuZvlad.

35
 saxis amocnobis konfiguraciuli efeqtis saintereso magaliTia, roca
adamianebi uyureben damaxinjebul saxeebs da Semdeg normaluri saxe
damaxinjebulad eCvenebaT. Tu Tqven uyurebT damaxinjebul saxes garkveuli
xnis ganmavlobaSi (ix. naxatebi # 13 da 14, romlebSic centrSi moTavsebulia
sawyisi anu “normaluri” saxe, garSemo ki sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT
damaxinjebuli gamosaxulebebi), Semdeg ki akvirdebiT Cveulebriv, normalur
saxes, normaluri saxe geCvenebaT damaxinjebuli sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT.
ase magaliTad, Tu Tqven normaluri saxis damaxinjebuli versia gaqvT, sadac
Semcirebulia Tvalebs Soris manZili da akvirdebiT am saxes garkveuli drois
ganmavlobaSi, amis Semdeg normalur saxeze Tvalebi geCvenebaT Zalian Sors
erTmaneTisgan. Cveulebriv, Tqveni codna da gamocdileba gkarnaxobT, romelia
normaluri saxe, magram misi damaxinjebuli versiis dakvirvebis Semdeg es
codna gadaifareba miCveuli damaxinjebuli versiiT.

naxati #131

1
amoRebulia statiidan: Visual adaptation and face perception by Michael A. Webster1, and Donald I. A. MacLeod -
http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1571/1702.full

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 naxati #142

aRsaniSnavia, rom saxis kognitur damuSavebaze saxis emocia axdens

zegavlenas. saxis aRqma da saxis emocia urTierTdakavSirebulia. marTlac,
arsebobs garkveuli mtkicebulebebi asakTan dakavSirebuli “saxis
pozitiurobis” efeqtis Sesaxeb. landerisa da metkalfis (Lander, Metcalfe) mier
2007 wels Catarebul kvlevaSi gamovlinda, rom xnieri adamianebi upiratesobas
aniWeben bednieri saxis yurebas mowyenil an gabrazebul saxesTan SedarebiT. es
kanonzomiereba ar dadasturda axalgazrdebSi. ufro metic, nacnobobis
mixedviT daxarisxebisas, bednier saxeebs ufro maRali nacnobobis xarisxi
aRmoaCndaT, vidre - neitraluri an negatiuri emociis gamomxatvel saxeebs.
arsebobs empiriuli mtkicebulebebi, rom, roca adamianebi axdenen saxeebis
kognitur gadamuSavebas, emociebi zrdian TiTistarisebri xveulis (Fusiform gyrus)
aqtivobas. erT-erT kvlevaSi cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, amoecnoT saxeebi an
saxelebis an emociebis mixedviT. aRmoCnda, rom emociis mixedviT amocnobisas,
TiTistarisebri xveulis (Fusiform gyrus) aqtivoba izrdeboda. autizmiT
daavadebuli pacientebis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom maT darRveuli hqondaT
emociuri amocnoba. tvinis skanirebam ki gamoavlina, rom maTi TiTistarisebri
xveuli (Fusiform gyrus) naklebad aqtiuri iyo janmrTel adamianebTan SedarebiT.
sxva kvlevaSi adamianebi aTvalierebdnen an saxlebs an saxeebs. saxeebis
daTvalierebis dros TiTistarisebri xveuli (Fusiform gyrus) aqtiurdeboda,
saxlebis yurebisas ki - ara.
yvela am gamokvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT unda davaskvnaT, rom saxis
amocnoba specifikuri sistemis aqtivaciis safuZvelze mimdinareobs. Tumca,

2
amoRebulia jurnalis “ Neuropsychologia” statiidan: Alex Burkhardt and others, Adaptation modulates the
electrophysiologica lsubstrates of perceived facial distortion: Support fo ropponent coding.

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yvela mecnieri ar iziarebs mosazrebas, rom saxis aRqmis sistema
TiTistarisebr xveulSi (Fusiform gyrus) aris moTavsebuli. faqtia, rom saxis
aRqma fsiqologiuri meqanizmiT gansxvavdeba sxva sagnebis aRqmisgan.
arsebobs saxis aRqmis uunarobac. mas prosofagnozia (Prosopagnosia) ewodeba.
mecnierebis azriT, igi dakavSirebulia garkveuli tipis konfiguraciuli
sistemis dazianebasTan. meore mxriv, sxva unarSezRuduloba, rogoricaa,
adreuli kiTxvis uunaroba, romelic damwyeb mkiTxvels SeiZleba hqondes
xarvezi sityvis Semadgeneli maxasiaTeblebis amocnobaSi, pirveli tipis –
elementebze dafuZnebuli sistemis dazianebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
Cveulebrivi mkiTxveli kiTxvas swavlobs pirveli sistemis gamoyenebiT –
elementebis safuZvelze, xolo Semdeg ukve SeuZlia amoicnos sityva mTlianad.
ase rom, informaciis damuSaveba gadanacvldeba erTi sistemidan meoreSi.
savaraudoa, rom kiTxvis dazianebis zogierTi forma momdinareobs meore
sistemis uunarobisgan, aiRos (gadaibaros) informacia pirveli sistemisgan.

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aRqmis Teoriebi

uSualo aRqma

saidan iciT, rom aso “A” aris marTlac “A”, roca mas xedavT? es kiTxva
advili dasasmelia, magram Zneli – sapasuxod. ra Tqma unda, es “A”-a, radgan
gamoiyureba, rogorc “A”. ra xdis mas “A” -s msgavsad, nacvlad mag., “H” – is
msgavsisa? ramdenad Znelia am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema, aSkara gaxdeba, roca
Tqven SexedavT naxats #14. savaraudod, Tqven am suraTze xedavT sityvebs “THE
CAT” Tumca aso “H” sityvaSi “THE” da aso “A” sityvaSi “CAT” aam naxatze
identuria. rogorc mixvdiT, es erTi SexedviT martivi procesi, sinamdvileSi
sakmarisad rTulia. rogorc Cans, aq Cveni gamocdileba erTveba. magram rogor
vakavSirebT aRqmuls mexsierebaSi SenaxulTan? geStalt-fsiqologebi am
problemas hofdingis funqcias uwodeben, radgan danieli fsiqologi perald
hofdingi eWvqveS ayenebda im azrs, rom aRqma SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas
danaxulsa da damaxsovrebuls Soris martiv asociaciaciaze. erT-erTi
gavleniani fsiqologi, romelic aseve eWvqveS ayenebda asociacionizmis am
ideas, aris jeims j. gibsoni (1904 - 1980).

naxati #15

gibsonis uSualo aRqmis Teoriis mixedviT, Cvens sensorul sistemaSi

Semosuli informaciis nakadi moicavs sensorul konteqstsac, rac
uzrunvelyofs adekvatur aRqmas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Cven ar gvWirdeba
umaRlesi kognituri procesebi an raime sxva mediatori Cvens sensorul

39
gamocdilebasa da aRqmas Soris. gibsoni darwmunebuli iyo, rom realur
samyaroSi arsebobs sakmarisi konteqstualuri informacia imisTvis, rom aRqma
ganxorcieldes. misi azriT, aRqmis procesSi maRali donis inteleqtualuri
procesebi ar monawileobs. gibsoni darwmunebuli iyo, rom Cven konteqstualur
codnas uSualod (pirdapir) viyenebT, rac biologiurad aris ganpirobebuli.
aseTi konteqstualuri informacia ar aris an Zneli gasakontrolebelia
laboratoriul pirobebSi. gibsonis models ganixilaven, rogorc ekologiur
models, radganac misi SexedulebiT, aRqmas adgili aqvs yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi (ekologiur garemoSi), laboratoriul pirobebSi ki
konteqstualuri informacia naklebad xelmisawvdomia.
gibsonis xazis gamgrZelebelia eleonor gibsoni, romelic ikvlevda
orientirebis aRqmas bavSvebSi.

“qvemodan-zemoT” da “zemodan-qvemoT” Teoriebi

Teoriebi, romlebSic informaciis gadamuSaveba iwyeba dabali donis

maxasiaTeblebiT, cnobilia “qvemodan-zemoT” Teoriebis saxeliT. am Teoriebis
mixedviT, aRqma monacemebiT anu stimulebiT imarTeba. Tumca, yvela mecnieri ar
eTanxmeba am mosazrebas. maTi didi nawili upiratesobas aniWebs “zemodan-
qvemoT” Teoriebs, romelTa mixedviTac, aRqmaSi wamyvania umaRlesi donis
kognituri procesebi, arsebuli codna da prioritetuli molodinebi. es
Teoretikosebi informaciis gadamuSavebis meore planze, cxadia, ganixilaven da
iTvaliswinebdnen sensorul monacemebsac. molodinebi da winaswari rwmenebi
Zalian did zegavlenas axdenen aRqmaze. roca raime obieqtis danaxvas eli,
SesaZlebelia dainaxo kidevac is, Tumca realurad is ar aris an aRar aris.
magaliTad, Tu Tqven eliT romelime adamians garkveul adgilze, SeiZleba
ifiqroT, rom dainaxeT igi, miuxedavad imisa, rom sinamdvileSi misi msgavsi
adamiani dainaxeT. “zemodan-qvemoT” da “qvemodan-zemoT” gadamuSaveba aRqmis
Teoriebia, magram isini gamoiyeneba kogniciis yvela aspeqtSi. es ori Teoria
garkveulwilad avsebs erTmaneTs, radgan aRqmis srulfasovani Teoria moicavs
rogorc `qvemodan_zemoT~ aseve `zemodan_qvemoT~ gadamuSavebis procesebs.

40
 “qvemodan_zemoT” Teoriebi

formisa da paternebis aRqmis oTxi ZiriTadi Teoriaa etalonis,

prototipebis, TvisebebTa da struqturalur-aRweriTi Teoria. ganvixiloT
TiTeuli maTgani cal-calke.

etalonis Teoria

am Teoriis mixedviT (Selfridge; Neisser), Cven gonebaSi vinaxavT etalonebis

uTvalav simravles. etalonebi aris im paternebis Zalian detaluri modelebi,
romlebic Cven SeiZleba aRviqvaT. Cven aRviqvamT paternebs etalonebis
simravlesTan Sedarebis gziT. Semdeg virCevT im etalons, romelic zustad
emTxeveva danaxuls. etalonebis damTxvevis (morgebis) magaliTebi Cven
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gvxvdeba: am gziT xdeba TiTis anabeWdebis damTxveva,
maRaziaSi nebismieri tipis produqti identificirebulia produqtis
universaluri kodiT, romelTa skanireba da identificireba xdeba yidvis
momentSi kompiuteris mier (ix. naxati #16). garda amisa, Wadrakis moTamaSeebi,
romlebic icnoben bevr TamaSs, iyeneben Sesabamisobis strategias, imisTvis, rom
gamoiyenon sxva TamaSebis etalonebi.
TiToeul zemoT naxseneb SemTxvevaSi mizani aris, dasmuli amocanis
Sesabamisad, vipovoT erTi saukeTeso damTxveveva da ukuvagdoT sxva
Seuferebeli etalonebi. Tqven Zalian ar mogewonebaT, Tu aRmoaCenT, rom Tqveni
bankis cifrebis amomcnobi sistema Secda Tqvens angariSze depozitis
daregistrirebisas. es SeiZleba momxdariyo im SemTxvevaSi, cifrebis amomcnobi
manqana (an kompiuteri) ise yofiliyo daprogramebuli, rom orazrovani
stimulebidan (maxasiaTeblebidan) varaudiT aerCia erT-erTi.
sinamdvileSi, etalonebis damTxvevisTvis, misaRebi mxolod zusti
damTxvevaa. swored amas moeliT Tqven bankis kompiuterisgan.
warmoidgineT Tqveni perceptuli sistema, romelic yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi muSaobs. is Zalian mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, Tu Tqveni
moTxovnaa mxolod zusti damTxvevisas amocnoba. ramdeni gonebrivi etalonia
saWiro im adamianis saxis aRsaqmelad, romelic Tqven giyvarT? Tqven

41
dagWirdebaT TiTo etaloni yoveli misi saxis gamometyvelebisTvis, yoveli
xedvis kuTxidan misi gamosaxulebisTvis, misi saxe makiaJiT Tu mis gareSe,
sxvadasxva varcxnilobiT da a.S

naxati #16

anbanis asoebi ufro martivi stimulebia, vidre saxeebi an sxva kompleqsuri

stimulebi. Tumca etalonebis damTxvevis Teoria problemebs awydeba asoebis
aRqmis garkveuli aspeqtebis axsnisasac. igi ver xsnis im sityvebisa da asoebis
aRqmas, romelic #15 naxatzea gamosaxuli. Cven vcnobT asoebs ( “A” da “H”) erTi
da igive fizikuri stimulebis safuZvelze. hofdingi (Hoffding) aRniSnavda sxva
problemebsac. Cven SegviZlia aso A”_s amocnoba miuxedavad misi zomisa,
orientaciisa da formisa, Tumca Zneli dasajerebelia, rom gonebaSi gvaqvs aso
“A”_s formis, zomis da orientaciis SesaZlo variantebis yvela etaloni.
amdeni etalonebis Senaxva, organizeba da amocnoba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. ufro
metic, gaugebaria, rogor vqmniT amden etalons SesaZlo aRsaqmeli yoveli
obieqtisTvis?

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 prototipebis Teoria

etalonis Teoriis problemebma bunebrivad gamoiwvia paternebis aRqmis

alternatiuli _ prototipebis damTxvevis Teoriis warmoSoba. prototipi aris
romelime klasis obieqtebis an paternebis garkveuli tipis saSualo, romelSic
gaerTianebulia am klasis yvela yvelaze tipuri (yvelaze xSirad dakvirvebadi,
gamoyenebadi) Tviseba. amocnoba xdeba prototipTan Sedarebis gziT.
amgvarad, prototipi - es aris paternis prezentacia, misi saukeTeso modeli.
magram ar aris aucilebeli, rom igi romelime paternis an modelis zusti,
identuri asli iyos.
amgvarad Camoyalibebul aRqmis Teorias SeuZlia axsnas konfiguraciebis
aRqma. magaliTad, rogor xdeba policiis mier Seqmnili damnaSavis portretis
safuZvelze misi amocnoba an rogor qmnian policielebi damnaSavis portrets
mowmis Cvenebis safuZvelze.
am modelis mixedviT, Cven SegviZlia CamovayaliboT prototipi maSinac ki,
roca Cven arasodes gvinaxavs prototipis Sesatyvisi nimuSi. es imas niSnavs, rom
prototipebSi, romlebsac Cven vqmniT, integrirebulia paternis yvela tipuri
Tviseba. es xdeba maSinac ki, roca Cven arasodes gvinaxavs is nimuSi, sagani an
movlena, romelSic es tipuri Tvisebebi erTdroulad aris integrirebuli. am
fenomenis sailustraciod ganvixiloT 1981 wels solosos da makbarsis mier
Catarebuli eqsperimenti. maT prototipis safuZvelze Seqmnes msgavsi paternebis
mravali seria (magaliTisTvis ix. naxati #17). isini cdis pirebs ar aCvenebdnen
prototips, romelTa safuZvelzec es paternebi Seiqmna. cdis pirvel etapze
cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen mxolod paternebs. mogvianebiT tardeboda cnobis
mexsierebis testi klasikuri meTodiT: cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen garkveul
damatebiT paternebs, romelic moicavdnen distraqtorebsac da prototipul
paternsac. am pirobebSi cdis pirebi adasturebdnen (amoicnobdnen) prototips,
rogorc ukve nanaxs. amasTan, amaSi maTi darwmunebulobis xarisxi Zalian
maRali iyo.

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 naxati #17

TvisebaTa Teoria

paternebis da formis aRqmis kidev erTi alternatiuli axsna aris

TvisebaTa damTxvevis Teoria. am Teoriis mixedviT, Cven vcdilobT paternis
Tvisebebis damTxvevas im TvisebebTan, romlebic mexsierebaSi gvaqvs Senaxuli.
aRqma etalonTan damTxvevis an prototipTan Sedarebis gziT ki ar xdeba,
aramed _ TvisebaTa Sedarebis da maTi damTxvevis safuZvelze. TvisebaTa
damTxvevis erT-erTi Teoria pandemoniumis saxeliTaa cnobili. masSi,
specifikuri movaleobebiT aRWurvili metaforuli “demonebi” iReben da
aanalizeben stimulis Tvisebebs. es modeli warmodgenilia naxatze #18.

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 naxati #18

oliver silfrijis (Oliver Selfrigde) pandemoniumis modeli aRwers “xatis/

gamosaxulebebis demonebs” isini gaivlian baduris gamosaxulebidan “TvisebaTa
damonebamde.” TiToeuli “Tvisebis demoni” daiZaxebs, roca aris damTxveva
stimulsa da mocemul Tvisebas Soris. es damTxvevebi gamouZaxeben ierarqiis
Semdeg safuxurze myof “kognitur (azris, fiqris) demonebs”. isini mexsierebidan
amoitanen iseT paternebs, romlebic ergebian “TvisebaTa demonis” mier
mowodebul erT an met Tvisebas. “gadawyvetilebis mimRebi demoni” usmens
“kognituri demonis” “pandemoniums”. igi gadawyvetilebas iRebs imis Taobaze, Tu
ra aris danaxuli, “kognituri demonis” yvelaze xSir daZaxebaze dayrdnobiT
(anu yvelaze metad damTxveuli Tvisebebis safuZvelze).

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 miuxedavad imisa, rom silfrijis modeli erT-erTi yvelaze farTod
Ggavrcelebulia, arsebobs TvisebaTa sxva modelebic. zogierTi avtori
gamoyofs sxvadasxva tipis Tvisebebsac, rogoricaa, mag: globaluri da
lokaluri Tvisebebi. lokaluri Tvisebebi Sedgeba mocemuli paternis
mciremasStabiani an detaluri aspeqtebisgan. Tumca, ar arsebobs lokaluri
Tvisebebis zusti gansazRvreba, Cven mainc SegviZlia ganvasxvaoT isini
globaluri Tvisebebisgan, romlebic mTlianobiT formas qmnian. ganvixiloT,
magaliTad, masala (naxati 19), romelic navonma (Navon) gamoiyena paternebis
aRqmis kvlevaSi. warmodgenili orive stimuli (a da b) aris aso “H”. a) panelze
lokaluri Tvisebebi (patara “H”-ebi) Seesabameba globalur Tvisebas (did “H”-
s). panelze b) ki lokaluri Tvisebebi (patara “S”-ebi) ar Seesabamebian
globalur Tvisebas.
naxati #19

1977 wels navonis (Navon) kvlevaSi cdis pirebi axdendnen stimulTa

identifikacias an globalur an lokalur doneze. aRmoCnda, rom cdis pirebma
ufro swrafad SeZles stimulis identificireba globalur doneze, vidre –
lokalur doneze. ufro metic, globalur doneze stimulTa identificirebaze
zegavlenas ar axdenda lokaluri Tvisebebis damTxveva an ardamTxveva
globalur TvisebebTan. cdis pirebi erTnairad swrafad pasuxobdnen
miuxedavad imisa, globaluri “H” Sedgenili iyo lokaluri “H”-ebisgan, Tu
lokaluri “S”-ebisgan. roca cdis monawileebs sTxovdnen, epasuxaT lokalur
doneze. isini ufro swrafad pasuxobdnen, roca globalur Tvisebebi emTxveoda
lokalurs. maT pasuxis gasacemad meti dro sWirdebidaT Tu maT unda
moexdinaT lokaluri “S”-ebis identificireba, romelTa konbinaciiTac

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globaluri “H” iyo Seqmnili. am fenomens globaluri upiratesobis efeqts
uwodeben.
sul male eqsperimentulad gamovlenil iqna sawinaaRmdego fenomeni,
romelsac lokaluri upiratesobis efeqts uwodeben. martinis (Martin, 1979)
kvlevaSi aRmoCnda, rom roca lokalur TvisebaTa Soris didi dacilebaa (ix.
naxati #20), maSin reversiuli efeqti vlindeba: cdis monawileebi ufro
swrafad axdenen individualuri asoebis lokaluri Tvisebebis identifikacias,
vidre – globalurisas. winaaRmdegobrivi stimulis SemTxvevaSi lokaluri
Tvisebebi xels uSlian (aferxeben) globalur amocnobas.

naxati #20

TvisebaTa Teoriis garkveul mxardaWeras warmoadgens nevrologiuri da

fsiqologiuri kvlevebi. mkvlevarebma (Hubel and Wiesel) gamoiyenes erTi ujredis
Caweris teqnologia cxovrelebTan. maT gazomes individualuri neironebis
pasuxebi vizualur qerqSi. Semdeg maT moniSnes es neironebi Sesabamisi
vizualuri stimulebisTvis vizualuri velis Sesabamis adgilebze. maTma
kvlevam aCvena, rom baduris specifikur nawilebze warmodgenil gansxvavebul
stimulebze tvinSi vizualuri qerqis specifikuri neironebi reagireben.
Sesabamisad, yoveli specifikuri receftoruli velisTvis baduraze SeiZleba
moiniSnos qerqis individualuri neironi. aRmoCnda, rom qerqis ujredebi
reagireben “specipikurad orientirebul sinaTlis xazebis segmentebze” (Hubel
and Wiesel,1979). eqsperimentma aCvena, rom zogierTi ujredebi reagireben mxolod
horizontalur xazebze, zogierTebi mgZnobiareebi arian mxedvelobiTi

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stimulis mimarT, zogierTebi ki marjvena kuTxis mimarT. sxva mecnierebma
aRmoaCines ujredebi, romlebic reagireben kuTxeebze da gverdebze.
Tumca, mecnierebis am etapze cnobilia, rom tvinis reagireba mxedvelobis
stimulebze aseTi erTmniSvelovani ar aris, igi rTuli da kompleqsuria.
mravali tipis ujredi emsaxureba mraval funqcias. es ujredebi moqmedeben
nawilobriv paralelurad, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven amas ver vacnobierebT.
magaliTad, sivrciTi informacia aRqmuli obieqtis ganlagebis Sesaxeb
gadamuSavdeba misi konturebis Sesaxeb informaciasTan erTdroulad.

naxati #21

TvisebaTa Teoriis farglebSi upasuxod rCeba kiTxva, Tu rogor xdeba

diskrituli Tvisebebis gaerTianeba erT formaSi, romelsac Cven aRviqvamT,
rogorc raime obieqts.

struqturul-aRweriTi Teoria

1987 wels bidermanma (Biederman) Camoayaliba aRqmis struqturul-aRweriTi

modeli, romelsac geonebis Teoriasac uwodeben. am modelis mixedviT, obieqtis
samganzomilebian reprezentaciebs Cven vqmniT Zalian martivi geometriuli
figurebis manipulaciis saSualebiT. es saSualebebia samganzomilebiani
geometriuli ionebis (geonebis) nakrebebi. isini moicaven iseT obieqtebs,

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rogorebicaa marTkuTxedebi, cilindrebi, konusebi da maTi moRunuli
Semadgeneli nawilebi (ix. naxati #22).
bidermanis komponentebis amocnobis Teoriis Tanaxmad, Cven swrafad
amovicnobT obieqtebs maTi kideebis SeswavliT da Semdeg vSliT obieqts
geonebad. geonebi SesaZlebelia xelaxla aiwyos alternatiuli wyobiT. ase,
magaliTad, asoebis mcire simravlis manupulaciis gziT (kombinaciiT) SeiZleba
Sedges uTvalavi sityva da winadadeba. aseve, geonebis mcire ricxvi SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnas sabazo formebis da Semdgom uamravi sabazo obieqtebis
konstruirebisaTvis. geonebi aris martivi da invariantuli xedvis sxvadasxva
kuTxidan (anu garCevadi sxvadasxva xedviTi kuTxidan).

naxati #22

obieqtebi agebulia geonebisgan da amitom isini advilad amosacnobia

mravali sxvadasxva perspeqtividan, miuxedavad vizualuri “xmaurisa”. bidermanis
azriT, misi modeli ekonomiurad xsnis, Tu rogor SegviZlia swrafad, martivad,
uSecdomod amovicnoT obieqtebis mravalricxovani klasifikaciebi. amocnoba
ar aris damokidebuli mayureblis kuTxis cvlilebaze. is maSinac xorcieldeba,
roca sxvadasxva konteqstis zegavleniT obieqti damaxinjebulia.
Tumca bidermanis Teoria xsnis, Tu rogor amovicnobT skamebis, sanaTebis,
saxeebis da sxv. zogad formebs, magram igi adekvaturad ver xsnis rogor
vcnobT romelime gamorCeul skams an saxes. magaliTad gamodgeba Cveni sakuTari
saxe an Cveni megobrebis saxe. unda iTqvas isic, bidermani TviTonve miiCnevda,
rom misi Teoriis garkveuli aspeqtebi Semdgom damuSavebas saWiroebda. aseTi

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sakiTxia mag., Tu rogor xdeba aRwerili obieqtis nawilebs Soris kavSirebis
damyareba. kidev erTi problema bidermanis TeoriaSi da zogadad Q”qvemodan-
zemoT” midgomaSi aris is, Tu rogor xdeba winaswari molodinebisa da garemos
konteqstis gaTvaliswineba paternebis amocnobis zogierT SemTxvevaSi.

“zemodan-qvemoT” midgomebi

aRqmis “qvemodan_zemoT” midgomis sawinaaRmdegoa “zemodan-qvemoT”

konstruqtivistuli midgoma (bruneri, gregori, roki, helmholci). am midgomis
Tanaxmad, aRqmisas adamiani aSenebs (akonstruirebs) stimulebis kognitur
gagebas. es midgoma dafuZnebulia Sexedulebaze, rom maRali donis gonebrivi
procesebi, maT Soris swavlac, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben aRqmaSi. amitom
mas inteleqtualuri aRqmasac uwodeben xolme. am midgomis Tanaxmad, ara
mxolod samyaro axdens zegavlenas Cvens aRqmaze, aramed samyaro, romelic Cven
gamocdilebaSi gvaqvs, sinamdvileSi Camoyalibebulia Cveni aRqmis safuZvelze.
amgvarad, erTi mxriv, aRqma axdens zegavlenas im samyaroze, romelic Cven
gamocdilebaSi gvaqvs da meore mxriv, es samyaro axdens zegvlenas aRqmaze.
magaliTad, wamoidgineT, rom miuyvebiT ucnob gzas. gzajvaredinze SegxvdaT
niSani, romelzec weria “ST -P.” Tqven, cxadia, aRiqvamT SeCerebis niSans. am dros
Tqven, faqtobrivad, “SeqmeniT”, “aaSeneT” aRqma. konstruqtivistebs miaCniaT, rom
zomis da formis aRqmis konstantoba masSi maRali donis konstruqtuli
procesis monawileobis Sedegia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas feris konstantobazec:
obieqtis feri rCeba igive, miuxedavad ganaTebisa. warmoidgineT, rom ganaTeba
iseTi mcirea, rom igi TiTqmis ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, Cven banans mainc
yviTelad aRviqvamT, vaSls - wiTlad da sazamTros - mwvaned.
konstruqtivistebis mixedviT, Cven swrafad vqmniT da vamowmebT sxvadasxva
hipoTezebs aRqmis procesSi. perceftebi dafuZnebulia sami tipis informaciaze.
pirveli - es aris is rasac Cven SevigZnobT anu sensoruli monacemebi. meore -
es aris is, rac Cven viciT anu mexsierebaSi Senaxuli codna da mesame _ es
aris is, rac Cven davaskveniT maRali donis kognituri procesebis gamoyenebiT.
aRqmaSi Cven viTvaliswinebT prioritetul molodinebsac. magaliTad SeiZleba

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gamodges megobris danaxvis molodini, radgan masTan daniSnuli gvaqvs
Sexvedra. Cven aseve viyenebT im codnas, rac gvaqvs konstruqtis Sesaxeb. Cven
vakeTebT aracnobier daskvnas, romlis drosac Cven vakavSirebT (vaerTianebT)
sxvadasxva wyarodan wamosul informacias aRqmis Camosayalibeblad. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, erTze meti informaciis wyaros gamoyenebiT, Cven
vaxorcielebT msjelobas, romlis Sesaxeb arc ki viciT.
gaCerebis niSnis magaliTSi, sensoruli informacia ar aris sakmarisi, Tumca
Tqveni winaswari gamocdileba molodinze, codnasa da konsteqstze daydnobiT
gkarnaxobs aRqmas(magaliTisTvis ix. naxati #15). palmeris (Palmer) mier
Catarebul erT-erT kvlevaSi monawileebs sTxovdnen, amoecnoT obieqtebi
Sesabamis an Seusabamo konteqstSi. maT aCvenebdnen samzareulos suraTs, xolo
Semdeg warudgendnen sxvadasxva obieqtis sqematur gamosaxulebebs amosacnobad.
ames obieqtebi iyo: puri, safosto yuTi da barabani. obieqtebi, romlebic
Seesabamebodnen konteqsts (am SemTxvevaSi, puri) ufro swrafad iyo amocnobili,
vidre is sagnebi, romlebic ar iyo konteqstis Sesabamisi.
amgvarad, konstruqtivistuli midgomis upiratesobaa is, rom aRqmis
“qvemodan-“zemoT” (monacemebiT marTuli) Teoriebisgan gansxvavebiT, igi
iTvaliswinebs konteqstis efeqts. Tumca, unda iTqvas isic, rom Tanamedrove
kognituri Teoria monacemebis aRwerisa da axsnisTvis iyenebs rogorc
“qvemodan-zemoT”, aseve “zemodan-qvemoT” midgomebs.

51
 yuradReba

Sesavali

yuradReba es aris gonebrivi Zalisxmevis koncentracia sensorul an

azrobriv (gonebriv) movlenebze.
yuradRebis gamokvlevebSi ganixileba 4 mTavari aspeqti. es aris:
1) gamtarunarianoba anu yuradRebis arCeviToba;
2) agznebis done;
3) yuradRebis marTva;
4) cnobiereba.
yuradRebis Teoriebis didi nawili gamodis iqidan, rom, Tumca adamiani
garSemortymulia uTvalavi maxasiaTebliT, misi nervuli sistemis
SesaZleblobebi ki SezRudulia da amitom ver xerxdeba aseTi raodenobis
garegani stimulebis miReba. ufro metic, kidevac SesaZlebeli rom iyos maTi
aRmoCena, tvini ver SeZlebda maT gadamuSavebas, radganac informaciis
gadamuSavebis gamtarunarianoba SezRudulia. Cveni SegZnebis organoebi
kavSirgabmulobis sxva saSualebebis msgavsad, kargad muSaoben, Tuki
gadasamuSavebeli informaciis moculoba Seesabameba maTi SesaZleblobebis
farglebs. rogorc ki informacia aRar eteva am farglebSi, maSinve xdeba arxis
gadatvirTva da sistemis moSla.
Tanamedrove midgoma yuradRebis raobasTan dakavSirebulia donald
brodbentis saxelTan, kerZod, 1958w. Tavis wignSi “aRqma da komunikacia“ igi
werda, rom aRqma – es aris SezRuduli gamtarunarianobis mqone informaciis
gadamuSavebis sistemis muSaobis rezultati. gare samyaro Seicavs gacilebiT
ufro meti SegZnebebis SesaZleblobas, vidre amis unari aqvs perceftul da
kognitur sistemebs. amitom imisTvis, rom Tavi gaarTvan mTel Semosul
informacias, adamianebi YyuradRebas mimarTaven maT nawilze da ukuagdeben
danarCens.
didi xnis ganmalobaSi miRebuli iyo, rom yuradRebis gaxleCa ar xdeba
da SesaZlebelia yuradRebis mimarTva mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT. Tu Cven
SevecdebiT, rom ramdenime Setyobineba miviRoT erTdroulad, gansakuTrebiT ki
erTgvarovani, Cven mogviwevs uaris Tqma sizusteze. roca manqanas vatarebT, Cven

52
SegviZlia yuradRebis mimarTva gzaze da amavdroulad, radios mosmena, magram
Zalian Znelia yuradRebis miqceva or iseT stimulze, romelsac erTi da igive
modaloba gaaCnia ( mag., ori mxedvelobiTi an ori smeniTi gamRizianebeli).
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebiT viciT, rom Cven garkveuli maxasiaTeblebs
sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro met yuradRebas vaqcevT da, Sesabamisad, xdeba am
maxasiaTeblebis Semdgomi gadamuSavebac. romel maxasiaTeblebs vaqcevT
yuradRebas da romels _ ara – es garkveulwilad damokidebulia Cveni mxridan
maT kontrolze da Cvens xangrZliv mexsierebaze. asea Tu ise, yuradRebis
meqanizmi gadaerTveba erTi stimulidan meoreze. nawili moiZieba da nawilis
gafiltvra xdeba. es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans e.w. “koqteilis wveulebis
efeqtSi”, roca SesaZlebelia, rom usmende erTi adamianis xmas da,
amavdroulad, “iWerde” sxva adamianis laparaksac. bevr Cvengans gamoucdia, Tu
rogor “xtunaobs” Cveni yuradReba Cveni uintereso mosaubris xmidan gverdze
mdgomi adamianebis xmaze, romlebic saintereso Worebs hyvebian.
rogorc am magaliTidan Cans, yuradReba arCeviTia Cveni yuradRebis
arCeviTobas ramdenime axsna aqvs:
1) informaciis gadamuSavebis Cveni unari SezRudulia arxis
gamtarunarianobiT;
2) Cven SegviZlia garkveulwilad gavakontroloT is, Tu ras vaqcevT
yuradRebas;
3) saganTa aRqma dakavSirebulia Cveni aqtivaciis, “agznebis donesTan”,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia Cvens interesebTan.
4) is, rasac Tqven yuradRebas vaqcevT Cveni cnobieri gamocdilebis nawilia.
swored es oTxi ZiriTadi Tema Seadgens yuradRebis kvlevis mTavar sakiTxebs.
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke.

cnobiereba

cnobierebis sakiTxis Seswavla gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda

kognituri fsiqologia aRorZinebis Sedegad. krauderis (Crowder, 1985) aRniSvniT,
xanmokle mexsierebis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebis ganviTarebam kvlav wamoWra
cnobierebis Seswavlis saWiroeba. jemsi cnobierebas SesarCev komisias adarebda.

53
marTlac, Cven virCevT erT_erT stimuls mravlidan da, amasTan, areuli
stimuli gamoiyofa, gamoikveTeba, xolo danarCenebi - ganidevneba (daiCrdileba).
cnobierebis qveS moiazreba garemomcveli samyaros stimulebisa da
movlenebis codna, aseve iseTi kognituri procesebis codna, rogoricaa,
mexsiereba da Cveulebrivi SegrZnebebi.
endel tulvingma (Tulving, 1985) gamoyo adamianis cnobierebis sami
nairsaxeoba: anoeturi, noeturi da avtonoeturi. TiToeul maTgans Seesabameba
mexsierebis sami nairsaxeoba: proceduruli, semantikuri da epizoduri.
proceduruli mexsiereba dakavSirebulia imasTan, Tu rogor xdeba raimes
gakeTeba. is moicavs unarebis SeZenas, Senaxvas da gamoyenebas. semantikur
mexsierebaSi inaxeba samyaros Sesaxeb codna, xolo epizodurSi ki – piradad
gancdili movlenebi.
tulvings miaCnia, mexsierebis TiToeul am sistemas Seesabameba cnobierebis
calke tipi (ix. nax. #23)

naxati #23

epizoduri avtonoeturi

semantikuri noeturi

proceduruli anoeturi

anoetur cnobierebas zogjer `ucodinars“uwodeben radgan igi mimdinare

situaciiT SezRudulia droSi. cnobierebis es tipi saSualebas aZlevs adamians
daafiqsiros garemos maxasiaTeblebi da Tavisi qceviT iriagiros arsebiT
situaciaSi. noeturi cnobierebaSi anu “mcodne” cnobiereba ufro simboluria.
roca obieqtebi ar aris, maSinac xdeba maT Sesaxeb informaciis gadamuSaveba da
Zieba. anoeturTan SedarebiT es cnobierebis ufro simboluri saxea da
dakavSirebulia SemecnebasTan. yvelaze rTuli tipia avtonoeturi (“sakuTari

54
Tavis Sesaxeb mcodne”) cnobiereba, romelic dakavSirebulia epizodur
mexsierebasTan. aseTi cnobiereba saWiroa piradad gancdili movlenebis
dasamaxsovreblad. igi gvexmareba piradad gancdili cxovrebiseuli faqtebis
gaxsenebaSi. igi gasxvavdeba danarCeni ori tipis cnobierebisgan, romelic
dakavSirebulia aRqmasTan, azrovnebasTan an sizmrebTan.
tulvingis mier SemoTavazebulma modelma xeli Seuwyo cnobierebis
kvlevis metfizikuri Wvretis farglebidan ganTavisuflebas.

cnobiereba da naxevarsferoebis specifikuroba

1869 w. frangma eqimma brokam aRmoaCina, rom sxeulis simetriis kanoni ar

muSaobda tvinis SemTxvevaSi. tvinis marjvena naxevarsferos dazianebis mqone
pacientebs uWirT metyveleba, Tumca tvinis marjvena naxevarsferos dazianeba
ar iwvevs analogiur problemebs.
rojer speris (Sperry) gamokvlevebSi tvinis asimetriis axali mtkicebulebebi
gamovlinda. igi gamokvlevebs atarebda pacientebze, romlebsac gaxleCili
hqondaT mazoliseburi sxeuli marcxena da marjvena naxevarsferoebs Soris.
erT-erT eqsperimentSi pacientebs ukravdnen Tvalebs da aZlevdnen
marjvena xelSi obieqtebs SexebiT amosacnobad. sensoruli informacia,
romelic marjvena xelidan momdinareobs, unda gadaeces marcxena
naxevarsferoSi, romelic metyvelebis generaciazea pasuxismgebeli. im
pirobebSi, roca pacientis mazolisebri sxeuli gaxleCili aqvs, mas mainc
SeuZlia gasazRvros im obieqtebis saxeli, romlebic mas marjvena xelSi aqvs.
Tumca, Tu obieqti marcxena xelSi aqvT, romlidanac impulsebi marjvena
naxevarsferoSi miemarTeba, pacientebs ar SeuZliaT daasaxelon obieqti.
am eqsperimentebis Sedegebi niSnavda imas, rom adamianebs SeiZleba hqondeT
cnobierebis ori tipi: erTi _ marjvena naxevarsferoSi, romelic emsaxureba
metyvelebiT codnas da informaciis gadamuSavebas da meore _ marjvena
naxevarsferoSi sivrciTi funqciebisaTvis. ornSteinis (Ornstein) azriT,
individTa Soris fundamentaluri inteleqtualuri sxvaobebi swored
naxevarsferoTa araTanabari ganviTarebiTa da erTis meoreze dominirebiTaa

55
gamowveuli: adamianTa garkveul nawils aqvs araCveulebrivi verbaluri unarebi,
sxvebi ki ukeT arTmeven Tavs meqanikur Tu sivrciT kanonzomierebebs.
onrSteinis azriT, dasavlur kulturebSi metad ikveTeba logikuri azrovneba,
kiTxva da informaciis verbaluri gadamuSaveba, xolo aRmosavlurSi ki -
aqcentirebulia intuiciasa da insaitze dafuZnebuli cnobiereba.
cnobierebis doneebi: rogorc Cans, TiToeuli SegrZneba dakavSirebulia
cnobierebis garkveuli donesTan. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, Sexeba. Cveulebriv,
Cven ver SevigrZnobT (aRviqvamT) Cveni tansacmlis an saTvalis wonas, romelic
gvacvia an gvikeTia. magram sakmarisia Cveni yuradReba mivmarToT aqeT, Cven
maSinve SevigrZnobT tansacmlis wonas an saTvales, romelic yurebze da
cxvrize gvawveba. zustad aseve, zogjer Cven imdenad varT gatacebuli
garkveuli azrebiT, rom nebismieri sxva azri an SegrZneba sruliad
gamoricxulia. aseT SemTxvevaSi Cveni fsiqikuri energiis udidesi nawili
mimarTulia erT garkveul obieqtze Tu azrze. yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sxva,
naklebad daZabul momentebSi Cveni cnobiereba metad gaSlilia da moicavs
sxvadasxva mravalricxovan SegrZnebas.
Sinagani movlenebi, magaliTad, mogonebebi aseve dakavSirebulni arian
cnobierebis ramdenime donesTan. roca Tqven am winadadebebs kiTxulobT, Tqveni
azrovneba dakavebulia cnobierebis ideebiT. Tumca SesaZloa, rom im
informacias, romelsac Tqven aqedan iRebT zemodan edeba sxva azrebi da
mogonebebi. zogjer es gareSe azrebi imdenad Zlieria, rom Tqven SeiZleba
araferi gaxsovdeT wakiTxulidan.
cnobierebis Seswavlis mimarT fsiqologiis istoriis ganmalobaSi
gansxvavebuli da zogjer sruliad radikaluri midgomebi iyo. aseTia, mag.
titreneri da froidi, romlebic miiCnevdnen, rom fsiqologiis centraluri
Tema cnobierebaa, xolo uotsons ki miaCnda, rom cnobiereba fsiqologiuri
kvlevis miRma unda iyos.
Tanamedrove kognitur fsiqologiaSi cnobiereba ganixileba yuradRebis
konteqstSi, radgan orives _ cnobierebasac da yuradRebasac _ SezRuduli
gamtarunarianoba axasiaTebs. garkveuli drois ganmalobaSi mxolod
SezRuduli raodenobis informacia SeiZleba iyos Cveni yuradRebis obieqti da,
Sesabamisad, gadamuSavebuli. miCneulia agreTve, rom Cven cnobierebaSi
SegviZlia SevaCeroT mxolod raime erTi.

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 mandlers miaCnda (Mandler), rom xanmokle mexsierebis SezRuduli
tevadoba, uSualo mexsierebis moculoba, SefasebiTi msjelobebis SezRuduli
SesaZlebobebi da sxv. _ yvelaferi es dakavSirebulia gacnobierebuli
Sinaarsebis SezRudul moculobasTan. informaciuli midgomis farglebSi
arsebobs mxolod ramdenime seriozuli Sroma cnobierebis Sesaxeb. erT-erT
maTganis avtori _ Salisi (Shallice) miiCnevs, rom mexsierebaSi informaciis
ganmeoreba da seleqciuri yuradReba cnobieri procesis monawilobas
gulisxmoben. misi azriT, cnobiereba asrulebs ormag amocanas: is irCevs
moqmedebis dominantur sistemas (romelic unda amuSavdes) da gasazRvravs
misTvis mizans.
naiseri (Naisser) ar eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom cnobiereba garkveuli drois
ganmavlobaSi erTi obieqtiT aris SezRuduli, radganac sakuTriv erTi
obieqtis idea Zalian bundovania. magaliTad, roca balets vuyurebT, ramden
obieqts vacnobierebT?

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yuradRebis gamtarunarianoba da SerCeviToba

Cven yuradRebas mivmarTavT SerCeviTad garkveul movlenebze an

maxasiaTeblebze. miCneulia, rom amis mizezi arxis gamtarunarianobis
SezRudulobaa an Cveni uunaroba, erTdroulad gadavamuSaoT yvela sensoruli
maxasiaTebeli. aseTi Sexeduloba gulisxmobs informaciis gadamuSavebis Cvens
sistemaSi “viwro adgilis” arsebobas, romelic ganpirobebulia nevrologiuri
SesaZleblobebiT.
informaciuli midgomis farglebSi SemoTavazebuli iyo ramdenime modeli,
romelSic gansazRvrulia am “viwro adgilis” funqciebi da lokalizacia. erT-
erT pirvel modelSi, romelic brodbentis mier aris SemuSavebuli, “viwro
adgili” aris perceftuli analizis etapis win anu Cven vaxdenT informaciis
gafiltvras misi sensoruli registrSi Semosvlis Semdeg. garkveuli
informacia yuradRebis miRma rCeba da Sesabamisad ar xdeba misi Semdgomi
perceftuli analizi. meore modelis mixedviT, viwro adgili mdgomareobs
sapasuxo reaqciis arCevis etapze an uSualod mis win (doiCi da doiCi). am
modelis Tanaxmad, mTeli informaciis perceftuli analizi xdeba, Tumca
mxolod mis nawilze xdeba sapasuxo reaqciis SemuSaveba.
yuradRebis SerCeviTobisa da SezRuduli gamtarunarianobis kvlevebis
umetesoba smenisa da mxedvelobis signalebis magaliTze iyo Seswavlili.
amitom Cven ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT maT.

smeniTi signalebi

smeniTi signalebis safuZvelze yuradRebis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili

mkvlevaria Ceri (Cherry). igi eqsperimentuli kvlevisas iyenebda e.w. “daCrdilvis”
meTods. am eqsperimentebSi cdis pirs sTxoven, gaimeoros zepiri Setyobineba
zustad ise, rogorc is iyo mowodebuli. es rTuli ar aris, Tu metyveleba
nelia, magram swrafi metyvelebis dros cdis pirs ar SeuZlia gaimeoros mTeli
Semosuli informacia. garda amisa, Ceris eqsperimentebSi cdis pirebs

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miewodebodaT ori smeniTi informacia erTdroulad, romelTaganac erT-erTi
unda “gamoerCia” xolo meorisTvis ignorireba unda gaekeTebina. zogjer es
informaciebi miewodebodaT yursasmenebis saSualebiT, zogjer ki oTaxis
sxvadasxva kuTxeSi ganTavsebuli akustikuri sistemebis saSualebiT.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom orive Setyobinebas erTi da igive diqtori kiTxulobda.
Cerim aRmoaCina, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom cdis pirebi axerxebdnen
informaciis “daCrdilvas” (ignorirebas), isini Zalian cota rames
imaxsovrebdnen. cxadia, cdis pirebi gacilebiT ufro cudad imaxsovrebdnen im
Setyobinebas, romelsac naklebi yuradReba eqceoda. rodesac ignorirebuli
arxidan maT miewodebodaT sityvieri Setyobineba, isini afiqsirebdnen, rom es
iyo verbaluri Setyobineba. amdenad, xdeboda metyvelebis amocnoba. magram
rodesac am arxze inglisuris nacvlad germanulenovani Setyobineba Semodioda,
isini enis cvlilebas ver amCnevdnen. Ceris eqsperimentebi cxadyofs, rom
adamians aqvs unari, fokusireba moaxdinos erT Setyobinebaze da Seakavos meore
Setyobinebidan momdinare informacia. es Zalian mniSvlelovani Tvisebaa, radgan
igi saSualebas gvaZlevs, gadavamuSaoT informaciis SezRuduli raodenoba da
ar gadavtvirToT gadamuSavebis meqanizmi. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom
zogierT situaciaSi gadamuSaveba e.w. “yru” anu ignorirebuli arxidan Sesuli
informaciac. amis dasturia zemoT ganxiluli e.w “koqteilis wveulebis
efeqti.” zustad aseve, moreis (Moray) mier Catarebulma eqsperimentebma aCvena,
rom rodesac ignorirebuli arxiT miwodebuli Setyobinebis win cdis pirs
esmis sakuTari saxeli, maSin Setyobinebebis damaxsovrebac ukeT xdeba.
ra kognituri meqanizmebi ganapirobeben am Sedegebs? am eqsperimentebSi
sensorul doneze orive yuri erTgvarovan stimulacias iRebda. ar SegviZlia
vifiqroT, rom romelime Setyobinebam ver miaRwia tvinis qerqis smeniT zonamde.
Sesabamisad, seleqciuri yuradRebis axsna informaciis gadamuSavebis
paradigmaSi unda veZeboT, romelic agvixnis, Tu rogor akontrolebs
Setyobinebas yuradReba da rogor xdeba, rom zogjer arakontrolirebuli
Setyobinebebis gadamuSavebac mimdinareobs.

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 mxedvelobiTi signalebi

naiserma Caatara saintereso esperimenti SerCeviT kiTxvaze, romlis drosac

cdis pirs unda waekiTxa erTi feriT dabeWdili sityvebi sxvadasxva feriT
akrefili teqstidan. Tu adamiani yuradRebas aqcevs mxolod erT fers da aseTi
yuradReba Tavidanve gamoricxavs sxva feriT miwodebuli informaciis
gadamuSavebas, maSin es ukanaskneli ar unda iyos SemCneuli cdis piris mier.
ZiriTadad swored asec xdeboda, Tumca, ignorirebuli arxiT miwodebuli
masala, romelsac Zlieri zegavlena aqvs cnobierebaze (mag: sakuTari saxeli)
yuradRebas iqcevda da gadamuSavdeboda.
naiserma da beklerma (Neisser and Beckler) 1975 wels Caatares teqnikurad
sakmaod rTuli, magram gonebamaxviluri eqsperimenti SerCeviT mxedvelobiT
yuradRebaze. maT gamoiyenes ori siluJetis videoCanaweri. erTi maTgani iyo
xelebis dartymis TamaSi, xolo meore ki _ siuJeti burTiT moTamaSe sami kacis
Sesaxeb. eqsperimentSi es ori siuJeti erTmaneTze iyo dadebuli da cdis pirs
evaleboda eyurebina da aRericxa mniSvelovani movlenebi mxolod erT-erT
maTganze. cdis pirebi Tavisuflad adevnebdnen Tvalyurs erT-erT siuJets,
Tumca orivesTvis erTdroulad Tvalyuris devneba maTTvis TiTqmis
SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda.
amgvarad, yuradReba axdens informaciis seleqcias. mTavari sakiTxebi,
simlebzec yuradRebis mkvlevarebma unda gascen pasuxi aris:
1) aris Tu ara garkveuli filtri informaciis gadamuSavebis sistemaSi;
2) sad aris es filtri moTavsebuli.

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 SerCeviTi yuradRebis modelebi

brodbentis filtraciis modeli

1958 wels britanelma mecnierma brodbentma (Broadbent) SeimuSava arCeviTi

yuradRebis pirveli modeli. igi dakavSirebuli iyo e.w. “erTarxian TeoriasTan”
da efuZneboda ideas, rom informaciis gadamuSaveba SezRudulia arxis
gamtarunarianobiT.
brodbentis modelis mixedviT, Setyobinebebi, romlebic gadian calkeuli
nervebis mixedviT, SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes imis mixedviT, Tu romeli nervul
boWkos stimulirebas axdenen an ra raodenobis nervul impulsebs awarmoeben.
neirofsiqologiuri kvlevebiT dadginda, rom maRali da dabali sixSiris
signalebi marTlac sxvadasxva boWkoebiT dagaecema. im SemTxevevaSi, roca
ramdenime nervis aRgzneba erTdroulad xdeba, tvinSi erTdroulad Sedis
ramdenime Setyobineba. brodbentis modelis mixedviT, aseTi Setyobinebebi
gadamuSavdeba ramdenime paraleluri sensoruli arxis mier. informaciis
Semdgomi gadamuSaveba xdeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rac am signalze miemarTeba
yuradReba da is gadaecema SerCeviTi filtris gavliT “SezRuduli
gamtarunarianobis arxs”. amgvarad, sistemaSi Sedis ufro meti informacia,
vidre “SezRuduli gamtarunarianobis arxs” SeuZlia gadaamuSaos (ix. naxati
#24).
brodbents miaCnia, rom sistemis gadatvirTvis Tavidan asacileblad arCeviTi
filtri SesaZlebelia gadairTos raime sxva sensorul arxze.
erT-erT pirvel eqsperimentSi brodbenti cdis pirebs diqotomiurad
asmeninebda cifrebs: erT yurSi - sam cifrs da meoreSi _ sam sxva cifrs.
magaliTad, erTdroulad cdis pirebs marjvena yurSi esmodaT cifrebi: 4, 9, 3,
xolo marcxena yurSi - 6, 2, 7.
pirvel seriaSi cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, aRedginaT cifrebi romelic maT
miewodaT erT an meore yurSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi cdis piris pasuxi ase
gamoiyureboda: 4, 9, 3 an 6, 2, 7. meore seriaSi cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, aRedginaT
cifrebi maTi miwodebis Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT. radgan orive yurSi

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erTdroulad awodebdnen cifrebs, amitom maT angariSs aseTi saxe unda
hqonoda: 4, 6, 9, 2, 3, 7.
aRsadgeni informaciis raodenobis (6 erTeuli) da eqspoziciis drois (2
wm-Si) gaTvaliswinebiT brodbenti moeloda, rom aRdgenis procenti maRali
iqneboda (daax. 95%). Tumca eqsperimentis orive seriaSi cdis pirebma aRadgines
mosalodnelze naklebi cifrebi; pirvel seriaSi aRdgena Seadgenda cifrebis
65% -s, xolo meoreSi – 20%-s.

naxati # 24 brodbentis filtraciis modeli

seleqciuri filtri fizikuri niSnebiT
xanmokle mexsiereba

sensoruli registri

perceftuli procesebi

brodbenti eqsperimentis Sedegebs xsnis yuradRebis gadarTvebis im

gansxvavebuli raodenobiT, romelic saWiro iyo eqsperimentis pirvel da meore
seriaSi.
pirvel seriaSi saWiro iyo yuradRebis erTxel gadarTva erTi arxidan
meoreze. amavdroulad, eqspoziciis drois gaTvaliswinebiT meore sensorul
arxSi SenarCunebuli iyo informacia da cdis pirs SeeZlo aRedgina meore

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arxidan Sesuli informaciac. meore seriaSi ki cdis pirs uwevda yoveli
cifris SemTxevaSi yuradRebis gadarTva, sul mcire, 3-jer mainc: marjvena
yuridan marcxenaze, Semdeg marcxenidan - marjvenaze da Semdeg isev marjvenidan
- marcxenaze.
brodbents miaCnda, rom seleqcia mimdinareobs stimulis fizikuri
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi filtris gadarTva ar unda
iyos dakavSirebuli Setyobinebis SinaarsTan.

moreis SerCeviTi filtris modeli

1960 w. greim da vederbernma (Gray and Wederbern) Caatares msgavsi eqsperimenti

diqotomiur mosmenaze, oRond orive yurSi cifrebis miwodebis nacvlad, cdis
pirs marjvena da marcxena yurSi awvdidnen marcvlebs da SemTxveviT cifrebs.
sxvadasxva yurSi miwodebuli marcvlebi mTlianobaSi sityvas qmidnen. amgvarad,
greis da vederbernis cdis pirebs erTdroulad erT yurSi cifri esmodaT,
xolo meoreSi - marcvali. cdis masala warmodgenilia cxrilSi #6.
cdis pirebs sTxovdnen miewodebinaT angariSi imis Taobaze, Tu ra gaiges
TiToeul yurSi.

cxrili #6
marcxena yuri marjvena yuri
obi 2
3 eq
ti 9

Tu brodbentis stimulis fizikur maxasiaTeblebze dafuZnebuli

filtraciis modeli sworia, maSin cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT “obi-sami-ti“ an
“ori-eq-cxra”. nacvlad amisa, maTi pasuxi orive SemTxvevaSi iyo “obieqti”.
amgvarad, cdis pirebi axerxebdnen swrafad gadarTuliyvnen erTi arxidan
meoreze.

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 imave avtorebma Caatares sxva eqsperimentic, sadac nacvlad marcvlebisa
gamoyenebuli iyo sityvebi, romlebic frazas hqmidnen. aRmoCnda, rom, miuxedavad
instruqciisa, cdis pirebs fraza esmiT. amdenad aSkaraa, rom Setyobinebebis
nawilebs cdis pirebi orive SemTxevaSi azrobrivad ajgufebdnen.
es monacemebi eWvqveS ayeneben brodbentis filtraciis erTarxiani modelis
adekvaturobas. brodbentis modelis sawinaaRmdegod metyvelebs, agreTve
eqsperimentebi, romelic Catarda kanis galvanuri reaqciis gazomvis
safuZvelze. cdis pirebs umuSavebdnen pirobiT refleqss (denis dartymis
saSualebiT) garkveul sityvebze. cdis Semdgom seriaSi cdis pirebs es sityvebi
miewdebodaT e.w. daCrdiluli arxis meSveobiT. miuxedavad amisa, sityvebis
eqspozicia cdis pirebSi iwvevda kanis galvanur reaqcias. sxva eqsperimentSi
dadginda, rom cdis pirebs kanis galvanuri reaqcia aqvT ara mxolod am
sityvebze, aramed - maT sinonimebsa da antonimebzec.
es eqsperimentebi cxadyobs, rom cdis pirebis mier xdeba e.w.
ignorirebuli signalebis ara mxolod aRmoCena, aramed - gadamuSavebac.
moreis (Moray) mier Catarebul eqsperimentebSi aRmoCnda, rom cdis pirTa
didi nawili amCnevs sakuTar saxelebs, romelic ignorirebuli arxiT
miewodebodaT. zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT moreim
Camoayaliba yuradRebis axali modeli, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo
Setyobinebis Sinaarsobrivi mxaris zegavlena filtrze.
misi modelis mixedviT, Tumca seleqciuri filtri blokavs informaciis
udides nawils sensorul donze, magram zogierTi didi pirovnuli wonis mqone
an Zalian mkafio (TvalSisacemi) informacia ufro Zlieria, vidre filtirs
barieri. igi ver uZlebs am informacias da es ukanaskneli axerxebs filtris
gadalaxvas da gadadis gadamuSavebis Semdgom etapze.
moreis filtraciis modeli faqtobrivad brodbentis modelis
gaumjobesebul versias warmoadgens, magram mniSvnelovania, radgan masSi
gaTvaliswinebulia stimulis Sinaarsobrivi mxarec.

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 treismanis atenuaciis modeli

treismanis da misi kolegebis eqsperimentebSi cdis pirebs sTxovdnen

moesminaT Setyobinebebi, romlebic sxvadasxva yuridan miewodebodaT. am
eqpserimentSi cdis pirebs frazis azrobrivi nawilebi xan erTi yuridan
miewodebodaT, xan - meoredan. aRmoCnda, rom cdis pirebs esmodaT mTliani
fraza, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom isini midrekilni arian, moisminon Sinaarsi
(misdion Setyobinebis azrs).
treismanis (Treisman) mier Catarebul sxva eqsperimentSi cdis pirebs
marjvena da marcxena yuridan erTi da igive Setyobineba miewodebodaT drois
garkveuli CamorCeniT (jer 4,5 wm.-is intervaliT, xolo Semdgom - 1,5 wm.-is).
Sedegebma gamoavlina, rom cdis pirebi afiqsirebdnen Setyobinebis identobas.
msgavsi tipis eqsperimenti Catarda bilingval cdis pirebzec, romlebsac
erTdroulad marjvena da marcxena yuridan erTi da igive informacia or enaze
esmodaT. am eqsperimentSic, cdis pirebi adastureben rom “yuradReba miqceuli
arxidan” Semosuli informacia igive iyo, rac - “ignorirebuli arxidan”
mowodebuli. amgvarad, treismanis eqsperimentebiT dadginda, rom:
1) cdis pirebi informacis gadamuSavebisas upiratesobas aniWeben
Setyobinebis Sinaarsobriv, azrobriv mxares fizikur maxasiaTeblebTan
SedarebiT;
2) seleqciis meqanizmi ar aris mxolod filtris swrafi gadarTva;
3) SesaZlebelia erTze meti arxidan Semosuli informaciis gadamuSaveba;
4) imisTvis, rom Setyobinebebis identoba daedginaT, cdis pirebs
Setyobinebebi unda gadaemuSavebinaT maRali kognituri procesebis
gamoyenebiT (gadamuSavebis maRal doneze).
am monacemebze dayrdnobiT, 1964 wel treismanma SeimuSava SerCeviTi
yuradRebis modeli. is moicavs brodbentis modelisgan gansxvavebul filtris
meqanizms. gavixsenoT, rom brodberdis modelSi) filtri blokavs samizne
stimulisgan gansxvavebul yvela sxva stimuls.
treismanis modelSi muSaobs samizne stimulisgan gansxvavebuli
stimulebis atenuaciis (dasustebis) meqanizmi. zogierTi Zlieri
(“damajerebeli”) stimulisTvis, atenuaciis efeqti ar aris sakmarisad Zlieri

65
da igi axerxebs signalis dasustebis meqanizmis gadalaxvas. naxatze # 25
warmodgenilia treismanis modeli.

naxati # 25 – treismanis atenuaciis modeli

atenuaciis kontroli
xanmokle mexsiereba

sensoruli registri

perceftuli procesebi

viwro adgili

treismanis mixedviT, SerCeviTi yuradReba moicavs sam etaps. pirvel etapze

Cven winaswar vaanalizebT stimulis fizikur maxasiaTeblebs, magaliTad,
siZlieres (bgeris intensivobas) da simaRles (bgeris talRebis sixSires). es
winaswari yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba mimdinareobs paralelurad
(simultanurad) yvela Semomavali sensoruli stimulisTvis. im stimulebisTvis,
romlebsac aqvT samizne maxasiaTeblebi, Cven gadavcemT signals Semdeg etapze.
im stimulebisTvis ki, romlebsac aseTi samizne maxasiaTeblebi ar aqvT, Cven
gadavcemT mxolod stimulis Sesustebul versias.
meore etapze Cven vaanalizebT, aqvs Tu ara mocemul stimuls paterni,
(struqtura, forma), rogoricaa, mag., ena an musika.
mesame etapze Cven vaxdenT yuradRebis fokusirebas. Cven Tanmimdevrulad
vafasebT Semomaval Setyobinebas da vaniWebT Sesatyvis mniSvelobas
Setyobinebebis arCeul stimuls.

66
 doiCisa da doiCis gviani filtris modeli

1963 wels doiCma da doiCma (Deutch and Deutch) SeimuSaves treismanis

atenuaciis alternatiuli modeli. es modeli efuZneba moszrebas, rom stimuli
mniSvnelobis amosacnobad, sul mcire, perceftuli gadamuSaveba mainc aris
saWiroa. aqedan gamomdnare, gafiltrvis meqanizmi muSaobas iwyebs sensoruli
analizis Semdgom etapze. Sesabamisad filtri irTveba maSin, roca ukve
momxdaria garkveuli perceftuli da konceptualuri analizi. amgvarad, am
modelSi signalebis damblokavi filtri gadaweulia informacis gadamuSavebis
ufro gvian, perceftuli gadamuSavebis Semdgom etapze. amitom am models gviani
filtris models uwodeben (ix. naxati #26). gvani filtracia saSualebas
gvaZlevs gavigonoT e.w. darCdiluli arxidan mowodebuli sakuTari saxelebi an
fokusirebuli da arafokusirebuli arxebidan mowodebuli informacia
gavamTlianoT frazaSi. gviani filtraciiT aixsneba doiCisa da doiCis azriT,
treismanis mier bilingvalebTan Catarebuli eqsperimentebis Sedegebic.
doiCis da doiCis modeli, iseve, rogorc treismanis modeli, midis
iseTi filtris arsebobamde, romelSic informaciis mxolod erT wyaros
SeuZlia gavla. amdenad, ganxiluli modelebi filtris (“viwro adgilis”)
adgilmdebareobiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan.

naxati #26 – doiCisa da doiCis gviani filtris modeli

perceftuli procesebi
xanmokle mexsiereba

sensoruli registri
seleqciuri filtri

67
 mravalmodaluri Teoria

1978 wels jonstonma da heincma (Johnston & Heinz) SeimuSaves SerCeviTi

yuradRebis mravalmodaluri Teoria. am midgomis mixedviT, yuradReba moqnilia
da informaciis gadamuSavebis procesSi erTi Setyobinebis SerCeva meoresTan
SedarebiT SesaZlebelia moxdes mravali sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT. am Teoriis
mixedviT, informacis gadamuSaveba xdeba sam etapad. pirvel etapze adamiani
qmnis stimulebis sensorul reprezentacias, xolo meoreze – semantikur
reprezentacias. arc erTi es etapi ar aris srulad cnobieri. mesame etapze
pirveli da meore etapis reprezentatebi cnobieri xdeba.
adreuli seleqcia (brodbenti) dakavSirebuli unda iyos pirvel etapTan,
xolo gviani seleqcia ki _ mesame safexurTan. seleqcia pirvel or etaze
moiTxovs nakleb Zalisxmevas, vidre _ mesame etapze. amdenad, rac ufro kargad
aris gacnobierebuli (metad aris fokusirebuli yuradReba)…stimulze, miT meti
Zalisxmeva masze daxarjuli.
amgvarad, mravalmodaluri Teoria warmoadgens adreuli da gviani
filtrebis zemoT ganxiluli modelebis erTgvar naerTs.

naiseris sinTezi

1967 wels ulrik naisermac (Neisser) SeaerTa adreuli da gviani Ffiltris

modelebi. magram misi modeli gansxvavdeba jonstonisa da heincis
mravalganzomilebiani modelisagan. naiseri gamoyofs or process, romlebic
marTaven yuradRebas. es aris yuradRebamdeli da yuradRebis procesebi.
yuradRebamdeli procesebi avtomaturia, isini swrafad da paralelurad
mimdinareobs. isini SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas mxolod yuradRebis miRma
arsebuli Setyobinebis fizikuri sensoruli maxasiaTeblebis aRmosaCenad,
magram isini ver ganasxvaveben Sinaarss an mimarTebebs. yuradRebis
kontrolirebuli procesebi ufro mogvianebiT mimdinareobs, maTi muSaoba

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seriulia da met dros da yuradRebis resursebs moiTxovs. yuradRebis
procesebi gamoiyeneba maxasiaTeblebs Soris mimarTebebis dasakvirveblad da
dasadgenad, agreTve - calkeuli fragmentebis erTi obieqtis reprezentaciaSi
gasaerTianeblad.

yuradRebis resursebis modelebi

uaxlesma Teoriebma uari Tqves signalebis blokirebisa Tu signalebis

atenuaciebis filtrebze. maT amosaval wertils warmoadgens metafora
yuradRebis SezRuduli resursebis Sesaxeb. es Teoriebi xsnian, Tu rogor
SegviZlia iseTi amocanis Sesruleba, romelic erTdroulad erTze meti
mimarTulebiT yuradRebis warmarTvas moiTxovs. am Teoriis mimdevrebis
mosazrebis mixedviT, adamianebs aqvT yuradRebis fiqsirebuli raodenoba
(moculoba), romelic maT SeiZleba mimarTon amocanis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.
naxati #27 gviCvenebs, am Teoriis or models. pirvelSi sistemas aqvs erTi
saerTo wyaro, romelic SeiZleba gaiyos mraval amocanaTa (moqmedebaTa) Soris.
aseTi modeli sakmaod martivad gamoiyureba.
meore modelSi yuradRebis SesaZleblobebi ganawilebulia modalobebis
mixedviT. es modeli efuZneba monacemebs, romelTa mixedviTac, adamianebi
gacilebiT ufro advilad anawileben yuradRebas, roca amocana moiTxovs
sxvadasxva modalobis gamoyenebas. Sesabamisad, yuradRebis garkveuli
resursebi specifikuria im modalobisTvis, romlis amuSavebasac amocana
moiTxovs. magaliTad, adamianTa umravlesobas advilad SeuZlia erTdroulad
musikis mosmena da raimes wera. magram Znelia erTdroulad usmino axal ambebs
da Tanac koncentracia moaxdino weraze. amis mizezi isaa, rom orive amocana
verbaluria da, Sesabamisad, erT modalobaSi mimdinareobs. sityvebi, romelTac
Tqven usmenT, ireva im sityvebSi, romelTac iazrebT werisas. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, xdeba sityvebis interferencia. amave mizezis gamo, erTdroulad ori
vizualuri amocana ufro Zneli Sesasrulebelia, vidre - vizualuri da

69
audialuri amocanebis wyvilis. naxatze #27 warmodgenili meore modeli
gulisxmobs resursebis ganawilebas modalobaTa Soris.

naxati #27 – yuradRebis resursebis ori modeli

Semomavali stimulebi Semomavali stimulebi

I amocana II amocana modaloba I modaloba II

SerCeuli SesaZlo SerCeuli SerCeuli

aqtivobebi SesaZlo aqtivobebi SesaZlo aqtivobebi

reaqciebi (pasuxebi) reaqciebi (pasuxebi)

yuradRebis resursebis metaforis mixedviT, rac ufro metad izrdeba

amocanebis kompleqsis avtomatizirebis done, miT ufro naklebi yuradRebas
moiTxovs TiToeuli amocanis Sesruleba.
yuradRebis resursebis modeli mravaljer iyo gakritikebuli, rogorc
Zalian farTo da zogadi. marTlac, mas ar SeuZlia damoukideblad axsnas
yuradRebis yvela aspeqti. Tumca is sakmaod kargad avsebs filtris Teoriebs.
yuradRebis filtris (an viwro adgilis) modelebi, rogorc Cans, ufro kargad
morgebuli metaforaa konkurentuli amocanebisaTvis, romelTa Sorisac
yuradRebis ganawileba SeuZlebelia. aseTi tipis amocanebisTvis yuradRebis
winare procesebi momentalurad aRmocendeba. procesebi ki, romelic moiTxoven
yuradRebas, Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareoben, rasac uzrunvelyofs viwro
adgilSi maTi TiTo-TiTod gavla. resursebis Teoria ki ukeTesi metaforaa
Sedgenili, kompleqsuri amocanebisTvis, romelic moiTxovs yuradRebis
ganawilebas.

70
 amgvarad,Ffiltrisa da SeRuduli resursebis Teoriebi (modelebi)
erTmaneTs avseben.

agzneba, sifxizle da yuradReba

yuradRebis kvlevebSi cneba aRgzneba farTo gagebiT gamoiyeneba. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom es aris miswrafebis zogadi mdgomareoba. aRgzneba ganapirobebs
sensoruli stimulebis aRqmis Cveni unaris aqtiur mdgomareobaSi SenarCunebas.
aRgznebis donis gazrdas garkveul donemde, Tan axlavs qcevis
gaumjobeseba. aRgznebis Semdgomi momateba iwvevs qcevis Sesrulebis
gauaresebas. am damokidebulebis grafiks gadmobrunebuli inglisuri aso “U“-s
forma aqvs. es kanonzomiereba 1908 wels iorkisa da dodsonis (Yerkes and Dodson)
mier iqna gamovlenili da, Sesabamisad, iorks-dodsonis kanoni ewodeba.
brotharstma (Broadhurst) 1957 w. Caatara eqsperimentebi mxedvelobiTi garCevis
amocanebze. man gamoiyena advili, saSualo da rTuli davalebebi. aRmoCnda, rom
iorks_dodsonis kanoni muSaobs mxolod rTuli davalebebis SemTxvevaSi.
isterburgma (Easterbrook) ivarauda, rom kavSiri aRgznebasa da qcevis Sesrulebas
Soris ganpirobebulia imiT, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba esa Tu is maxasiaTeblebi.
misi mosazreba eyrdnoba adamianis tendencias, Seamciros qcevis marTvisTvis
gamoyenebuli maxasiaTeblebi aRgznebis donis zrdasTan erTad. dabali
aRgznebis dros naklebia SerCeviTobac; yuradRebas iqcevs, rogorc arsebiTi,
aseve _ araarsebiTi Tvisebebic. aRgznebis donis momatebasTan erTad adamiani
fokusirdeba arsebiT Tvisebebze, xolo araarsebiTs yuradRebas aRar aqcevs.
aRgznebis donis kidev ufro momatebisas SerCeviToba ise viwrovdeba
(mkacrdeba), rom xdeba garkveuli arsebiTi niSnebis ignorirebac. es is momentia,
roca qceva aRar umjobesdeba da, piriqiT, misi maCveneblebi uaresdeba. martivi
amocanebis Sesruleba mcire raodenobis TvisebebTan (an niSnebTan) aris
dakavSirebuli da amitom maTze aRgznebis maRali done zegavlenas naklebad
axdens.
yuradRebisa da aRgznebis mravali kvleva daefuZna sifxizlis kvlevebs,
romlebic meore msoflio omis dros tardeboda. am dros es sakiTxi Zalian
aqtualuri iyo, gansakuTrebiT radolokaciur sadgurebze, sadac operators

71
saTobiT uwevda Tvalyuris devneba ekranisaTvis, mtris TviTmfrinavis
molodinSi (ix. signalebis aRmoCenis Teoria). makvorsma (Mackworth, 1950)
fxizlobis amocanaSi gamoyo erTi aspeqti, romelic aRgznebasa da yuradRebis
kavSirze miuTiTebda, man daamzada saaTis msgavsi xelsawyo. misi isari
ciferblatze moZraobda da Cerdeboda TiTqmis yoveli wamis gasvlis Semdeg.
gamonakliss warmoadgenda iSviaTi da aralegularuli SemTxvevebi, roca isari
akeTebda ormag (orwamian) naxtoms. cdis pirebs Rilakze xelis daWeriT unda
daedasturebinaT yoveli aseTi naxtomis SemCneva. pirveli naxevari saaTis
ganmavlobaSi cdis pirebi kargad muSaobdnen, Semdeg ki Secdomebi ganuwyvetliv
matulobda. Tu cdis pirebs eubnebodnen, rodis dauSves Secdoma da rodis ara,
maSin maTi samuSaos xarisxi umjobesdeboda. rogorc Cans, es xels uwyobda
maTi yuradRebis mobilizebas. am kvlevis Semdeg “yuradRebis maqsimaluri
moculobis” sakiTxis Seswavlas ara erTi avtori cdilobda. xSirad
gamoiyeneboda e.w. “gamafrTxilebeli” signalis meTodi, roca cdis pirs
signalis gamoCena winaswar atyobinebda im niSnis gamoCenas, romelzec cdis
pirs sapasuxo reaqcia unda mieca. kvlevebma aCvenes, rom reaqciis Sesrulebis
optimaluri xarisxi miiRweva maSin, roca “gamafrTxilebeli” signali
eqsperimentul stimulamde 0,2-0,5 wamiT adre Cndeboda. ufro mokle an
xangrZlivi intervali signalsa da eqsperimentul stimuls Soris cdis pirebSi
iwvevda arasakmaris SfoTvas an moumzadeblobas.
am kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, poznerma da baiesma (Posner and Boies) 1971 wels
SeimuSaves eqsperimentebi, romlTa mizani iyo, daedginaT gansxvaveba da
urTierTkavSiri yuradRebis konponentebs Soris. es komponentebi iyo: SfoTva,
SerCeviToba da gamtarunarianoba. erT_erTi eqsperimentis idea imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom stimulis amosacnobad (mag., asos) ufro naklebi droa
saWiro, Tu mas win uswrebs Tviseba, romelic moicavs stimulis Sesaxeb
informaciis nawils. advili misaxvedria, rom aso “A”_s amocnoba gacilebiT
gaadvildeba, Tu mas win uswrebs am asos sxvagvari gamosaxuleba. pirveli da
meore stimulis miwodebebs Soris droSi cvlilebiT SeiZleba davadginoT, ra
dro aris saWiro imisTvis, rom pirveli signalis kodireba ise moxdes, rom igi
optimaluri iyos meore signalis gadamuSavebisaTvis. poznerma da baiesma
aRmoaCines, rom meore signalze reaqciis dro optimaluri iyo maSin, roca cdis
pirs eZleoda 500 mlwm. mosamzadeblad.

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 1973 wels kenemanma (Kanheman) SeimuSava yuradRebis Teoria, romelic
moicavda rogorc aRgznebis dones, aseve informaciis gadamuSavebis adamianebis
SezRudul unarebs. “viwro adgils” modelis nacvlad kenemanma ivarauda, rom
SezRudva ufro zogadia da igi dakavSirebulia zogadad informaciis
gadamuSavebis adamianis unaris SezRudul resursebTan. kenemanis mixedviT, am
modelis centraluri elementebia: “resursebis moTxovnis Sefaseba” da
“ganawilebis principebi”.
amgvarad, kenemanis azriT, yuradReba dakavSirebulia “azrobriv
ZalisxmevasTan” da informaciis gadamuSavebis SezRuduloba efuZneba
gasanawilebeli resursebis SezRudulobas. Tumca, aRgzneba SeiZleba
gaizardos iseTi aqtorebis zegavleniT, rogoricaa, SfoTva, SiSi, brazi,
sqesobrivi aRgzneba da preparatebis zemoqmedeba.

yuradRebaze moqmedi sxva faqtorebi

yuradRebis ganxiluli Teoriebi Zalian gamartivebuli da meqanisturia

imisTvis, rom srulad axsnas yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi yuradRebis moqmedebis
kanonzomierebebi. magaliTad, SfoTva, iqneba es pirovnuli Tu situaciuri,
zemoqmedebs yuradRebaze. meore faqtori gaxlavT aRgznebis done. adamiani
SeiZleba iyos daRlili, wamlebis an narkotikuli saSualebebis zemoqmedebis
qveS an, SesaZlebelia, mas ubralod eZinebodes da amitom misi yuradReba
modunebuli iyos. aseve, SesaZlebelia, rom yuradReba metad koncentrirebuli
iyos saintereso obieqtze da naklebad fokusirebuli - uinteresoze.
yuradRebis SerCeviToba da koncentracia damokidebulia amocanis
Taviseburebebzec. magaliTad, kompleqsuri da rTuli amocana rTuli
Sesasrulebelia da igi yuradRebis met koncentracias moiTxovs. axali da
ucxo stimulebi metad izidaven yuradRebas, vidre - Cveuli obieqtebi.
yuradRebis muSaobaze zegavlenas axdens, agreTve is, Tu ramdenad
gavarjiSebulia adamiani mocemuli tipis amocanis SesrulebaSi da ramdenad
avtomatizebulia misi moqmedebebi. mniSvnelovani faqtoria isic, Tu amocanis
Sesrulebisas informaciis gadamuSavebis ramdeni etapi moiTxovs yuradRebas.

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 strupis efeqti

yuradRebis SerCeviTobis kvlevebis umetesoba fokusirebulia audialur

masalaze, Tumca seleqciurobis kvleva aseve Zalze sainteresoa informaciis
vizualuri damuSavebisas. am tipis kvlevisas yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba
amocana, romelic 1935 wels pirvelad Camoayaliba jon ridli strupma (Jhon
Ridley Stroop). mas mere igi cnobilia strupis efeqtis saxelwodebiT. davaleba
aseTia:
xmamaRla waikiTxeT Semdegi sityvebi: cisferi, mwvane, wiTeli, iisferi. es
davaleba sakmaod advilia. axla ki sanam Semdegi abzacis kiTxvas ganagrZobT,
SesruleT TanmimdevrobiT davalebebi, romelic mocemulia cxrilSi #7.
Tqven albaT aRmoaCineT, rom pirveli ori davaleba sakmaod advilia. rac
Seexeba mesames, misi Sesruleba arc ise iolia, radgan aq xdeba sityvebisa da
misi ferebis interferencia.
strupis efeqti gviCvenebs yuradRebis SerCeviTobis problemas, romelic
melnis ferze yuradRebis fokusirebasa da sityvis ignorirebaSi mdgomareobs.
ratom aris strupis testi rTuli TqvenTvis da zrdasrulTa
umravlesobisTvis? saqme isaa, rom kiTxva TqvenTvis avtomaturi procesia,
Znelia misi cnobieri kontroli. swored amitom Tqven giWirT mizanmimarTulad
Tavi SeikavoT kiTxvisagan da koncentrirdeT melnis ferze, im sityvebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, romlebic dabeWdilia am feris melniT. alternatiuli
axsna isaa, rom strupis testSi sityva aaqtiurebs qerqis neironebs sityvis
saTqmelad. sawinaaRmdegod, melnis feri aaqtiurebs neironebs feris
dasaxasiaTeblad. Sedegad, Zveli neironebi interfereciaSi modis axalTan. am
situaciaSi meti dro gvWirdeba, raTa movikriboT aqtivacis Zalisxmeva da
davasaxeloT feri nacvlad _ sityvisa.
arsebobs strupis efeqtis mravali variacia. aseTia, magaliTad, ricxvebis
strupis testi.

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cxrili #7 – strupis testi
a) waikiTxeT ferebis saxelebi, rac SeiZleba swrafad. waikiTxeT marjvnidan
marcxniv TiToeuli striqonis gaswvriv.

wiTeli yviTeli lurji mwvane

lurji wiTeli mwvane yviTeli

yviTeli mwvane wiTeli lurji

b) daasaxeleT TiToeuli feri rac SeiZleba swrafad. daasaxeleT

marcxnidan marjvniv TiToeuli striqonis gaswvriv.

g) daasaxeleT rac SeiZleba swrafad melnis feri, romeliTac dabeWdilia

TiToeuli sityva. daasaxeleT marcxnidan marjvniv TiToeuli striqonis
gaswvriv.

wiTeli lurji mwvane yviTeli

yviTeli wiTeli lurji mwvane

lurji yviTeli mwvane wiTeli

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mexsiereba

mexsierebis funqciebi da kvlevis meTodebi

informaciis (codnis, warsuli gamocdilebis) gadamuSavebis procesebis da

misi Senaxvis formebis Seswavla Tanamedrove kognituri fsiqologiis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia. warsuli gamocdilebis gareSe warmoudgenelia
yovelgvari fsiqikuri aqtivoba da ganviTareba. adamiani Tavisi moqmedebis
yovel etapze, cnobierad Tu aracnobierad, iZens gamocdilebas da Semdeg
inaxavs mas iseTi formiT, rom momavalSi saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba misi
meyseuli amotana da qcevis procesSi CarTva. mexsierebas metad rTuli funqcia
aqvs. igi moicavs informaciis aRbeWdvis (kodirebis), Senaxvisa da
aqtualizaciis (aRdgenis) sam rgols da amgvarad, masSi mocemuli da
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia adamianis warsuli, awmyo da momavali. mexsierebis
saSualebiT adamianSi aRibeWdeba da inaxeba warsulSi miRebuli informacia,
romelic gavlenas axdens awmyoze: axali informaciis miReba da gadamuSaveba
garkveulwilad damokidebulia ukve arsebul informaciaTa sistemebze, maT
struqturaze. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, awmyoSi mexsierebis moqmedebisas igi
gansazRvravs axali informaciis seleqciur (warsuliT gaSualebul) aRbeWdvas
da mis Senaxvas. amave dros, mexsierebaSi Sesuli yoveli axali informacia,
Tavis mxriv, cvlis da amdidrebs warsul gamocdilebas. mimdinareobs
gamocdielebis transformaciis ganuwyveteli procesi. mexsiereba momavalze
orientirebuli kognituri procesia, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom miRebuli
informaciis struqturireba da Senaxva xdeba iseTi saxiT, rom momavalSi
advilad da adekvaturad moxdes misi gamoyeneba. tulvingi aRniSnavs, rom
mexsiereba es aris saSualeba, romliTac Cven vinaxavT Cvens warsul
gamocdilebas imisTvis, rom gamoviyenoT awmyoSi.
mexierebaSi mimdinare procesebisa da informaciis Senaxvis struqturebis
sakiTxi fsiqologiaSi didi xania daisva, Tumca sakiTxis gadaWra garkveul
siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. saqme isaa, rom mexsierebaSi Senaxuli
informacia aracnobieris sferos ekuTvnis. es ki SeuZlebels xdis mexsierebis
struqturebze uSualo dakvirvebas. mexierebis funqcionirebis Seswavla da
Sesabamisi modelebis ageba SesaZlebelia mxolod mexserebaSi aRbeWdil da
raime saxiT aqtivirebul informaciaTa urTierTmimarTebebis kvlevis gziT.

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 mokled davaxasiaToT is meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba mexsierebis
sakvlevad.
mexsierebis kvlevis procesSi mkvlevarebi iyenebdnen sxvadasxva meTods
(davalebebs) da sTxoven monawileebs, gaixsenon informacia (mag., ricxvebis an
sityvebis mwkrivebi) sxvadasxva wesis gamoyenebiT. mexsierebis kvlevis meTodebi
SeiZleba davajgufod ori TvalsazrisiT; 1) ikvleven isini cnobas Tu
reproduqcias da 2) ikvleven isini implicitur Tu eqsplicitur mexsierebas.
gaxsenebis (mizanmimarTuli aRdgenis) dros Tqven axdenT Faqtebis, sityvebis
an mexsierebis sxva Sinaarsebis reproduqcias. CamonaTvalis, Sevsebis da
agreTve, eseis tipis davalebebi Tqvengan moiTxovs informacis gaxsenebas.
cnobis dros Tqven amoarCevT an cnobT im Sinaarss (axdenT identificirebas) -
sityvas, ricxvs, wels da a.S., romelic manamde iswavleT. TqvenTvis kargad
nacnobi mravalobiTi arCevanis da WeSmariti_mcdarobis tipis testuri
davalebebi ZiriTadad dafuZnebulia cnobaze.
Tanamedrove kognituri fsiqologiis eqsperimentebSi klasikur meTodebze
dayrdnobiT gamoyenebulia aRdgenis sami ZiriTadi tipi. esa: 1) seriuli
gaxseneba, romelSic cdis piri ixsenebs masalas zustad im TanmimdevrobiT,
rogoriTac miawodes dasamaxsovreblad (ebinhausis rekonstruqciis meTodi); 2)
Tavisufali aRdgena, romlis drosac masalis aRdgenis Tanmimdevrobas
mniSvneloba ar aqvs (ebinhausis klasikuri “daswavlisa” da “SenarCunebuli
wevrebis” meTodi); 3) sayrdeniT aRdgena, romlis drosac cdis piris warudgenen
masalis erTeulebs wyvilebis saxiT, aRdgenis dros ki aCveneben wyvilis erT
wevrs da man unda gaixseneos _ meore. aRdgenis am meTods “wyvilTa asociaciis
meTodsac” uwodeben (mexsierebis klasikur kvlevebSi cnobili “swori
pasuxebis” meTodi). fsiqologebi aseve zomaven xelaxali swavlebis fenomensac.
es aris meTodi, romlis drosac cdis piri xelaxla daiswavlis garkveul
masalas, romelic mas adre hqonda naswavli (gaixseneT ebinhausis momaragebis
(ekonomiis) meTodi).
Cveulebriv situaciaSi cnobis davalebebSi ufro meti masalis aRdgena
xdeba, vidre _ gaxsenebis (mizanmimarTuli aRdgenis) davalebebSi. ase
magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iyo 200 suraTi cnobis mexsierebis
sakvlevad. reproduqciaze mimarTul kvlevebSi ki masalis maqsimaluri

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moculoba 80 erTeulia (Tumca aseT eqsperimentebs win uswrebs intensiuri
daswavlis faza).
cdis pirTa winaswari informireba gaxsenebis saWiro tipis Sesaxeb
(cnoba moeTxovebaT maT, Tu aRdgena), cxadia, zegavlenas axdens
damaxsovrebuli masalis moculobaze. aRdgenis davaleba informaciis ufro
Rrma gadamuSavebas moiTxovs, vidre _ cnobis davaleba. davuSvaT, Tqven
emzadebiT gamocdebisTvis, romelSic iqneba e. w. “Ria kiTxvebi” an meore
SemTxveva, roca Tqven emzadebiT e.w. “daxuruli tipis davalebebze” pasuxis
gasacemad. cxadia, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi Tqven meti Zalisxmeva gWirdebaT,
radgan unda daimaxsovroT meti detalebi da unda SeZloT masalis
damoukideblad aRdgena. meore SemTxvevaSi ki, ubralod, unda amoicnoT swori
pasuxebi.
rogorc vxedavT, gaxsenebis es ori tipi identuri ar aris. zogjer
fsiqologebi aRniSnaven, rom cnobis mexsierebas sWirdeba recefciuli
(aRqmadi) codna, xolo aRdgenis davalebebs ki gamomxatvelobiTi codna.
gansxvavebebi recefciul da eqspresiul codnas Soris vlindeba ara mxolod
mexsierebis, aramed enis, azrovnebisa da kognituri ganviTarebis sferoebSic.
rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, mexsierebis mkvlevarebi erTmaneTisagan
ganasxvaveben eqsplicituri da implicituri mexsierebis klvevis meTodebsac.
eqsplicituri mexsierebas miekuTvneba informaciis cnobieri daswavla da
aRdgena. implicitur mexsierebas ki miekuTvneba informaciis aRbeWdva,
gadamuSaveba da gamoyeneba cnobierebis monawileobis (adamianis mxridan misi
kontrolis) gareSe. amitom garda iseTi davalebebisa, sadac cdis pirebs
sTxoven raime informaciis damaxsovrebas da Semdgom mis aRdgenas, mkvlevarebi
iyeneben specialur meTodebsac implicituri mexsierebis Sesaswavlad. aseT
davalebaTa magaliTia “sityvis Sevsebis” davaleba: cdis pirs warudgenen
sityvis fragments da sTxoven daasrulos igi, Tqvas pirveli sityva, romelic
TavSi azrad mouva. aseve iyeneben proceduruli codnis amotanis davalebebs,
romlis drosac cdis pirs sTxoven garkveuli SeZenili Cvevis (mag.,
velosipedis tareba) demonstrirebas. am meTodebs “rogor gakeTebis”
davalebebsac uwodeben.

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 mexsierebis tradiciuli modelebi

kognitur fsiqologiaSi mexsierebis araerTi gansxvavebuli modeli

arsebobs. Cven ganvixilavT mexsierebis tradiciul models, romelic xazs
usvams mexsierebis struqturas da mas yofs informaciis Senaxvis hipoTetur
sacavebad da agreTve ufro Tanamedrove Sexedulebebs, romlis mixedviTac
mexsierebaSi wamyvania masSi mimdinare informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebi.
pirveli mosazreba mexsierebis araerTgvarovani struqturis Sesaxeb uiliam
jeimsis mier iyo gamoTqmuli. Tavis naSromSi “fsiqologiis principebi” igi
ganarCevs ori tipis mexsierebas: uSualo mexsierebas, romelsac igi pirvelad
mexsierebas uwodebs da irib mexsierebas, romelsac igi meorads uwodebs.
jemsis mosazrebebma safuZveli Cauyara mexsierebis struqturis Seswavlas
da mexsierebis mravalsacaviani modelebis Camoyalibebas. sanam mexsierebis
struqturul modelebs SeviswavliT, mokled ganvixiloT argumentebi
mexsierebis mravalsacaviani struqturis sasargeblod.

argumentebi mravalsacaviani Teoriis sasargeblod

saRi azri gvkarnaxobs, rom sul cota ori tipis mexsiereba arsebobs:
informaciis nawili Cven Zalian cota xans gvaxsovs, nawils ki mTeli
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi vinaxavT.
mtkicebulebebi mexsierebis ori mdgomareobis Sesaxeb fiziologiuri
gamokvlevebidan momdinareobs. cxovelebTan Catarebuli swavlis
eqsperimentebis Sedegebi uaresdeba, Tu maT mier swavlis mcdelobas uSualod
mosdevs eleqtokonvulsiuri Soki. eleqtrokonvulsiuri Soki aranair
zemoqmedebas ar axdens ufro adreuli daswavlis Sedegze, rac imaze unda
miuTiTebdes, rom eleqtrokonvulsiuri Soki xels uSlis informaciis
gadatanas gardamavali mexsierebidan mudmivSi (Weiskrantz, 1966). adamianebi,
romlebic Tavis travmis Sedegad gamowveuli amneziiT arian daavadebulni,
xSirad ver ixseneben ra moxda uSualod travmis win (ramdenime wamiT adre). es

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sindromi cnobilia, rogorc mokle retrograduli amnezia. igi gansxvavdeba
ufro Zvel movlenebze mexsierebis dakargvisgan, romelsac xangrZliv
retrogradul amnezias uwodeben. xanmokle retrogradul amneziaSi mogonebebi
uaxloesi movlenebis Sesaxeb srulad iSleba, Tumca SenarCunebulia movlenebi,
romlebic travmamde ramdenime wuTiT an saaTiT adre moxda. garda amisa, tvinis
dazianebebis da travmebis gamokvlevebi, agreTve skanirebis (pozitronul
emisiuri tomografia)Sedegebi adastureben mexsierebis sxvadasxva sacavebis
arsebobas.
marTlac, pacientebs ar uWirT travmis Semdgomi movlenebis gaxseneba. linCi
da iarleni (Lynch & Yarnell, 1973) utarebdnen interviuebs fexburTelebs,
romlebmac Tavis travma miiRes. interviu uSualod mosdevda Zalian mokle
nevrologiur gamokvlevas da daSavebidan daaxloebiT 30 wm.-is Semdeg
tardeboda. moTamaSeebis interviureba xdeboda aseve 3-5 wT.-is Semdeg da 5-20
wT.-is Semdegac. uSualod travmis Semdeg Catarebul interviuSi fexburTelebs
zustad axsovdaT daSavebis yvela detali. Tumca 5 wT.-is Semdeg maT mxolod
zogadi suraTi axsovdaT. kvlevis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, mkvlevarebma
gaakeTes daskvna, rom detalebi, romlebic travmis mirebasTan aris
dakavSirebuli, garkveuli droiT inaxeba mexsierebaSi, magram maTi gadacema
xangrZliv mexierebaSi aRar xdeba an ver xdeba maTi ganmtkiceba xangrZlivi
SenaxvisTvis.
neirofsiqologiuri gamokvlevebi adastureben, rom mexsierebis TiToeul
sacavs aqvs garkveuli lokalizacia adamianis tvinSi. kanadeli mkvlevaris
milneris (Milner) mier 1966 wels aRwerili iyo metad saintereso SemTxveva. misi
pacienti daavadebuli iyo epilefsiis mZime formiT da mkurnalobis mizniT mas
Cautarda operacia tvinis safeTqlis wilze, romlis drosac mas amoaWres
hipokamfi. Tumca pacients daavadeba Seumsubuqda, magram mas ganuviTarda Zlieri
amnezia: mas aRar SeeZlo axali informaciis Senaxva xangrZliv mexsierebaSi,
Tumca ki xanmokle mexsiereba SenarCunebuli hqonda. mas SeeZlo aRedgina
ricxvebis Tanmimdevroba erTxelobrivi aRqmiT, magram ar SeeZlo maTi
damaxsovreba garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi. informacia, romelic mis
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi inaxeboda operaciamde xeluxlebeli darCa, igi Zalian
kargad asrulebda standartul inteleqtualur testebs, magram ar SeeZlo
axali adamianebis saxelebis an saxeebis damaxsovreba. rogorc Cans, misi

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xanmokle mexsiereba ar dazaralda, magram mas aRar SeeZlo informaciis
gadatana xanmokle sacavidan xangrZlivSi. radgan dazianebebi iyo safeTqlis
wilsa da hipokampSi, aSkaraa, rom tvinis am nawilebSi mexsierebisTvis
mniSvnelovani centrebia ganlagebuli.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi aris araerTi eqsperimenti da kvleva, romelic
adasturebs mexsierebis mravalsacavian struqturas. informacia, romelic
Seagrova Cvenma sensorulma organoebma, Zalian swafad gadaecema pirvelad
sacavs, sadac xdeba misi Canacvleba informaciis axali nakadiT an misi
SenarCuneba gameorebis Sedegad. Tu informaciis axali nakadi Zalieria
(Semodis bevri axali an ufro saintereso informacia), maSin xanmokle
mexsierebaSi arsebuli informacia gamoidevneba axali informaciiT.
mravalsacaviani modelis arsebobis sasargeblod miuTiTebs:
 dakvirvebebi, rom zogierTi informacia da movlenebi mokle droiT
gvaxsovs, zogierTi ki – xangrZlivad;
 fiziologiuri gamokvlevbi, romlis mixedviTac xanmokle Senaxva
SeiZleba Sewydes, maSin roca xangrZlivi Senaxvis funqciebi SenarCunebulia.

 eqsperimentebSi garkveuli tipis informaciis aRdgena xdeba xanmokle

sacavidan, garkveulis ki – xangrZlivi sacavidan. amas adasturebs,
magaliTad, daswavlis pirveladobisa da siaxlis efeqtebi.
erT-erTi pirveli kognitur fsiqologiuri modeli, romelic mexsierebis
sxvadasxva sacavs moiazrebda, iyo vos da normanis modeli.

vos da normanis modeli

1965 wels vom da normanma (Waugh & Norman) SeimuSaves mexsierebis pirveli
mravalsacaviani modeli. mas safuZvlad udevs dualisturi koncefcia:
pirveladi mexsiereba anu xanmokle Senaxvis sistema da meoradi mexsiereba anu
xangrZlivi Senaxvis sistema erTmaneTisgan damoukidebelia. am modelma (ix.
naxati #28) ganapiroba “TavSi yuTebis” metaforis warmoSoba da am terminis
damkvidreba kognitur fsiqologiaSi.

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 naxati #28 – vos da normanis modeli

stimuli pirveladi gameoreba meoradi

mexsiereba
mexsiereba

daviwyebuli

vos da normanis modelSi uiliam jemsisgan nasesxebia terminebi - pirveladi

da meoradi mexsiereba. Tumca, jemsisgan gansxvavebiT, maT models safuZvlad
eqsperimentuli gamokvleva udevs. kerZod, maT moaxerxes pirveladi mexsierebis
raodenobrivi Sefaseba. maTi mosazrebis mixedviT, xanmokle Senaxvis sistema
SezRuduli moculobisaa da masSi informaciis dakargvas ganapirobebs ara
dro, aramed axlad Semosuli informacia, romelic gandevnis Zvels. pirveladi
(xanmokle) mexsiereba SeiZleba warmovidginoT vertikaluri kartotekis saxiT,
romelSic yvela ujra dakavebulia. Tu axali informacia Semodis is ubralod
gandevnis Zvels da ikavebs axalis adgils. pirveladi mexsiereba SeiZleba
warmovidginoT xorcis sakepi manqanis saxiTac. mas SeuZlia mxolod garkveuli
moculobis masalis gadamuSaveba da misi SigTavsi mudmivad icvleba axali
masalis damatebis Sedegad (axali masala iwvevs Zvelis gamodevnas).
vos da normanis eqsperimenti SemdegSi mdgomareobda: cdis pirebs
ukiTxavdnen Teqvsmetcifrian siebs. siis wakiTxvis siCqare iyo erTi sityva 1 wm.-
Si an oTxi sityva 1 wm.-Si. meTeqvsmete cifri eqsperimentuli iyo da
meordeboda: es cifri manamde iyo siaSi da ukve mosmenili hqondaT cdis pirebs.
eqsperimentul cifrs Tan axlda xmovani signali. es signali mianiSnebda cdis
pirs, rom man unda aRadginos (daasaxelos) is cifri, romelic uSualod
mosdevda eqsperimentul cifrs pirvel jerze. eqsperimentis cifrebis tipuri
sia aseTi iyo:
7 9 5 1 2 9 3 8 0 4 6 3 7 6 0 2 (xmovani signali).
am SemTxvevaSi swori pasuxi iqneba “9”, radgan igi uSualod mosdevs cifri
“2”-is pivel eqspozicias. danarCeni aTi cifri moTavsebuli iyo eqsperimentuli

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cifris pirvelsa da bolo eqspozicias Soris. radganac cdis pirebma ar
icodnen, Tu romeli cifri iqneboda eqsperimentuli, maT ar SeeZloT romelime
maTganze koncentrireba da misi gameoreba. rogorc gvaxsovs, cdis pirebs
cifrebs ukiTxavdnen 1 wamisa da wamis meoTxedis intervaliT. am gziT vos da
normans undodaT daedginaT, daviwyeba Caqrobis mizeziT (anu drois gasvlis
Sedegad) xdeba Tu mexsierebis SigniT - interferenciis gamo. Tu daviwyeba
Caqrobis mizeziT xdeba, maSin cifrebis ufro neli miwodebis dros (erTi
cifri wamSi) swori pasuxebis raodenoba ufro naklebi unda yofiliyo; Tu
daviwyeba interferenciis Sedegia, maSin pasuxebis raodenoba ar unda yofiliyo
damokidebuli miwodebis tempze. aRmoCnda, rom eqsperimentis orive seriaSi
(erTi cifri wamSi da oTxi cifri wamSi) Sedegebi erTnairi iyo. amgvarad,
pirvelad mexsierebaSi daviwyebs mizezi intetferenciiT unda aixsnas.
msgavsi eqsperimenti Caatara normanma 1966 wels. mis eqsperimentSi cdis
pirebs wamSi awvdidnen erTidan aT sityvamde. am eqsperimetmac daadastura, rom
daviwyebis siswrafe daaxloebiT erTnairi iyo cifrebis miwodebis sxvadasva
siCqaris dros. sabolood gakeTda daskvna, rom pirvelad (xanmokle)
mexsierebaSi daviwyeba ganpirobebulia ufro metad interferenciiT, vidre
CaqrobiT.
vos da normanis modeli da misi empiriuli safuZveli gviCvenebs, rom
pirvelad mexsierebaSi SeiZleba zustad SenarCundes Semosuli informacia
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi. amasve adasturebs yoveldRiuri gamocdilebac.
Cven SegviZlia zustad gavimeoroT axlaxan warmoTqmuli sityvebi, mag., Cveni
mosaubris mier warmoTqmuli bolo fraza (amasTan, SesaZlebelia Cven mas
sulac ar vusmendeT). Tumca sruliad SeuZlebelia imave frazis aRdgena
garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg, roca igi gadaifareba axali informaciiT.

atkinsonisa da Sifrinis modeli

vos da normanis modeli, romlis mixedviTac mexsierebas fiqsirebuli

struqtura hqonda da asaxavda xanmokle da xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis

83
Senaxvis specifikas, ver xsnida iseT movlenebs, rogoricaa, sensorul
mexsierebaSi informaciis kodireba, erTi sacavidan meoreSi informaciis
gadatana, mexsierebidan informaciis amotanis marTva da a.S.
1968 w. riCard atkinsonma da riCard Sifrinma (Atkinson & Shiffrin) SeimuSaves
axali modeli, romelic aseve “TavSi yuTebis” metaforas efuZneboda, Tumca
iTvaliswinebda subieqtis mier procesebis marTvis SesaZleblobebsac. vos da
normanis modelisgan gansxvavebiT, maT modelSi mexsierebis struqtura
warmodgenilia sami sacavis saxiT. esenia: sensoruli registri, xanmokle sacavi
da xangrZlivi sacavi (ix. naxati #29)
Semomavali stimuli uSualod registrirdeba Sesabamis sensorul
registrSi – sensorul sacavSi (mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi sensoruli registri
_ xatisebri da eqosebri sacavebi, ufro detalurad qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli),
ris Sedegadac an ikargeba, an kidev gadaecema gadamuSavebis Semdeg etaps.

naxati #29 atkinsonisa da Sifrinis modeli

sensoruli xanmokle sacavi xangrZlivi

registri: mexsiereba
droebiTi
vizualuri; muSa mexsiereba mexsierebis
garemos mudmivi
audialuri; marTvis
stimulebi . sacavi
procesebi:
. repeticia,
. Ziebis
strategiebi.

pasuxi

am modelis farglebSi daisva sakiTxi mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciisa

da Senaxvis adgilis (struqturis) Sesaxeb. atkinsoni da Sifrini erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvavebdnen mexsierebis cnebasa da mexsierebis sacavebis cnebas, kerZod,

84
cneba “mexsiereba” am modelis mixedviT aRniSnavs im monacemebs da informacias,
romlis Senaxvac xdeba, xolo cneba “sacavi” ki – struqturuli elementia,
romelSic es informacia inaxeba. Tumca dRes kognitur fsiqologiaSi aseTi
mkafio sxvaobebi ar aris da sami sacavi xSirad moixsenieba, rogorc
sensoruli mexsiereba, xanmokle mexsiereba da xangrZlivi mexsiereba.
atkinsonisa da Sifrinis modeli sainteresoa imiTac, rom aq xanmokle
mexsiereba ganxilulia, rogorc muSa sistema, romelSic Semosuli informacia
Caqrobis Sedegad swrafad ikargeba (Tumca ufro did xans yovndeba, vidre -
sensorul registrSi). xanmokle mexsierebaSi warmodgenili informaciis forma
gansxvavedeba sensorul registrSi warmodgenili informaciis formisgan. mag.,
sensorul registrSi vizualurad warmodgenili sityva xanmokle mexsierebaSi
SesaZlebelia smeniTi kodebis saSualebiT iyos warmodgenili.
mesame sistemaSi anu xangrZliv sacavSi warmodgenili informacia SedarebiT
mudmivia, Tumca, SesaZlebelia isic ar iyos xelmisawvdomi Semomaval
informaciasTan interferenciis gamo. aRsaniSnavia, rom am modelis Tanaxmad,
xangrZlivi sacavis funqciaa “Tvalyuri adevnos” (gaakontrolos) sensoruli
registridan xanmokle sacavSi Semomavali stimulebi da uzrunvelyos maTTvis
Senaxvis adgili.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am modelis mixedviT erTi sacavidan meoreSi
informaciis gadatanis kontrols TviT adamiani axorcielebs. informacia
droebiT Cerdeba sensorul registrSi, xdeba misi skanireba da misi gadarCeuli
nawili gadadis xanmokle mexsierebaSi. Tumca SesaZlebelia informacia
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi uSualod sensoruli registridanac gadavides
skanirebisa da gadarCevis procesis gverdis avliT. modelis mixedviT, raime
informacia miwodebisTanave SesaZlebelia gadavides xangrZliv mexsierebaSi an
SesaZlebelia igi ramdenime wuTis ganmavlobaSi SenarCundes xanmokle
mexsierebaSi, magram ver moxvdes xangrZliv sacavSi. sensoruli registridan
uSualod xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis gadasvlis magaliTia iseTi
SemTxvevebi, roca Cven Zalian cxadad gvaxsovs (TiTqos suraTiviT Tvalwin
gvidgas) garkveuli movlenebi an epizodebi Cveni cxovrebidan.
amgvarad, atkinsonisa da Sifrinis modeli moicavs sam sacavs: 1)
sensorul registrs, romlis SesaZleblobebic Zalian SezRudulia moculobisa
da drois TvalsazrisiT. 2) xanmokle mexsierebas, romelic ufro met xans

85
inaxavs informacias, vidre sensoruli sacavi, magram isic SezRudulia droSi
da SesaZleblobebSi. 3) xangrZliv mexsierebas, romelsac aqvs Zalian didi
SesaZleblobebi Seinaxos didi raodenobis informacia Zalian xangrZlivad,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samudamoTac ki.
atkinsonisa da Sifrinis modelis mixedviT, es sami sacavi sinamdvileSi
ar aris mkafiod gamoyofili fsiqologiuri struqturebi. ufro metic, sacavebi
hipoTeturi struqturebia _ konceftebia, romelic ar SeiZleba uSualod
daikvirvos an gaizomos. isini ubralod gamoiyeneba rogorc mentaluri
modelebi mexsierebis muSaobis gasagebad. Tumca modelis mixedviT, sacavebi _
es aris pasiuri WurWeli, romelSic informacia grovdeba, magram aq mainc
monawileobs garkveuli subieqturi kontrolis meqanizmi, romelic marTavs
erTi sacavidan meoreSi informaciis gadatanas.
axla ganvixiloT samsacaviani modelis TiToeuli struqtura cal-calke.

sensoruli sacavebi: xatisebri da eqosebri sacavi

sensoruli sacavi _ es aris sawyisi Semnaxveli, pirveli mimRebi

informaciisa, romelic Semdgom gadadis xanmokle da xangrZliv mexsierebaSi.
sensorul sacavs, romelic inaxavs mxedvelobis velidan Semosul informacias
naiseri ikonur anu xatisebr sacavs uwodebs. es aris sacavi, romelic
aregistrirebs vizualur informacias drois Zalian mokle periodis
ganmavlobaSi. misi saxeli ganpirobebulia misi muSaobis specifikiT _ igi
informacias arbeWdavs xatebis saxiT. es aris vizualuri gamosaxulebebi.
Tu Tqven odesme “dagiweriaT” bnel oTaxSi SuSxuniT Tqveni saxeli, maSin
Tqven SeamCnevdiT vizualuri mexsierebis simyares. Tqven ubralod “xedavT”
Tqvens saxels, miuxedavad imisa, rom SuSxunam ar datova fizikuri kvali. es
vizualuri simyare aris Tqven vizualur (ikonur) sensorul sacavSi Sesuli
informaciis magaliTi.

86
 sperlingis aRmoCena

pirveli aRmoCena xatisebri (ikonuri) sacavis Sesaxeb ekuTvnis jorj

spelings (George Sperling, 1960). mas ainteresebda stimulebis mowodebuli
nakrebidan ramdeni informaciis kodireba SeuZlia adamians erTi swrafi
Sexedvis Sedegad. amis gasarkvevad, sperlingi aCvenebda cdis pirebs asoebisa da
ricxvebis simravles mxolod 50 milisekundis ganmavlobaSi. monawileebs
sTxovdnen, aRedginaT rac SeiZleba meti simbolo da daesaxelebinaT maTi
adgilmdebareoba. wina kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, sperlingi darwmunebuli iyo, rom
eqspoziciis dro sakmarisi iyo mxolod erTjeradi aRqmisTvis (sinamdvileSi
Tvalis erTxel mokvrisTvis).
sperlingma daadgina, rom roca cdis pirebs ekiTxeboda, Tu ra dainaxes,
maT axsovdaT mxolod oTxi simbolo. es Sedegebi adasturebda manamde arsebul
monacemebs, romelic 1933 wels miRebuli iyo brijdenis (Brigden) mier.
procedura, romelsac iyenebda brijdeni da aseve sperlingic, iyo sruli
angariSis procedura. am meTodiT monawileebi asaxelebdnen yvela simbolos,
romelic maT axsovdaT. sperlingis eqsperimentSi monawileebi mxolod oTxi
simbolos aRdgenas axerxebdnen, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdeni sawyisi stimuli
iyo warmodgenili ekranze. Tumca eqsperimentis zogierTi monawile aRniSnavda,
rom Tavdapirvelad maT cxadad dainaxes yvela stimuli. maSin sperlingma
moifiqra genialuri meTodi, rogor gaezoma is, rac monawileebma dainaxes.
sperlingma gamoiyena nawilobrivi angariSis procedura. am meTodSi
monawileebs unda daesaxelebinaT danaxuli stimulebis mxolod nawili.
sperlingi monawileebs warudgenda simboloebs, romlebic sam striqonad iyo
dalagebuli; TiToeul striqonSi iyo oTxi aso. cxrilSi #8 wamodgenilia
sperlingis eqsperimentis masala (stimulebi). sperlingi winaswar afrTxilebda
monawileebs, rom maT unda aRedginaT simboloebis mxolod erTi striqoni.
romeli striqoni unda aRedginaT, monawileebma winaswar ar icodnen. aRsadgen
striqonze miuTiTebda eqspoziciis Semdgomi signali: maRali, saSualo an
dabali toni. tonis Sesabamisad, cdis pirebs unda aRedginaT zeda, Sua da qveda
striqonis stimulebi.

87
 cxrili #8
sperlingis matrica

H B S T

A H M G

E L W C

ikonuri mexsierebis xangrZlivobis gaTvaliswinebiT sperlingi cvlida

eqspoziciasa da tons Soris intervals.
cdis pirebi aRadgendnen stimulebis erT mesameds, magram maT winaswar ar
icodnen romeli mesamedi hqondaT aRsadgeni. amitom am meTodiT aRdgenili
stimulebis raodenobas sperlingi amravlebda samze imisTvis, rom gaego,
sinamdvileSi ramdeni stimulis kodireba SeZles cdis pirebma.
nawilobrivi angariSis proceduram radikalurad Secvala monawileebis
mier aRdgenili stimulebis raodenoba. eqsperimentis Sedegad dadginda, rom
cdis pirebs SeuZliaT aRadginon daaxloebiT 9 simbolo, miwodebuli 12–dan.
amavdroulad, miwodebasa da signals Soris intervalis cvalebadobiT
dadginda xatisebri (ikonuri) sacavis xangrZlivoba igi daaxloebiT wamis
0,25_0,3 nawils Seadgens.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sperlingis eqsperimenti Zalian daxvewilia, igi
unaklo mainc ar aris. gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom SesaZlebelia adgili hqondes
interferencias cdis piris pasuxsa da xatisebr sacavs Soris.
am problemis dasaZlevad Catarda Semdgomi kvlevebi. 1961 wels averbahma da
korielma Caatares (Averbach and Corriell) eqsperimenti, romelSic cdis pirebs
moeTxovebodaT specialuri niSnis Semdeg mxolod erTi asos aRdgena. aRmoCnda,
rom cdis pirebs SeuZliaT miwodebili masalis daax. 75%-is aRdgena, rac
mocemul eqsperimentSi 12 erTeuls Seadgenda. aSkaraa, roca interferencia

88
sagrZnoblad Semcirebulia, xatisebri sacavis SesaZleblobebi mkveTrad
izrdeba.
meore eqsperimentSi, romelic aseve averbahma da korielma Caatares,
gamovlinda xatisebri mexsierebis mniSvnelovani dadebiTi Tviseba: misi
Sinaarsi iSleba. es Tviseba Cveni xatisebri sacavis sensibilurobas
uzrunvelyofs. Cven Zalian didi problemebi Segveqmneboda, yvelaferi rom
dagvemaxsovrebina didi xniT, rasac vxedavT Cven garSemo.
SejamebisTvis unda iTqvas, rom vizualuri informacia pirvelad Semodis
Cvens vizualur sensorul sacavSi. sacavSi informacia Cerdeba drois Zalian
mokle periodis ganmavlobaSi. Cveulebriv, am sacavSi Semosuli informacia
gadadis Semdgom sacavebSi gadamuSavebisTvis an iSleba (ikargeba).
msgavsi kanonzomierebebi vlindeba smeniTi sensoruli informaciis miRebisas.
Tu Cven SegviZlia “vxedavdeT” mas merec, rac garegani fizikuri stimuli
aRar aris, xom ar SegviZlia, rom aseve “gvesmodes” mas mere, rac xma aRar
ismis? naiserma sensorul smeniT mexsierebas eqosebri mexsiereba uwoda.
eqosebri Senaxva hgavs xatisebrs, im TvalsazrisiT, rom aq Zalian mokle drois
ganmavlobaSi inaxeba didi sizustiT asaxuli gadaumuSavebeli sensoruli
informacia.
xatis msgavsad, romelic Cven damatebiT saSualebas (ufro sworad,
damatebiT dros) gvaZlevs imisTvis, rom davinaxoT swrafad warmavali
stimulebi, eqosebri mexsierebac gvaZlevs damatebiT dros imisTvis, rom kargad
gavigonoT smeniTi Setyobinebebi. Tu Cven gavaanalizebT metyvelebis gagebis
rTul process, gasagebi gaxdeba eqosebri mexsierebis roli am procesSi.
bgeriTi rxevebi, romlebic metyvelebas Seadgenen, garkveuli drois
ganmavlobaSi vrceldebian. informacia, romelsac moicavs metyvelebis, musikisa
Tu sxva nebismieri bgeris TiToeuli nawilaki, uazroa, usargebloa, Tu igi
warmodgenili ar aris sxva bgerebis konteqstSi. eqosebri sacavi mokle droiT
asaxavs smeniT informacias da amiT uzrunvelgvyofs smeniTi informaciis
gagebisaTvis aucilebeli uSualo konteqstualuri maxasiaTeblebiT.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom eqosebri sacavis xangrZlivoba ufro metia,
vidre - xatisebri sacavisa. eqosebr sacavSi informacia SeiZleba SeCerdes
wamis meoTxedidan 4 wm.-mde.

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 stereo da kvadrofonuri mowyobilobebis saSualebiT moreim, beitsma da
barnetma (Morey, Bates & Barnett) Caatares sperlingis msgavsi eqsperimenti smeniT
stimulebze. maT statiaSi “eqsperimenti oTxyurian adamianze”, romelic 1965 w.
gamoqveynda, aRwerilia am eqsperimentis Sedegebi. mkvlevarebi cdis pirs
aTavsebdnen oTx mikrofons Soris da yurebze ukeTebdnen kvadrofonur
yursasmens. es mowyobiloba saSualebas iZleoda, cdis pirisTvis miewodebinaT
erTdroulad oTxi Setyobineba. cdis pirs am SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia moisminos
erTi romelime Setyobineba. eqsperimentSi Setyobineba warmoadgenda anbanis
bgerebs - erTidan oTxamde, romelic cdis pirs miewodeboda an erTi, an ori,
an sami, an oTxive arxidan erTdroulad. rogorc mxedvelobiT eqsperimentebSi,
aqac cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, gaemeorebinaT rac SeiZleba meti aso-bgera.
nawilobrivi angariSis eqsperimentSi ki inTeboda oTxi naTuridan erT-erTi,
romelic bgeris wyaros Sesabamisad iyo ganlagebuli da aniSnebda cdis pirs,
Tu romeli wyarodan wamosuli Setyobinebis aRdgenas sTxovdnen mas. naTurebi
inTeboda bgeris miwodebidan 1 wm.-is Semdeg. nawilobrivi angariSis
eqsperimentis Sedegebi ukveTesi iyo, vidre mTlianobiTi angariSis proceduris
safuZvelze miRebuli rezultatebi.
sperlingis meTodikis kidev ufro zust analogias warmoadgens darvinis,
turveisa da krauderis (Darwin, Turvey & Crowder) mier 1972 w. Catarebuli
eqsperimenti. stereo yursasmenebis saSualebiT cdis pirebs miewodebodaT
smeniTi informaciis matrica, romelic Sedgeboda stimulebis sami nakrebisgan
TiToeulSi sam-sami stimuliT. amasTan, nakrebebSi erTmaneTSi areuli iyo aso-
bgerebi da cifrebi. cdis pirs esmoda sami mokle samelementiani sia (ix.
cxrili #9.

cxrili #9.
marcxena yuri orive yuri marjvena yuri
B 8 F
2 6 R
L U 10

Setyobinebis saerTo dro iyo 1 wm. amgvarad, am eqsperimentSi cdis pirs

marcxena yurSi erTdroulad esmoda “B” da “8” , xolo marjvena yurSi ki – “F”

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da “8”. es meTodika, romelic hgavda sperlingis eqsperimentis sqemas,
sinamdvileSi qmnida e.w. “samyurian adamians”. aRdgena izomeboda rogorc
nawilobrivi, aseve mTlianobiTi anngariSis proceduriT. cdis pirebs hqondaT
mxedvelobiTi miniSnebac, romelic Cndeboda maT pirdapir ganTavsebuli ekranis
marcxena, Sua an marjvena nawilze. iseve, rogorc mxedvelobiTi sacavis
SemTxvevaSi, miniSnebis gamoCenis drois cvaldebadoba informaciis waSlis
dakvirvebis saSualebas iZleoda. mkvlevarebi maniSnebel signals awodebdnen 0,
1, 2, 3 da 4 wm.-is dagvianebiT.
sworad aRdgenili masalis raodenoba maniSnebeli signalis dagvianebis
ukuproporciuli aRmoCnda: eqspoziciis momentidan, rac ufro swrafad xdeboda
stimulebis aRdgena, miT ufro meti stimulis aRdgenas axerxebda cdis piri da
_ piriqiT. eqsperimentma aCvena, rom eqosebri Senaxva grZeldeba daaxloebiT 4
wamis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca, yvelaze kargad informacia inaxeba pirveli wamebis
ganmavlobaSi.
Cven ganvixileT yvelaze cnobili ori sensoruli sacavi: eqosebri da
xatisebri. arsebobs garkveuli monacemebi, romelTa mixedviTac taqtilur
registrSi msgavsi kanonzomierebebi vlindeba. samwuxarod, es da SegrZnebis
sxva modelebi Zalian sustad an TiTqmis ar aris Seswavlili.

sensoruli sacavebis funqciebi

arsebobs mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac informaciis gadarCeva gare

samyarodan ekonomiis proncipiT xdeba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sensoruli
informaciiis astronomiul raodenobas, romelic mudmivad zemoqmedebs Cven
nervul sistemaze da informaciis gadamuSavebis “maRali donis” kognituri
sistemebis SezRudul SesaZleblobebs, aSkara gaxdeba, rom sensoruli
stimulebis mxolod mcire nawili SeiZleba iyos gadarCeuli Semdgomi
gadamuSavebisTvis.
es mosazrebebi exeba rogorc mxedvelobis, asev smeniT sacavs: sensoruli
sistemisTvis TiTqos bunebrivicaa, rom man wamierad SeinarCunos informacia
imisTvis, rom SearCios misgan yvelaze arsebiTi Semdgomi gadamuSavebisTvis.

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kiTxvis dros, magaliTad, asoebisa da sityvebis zusti asaxva aucilebelia
gagebisTvis, xolo mosmenisas ki yvela stimulis gageba (magaliTad, saubris an
musikis) pirdapir damokidebulia smeniTi signalebis zust registraciaze.
sensoruli informaciis sruli sensoruli anabeWdis droebiTi Senaxva Cven
saSualebas gvaZlevs, gadavarCioT uSualo STabeWdilebebi da yvelaze
mniSvnelovani gadavisroloT gadamuSavebis Semdgom etapze.

xanmokle mexsiereba

meore hopoTeturi struqtura, meore sacavi, romelic mravlsacavian

mexsierebis modelSi gamoiyofa, aris xanmokle mexsiereba. es aris droSi
SedarebiT SezRuduli (misi xangrZlivoba daaxloebiT 20-30 wamia), magram
informaciis gadamuSavebis sistemaSi metad mniSvnelovani sacavi. jemsis mier
Semotanilma piveladi mexsierebis cnebam da ebinhausis daviwyebis mrudma
moamzada niadagi Zalian martivi, magram amavdroulad mniSvnelovani
aRmoCenisTvis. 1956 wels loid da margaret petersonebma daasabuTes, rom Cveni
unari Seinaxo informacia “droebiTi mexserebis bankSi” Zalian SezRudulia da
misi SenarCuneba SesaZlebelia mxolod gameorebis gziT. es gamokvleva
mniSvnelovani iyo imitom, rom manamde gansxvaveba xanmokle da xangrZliv
sacavebs Soris mxolod nevrologiur gamokvlevebs da hipoTetur mosazrebebs
efuZneboda. petersonebis eqsperimentSi cdis pirebs ukiTxavdnen sami asosgan
Semdgar nakrebebs da sTxovdnen aRedginaT isini sxvadasxva droiTi
intervalebis Semdeg. am intervalebis dros - mosmenasa da aRdgenas Soris,
cdis pirebi samniSna ricxvidan ukan iTvlidnen bijiT sami. maTi masala aseTi
iyo: CHJ/506.
cdis pirs unda epasuxa: 506; 503; 500; 494 da a.S.
radganac mosmenasa da reproduqcias Soris dro Sevsebuli iyo
gamoTvlebiT, miwodebuli asoebis gameoreba gamoricxuli iyo.
Sedegebma aCvena, rom drois gasvlasTan erTad, roca cdis pirebs
gameorebis saSualeba ar hqondaT, aRdgenis rezultatebi mkveTrad

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uaresdeboda. aqedan gakeTda daskvna, rom, Tu xanmokle mexsierebaSi inaxeba
informacia da misi gameoreba ar xdeba, igi ikargeba. miRebuli Sedegebi
mianiSneben garkveuli droebiTi mexsierebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, romelic
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba xangrZlivi mexsierebisgan.
1887 wels jekobsi cdis pirebs ukiTxavda ricxvebis sias da uSualod
wakiTxvis Semdeg, sTxovda daeweraT rac SeiZleba meti ricxvi CamoTvlilidan.
aRdgenili ricxvebis maqsimaluri raodenoba iyo 7 (plus / minus 2). Semdeg,
mTeli saukunis ganmavlobaSi tardeboda msgavsi eqsperimentebi patara nivTebis,
marcvlebis, sityvebis da ricxvebis gamoyenebiT, magram Sedegebi ucvleli
rCeboda. aRdgenis maqsimaluri saSualo raodenoba 7 iyo.
is, rom xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba daaxloebiT 7 erTeulia, miuxedavad
erTeulis sididisa paradoqsaluria. aSkaraa, rom sityvebisgan Semdgari sia
ufro met informacias moicavs, vidre – asoebis aseTive sia.
milerma (Miller) ganazogada dagrovili eqsperimentebis Sedegebi da
SemogvTavaza xanmokle mexsierebaSi informaciis kodirebis axsnis modeli. misi
modelis mixedviT mexsierebas SeuZlia SeinarCunos Svidi (plus minus ori)
erTeuli. calkeuli asoebi warmoadgenen informaciis calkeul “nawilakebs”,
amitom TiTeulma asom unda daikavos Senaxvis calke ujredi. roca asoebi
gaerTianebulia sityvebSi, maSin isini ganixileba, rogorc Senaxvis erTi
erTeuli. ase rom, yoveli sityva ikavebs aseve Senaxvis erT ujreds xanmokle
mexsierebaSi. amgvarad, xanmokle mexsierebis tevadobis gazrda SesaZlebelia
asoebis sityvebSi kodirebis xarjze. amitom, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni
xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba SezRudulia, misi gazrda SesaZlebelia
informaciis “gamsxvilebis” xarjze.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom informaciis “gamsxvileba” SeuZlebelia
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi Senaxul garkveul informaciasTan kavSiris gareSe.
magaliTad, SeuZlebelia “gaamsxvilo” asoebi garkveuli abreviaturebis saxiT,
Tu Sesabamisi informacia ar aris xangrZliv mexsierebaSi. ilustraciisTvis
gamodgeba testi iseTi asoebis damaxsovrebaze, rogoricaa, T, s, u, s, d, a, s, u,
g, a, e, r, o da sxv.
amgvarad, xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba SezRudulia 7 plus / minus 2
informaciuli erTeuliT. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia uSualod Semosuli
informaciis Senaxva drois xanmokle periodSi, radgan misi xangrZlivoba

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SezRudulia 20-30 wamiT. Tumca gameorebiT SesaZlebelia misi gaxangrZliveba,
magram, zogadad, xanmokle mexsierebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTxelobrivi
aRqma da dauyoneblivi aRdgena.

xangrZlivi mexsiereba

Cven mudmivad viyenebT Cvens xanmokle mexsierebas yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.

am TvalsazrisiT es “awmyos” mexsierebaa. Tumca, Cveulebriv, roca mexsierebaze
vsaubrobT, Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Cveni xangrZlivi mexsierebis sacavi. aq Cven
vinaxavT Cvens mogonebebs, romlebic CvenTan rCebian xangrZlivi drois
ganmavlobaSi an sulac mudmivad. mexsierebis es forma ara mxolod inaxavs
warsul STabeWdilebebs da codnas, aramed uzrunvelyofs Cvens kavSirs
warsulTan. yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi Cven mudmivad veyrdnobiT
Cvens xangrZliv mexsierebas. Cven viyenebT xangrZlivi mexsierebis sacavs da
masSi Senaxul informacias, raca vixsenebT adamianebis saxelebs, gvaxsovs sad
davdeT an SevinaxeT nivTebi, romel wignSi weria CvenTvis saintereso
informacia, ra gegmebi gvaqvs xvalisTvis, mivdivarT universitetSi (gvaxsovs
gza) da a.S.
ramdeni informaciis Senaxva SegviZlia xangrZliv mexsierebaSi? sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, rogoria xangrZlivi mexsierebis sacavis moculoba? an ramden xans
inaxeba informacia xangrZliv mexsierebaSi? pirvel kiTxvaze pasuxi sakmaod
advilia. Cven viciT gamocdilebiT, rom xangrZlivi mexsierebis Senaxvis
SesaZleblobebi Zalian didia, TiTqmis ganusazRvrelia. sinamdvileSi ki Cven ar
viciT zusti pasuxi am kiTxvaze. Cven ar viciT, sad gadis xangrZlivi
mexsierebis SesaZleblobebis zRvari. Cven SegviZlia CavataroT eqsperimentebi
xanmokle mexserebis moculobis gasazomad, magram Cven ar viciT rogor
CavataroT eqsperimentebi xangrZlivi mexsierebis moculobis dasadgenad.
amgvarad, am etapze Cven ar gvaqvs mtkicebulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom xangrZlivi
mexsierebis moculoba absoluturia (ganusazRvrelia) an piriqiT -

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garkveulwilad SezRudulia. faqtia, rom Cven yoveldRiurad viRebT
informacias da vamatebT mas sacavSi: vswavlobT axal cnebebs, faqtebs, enebs,
sagnebs, kulturebs, curvas, vicnobT adamianebs, vkiTxulobT wignebs, vuyurebT
filmebs, vmogzaurobT. yvela es STabeWdileba, SeZenili Cveva Tu codna Cvens
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi inaxeba.
amgvarad, xangrZlivi mexsierebis funqciaa, Seinaxos warsulSi aRqmuli
informacia. amasTan, Tuki xanmokle mexsierebis funqcionirebisTvis aucilebeli
pirobaa dauyovnebeli aRdgena, xangrZlivi mexsierebisTvis, piriqiT,
damaxasiaTebelia latenturi anu faruli periodis arseboba.
sakiTxi, Tu ramden xans inaxeba informacia xangrZliv mexsierebaSi aseve ar
aris sabolood dadgenili. es, cxadia, damokidebulia bevr sxvadasxva
faqtorze, rogoricaa, mag., informaciis tipi, misi gamoyenebis sixSire da sxv.
am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli kvlevebi gviCveneben, rom zogierTi
informacia, gansakuTrebiT ki bavSvobaSi miRebuli STabeWdilebebi mexsierebaSi
TiTqmis sicocxlis bolomde inaxeba.
barikma, barikma da vitlingerma (Bahrik, Bahrik and Wittlinger) 1975 wels Caatares
eqsperimenti xangrZlivi mexsierebis gamosakvlevad. isini cdis pirebs
aCvenebdnen Tavisi Tanaklaselebis fotoebs amosacnobad. informaciis Senaxvasa
(skolis damTavrebasa) da gaxsenebas Soris droiTi intervali eqsperimentis
sxvadasxva seriebSi icvleboda 3 Tvidan 25 wlamde. cdis pirebs sTxovdnen,
CamoeTvalaT yvela Tanaklaselis saxeli, romelic axsovdaT. meore seriaSi maT
aCvenebdnen Tanaklaselebis fotoebs sxva adamianebis fotoebTan erTad da
sTxovdnen, amoecnoT Tanaklaselebi. mesame seriaSi cdis pirebs warudgendnen
Tanaklaselebis saxelebs da gvarebs da sTxovdnen, amoecnoT maT Soris
sakuTari Tanaklaselebi. meoTxe da mexuTe seriaSi unda daewyvilebinaT
saxelebi fotoebTan an fotoebi _ saxelebTan. meeqvse seriaSi cdis pirebs
aCvenebdnen Tanaklaselebis fotoebs da sTxovdnen, eTqvaT maTi saxelebi.
aRmoCnda, rom Zveli Tanaklaselebis amocnobis xarisxi sakmaod maRali iyo
(90%), gansakuTrebiT, cdis meoTxe da mexuTe seriaSi, sadac cdis pirebs unda
ecnoT fotoebi saxelebis mixedviT da _ piriqiT. saxelebis reproduqciis
seriaSi ki yvelaze cudi Sedegebi iqna miRebuli.

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 mexsierebas, romelic inaxavs Zalian didi xniT informacias, maT Soris
iseTsac, rogoricaa ucxo enebi an maTematikis codna, zexangrZliv mexsierebas
uwodeben.
Smitma da misma kolegebma (Schmidt and associates) 2000 wels ikvlies
zexangrZlivi mexsierebis efeqti saxelebze da bavSvobis saxilTan axlo
mdebare quCebis saxelebze. aRmoCnda, rom adamianebs Zalian kargad axsovdaT
yvela mezobeli quCa. es gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom zexangrZlivi mexsiereba
muSaobs maSinac, roca Cven pasiurad vswavlobT. zogierTi mkvlevari varaudobs,
rom zexangrZlivi mexisereba calke sacavia, Tumca sxvebi, magaliTad, naiseri
miiCnevs, rom arsebobs xangrZlivi mexsierebis erTiani sistema.
qvemoT warmodgenil cxrilSi #10 Sejamebulia kognituri sacavebis
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.

cxrili #10 mexsierebis sacavebi da maTi maxasiaTeblebi

procesebi araswori ardgenis
mizezebi
sacavebi moculoba xangrZlivoba aRdgena Caqroba an
Canacvleba
sensoruli maqsimum 250-300 wm. sruli
sacavebi 12-20 (xatisebrisTvis);
elementi 4 wm.
(eqosebrisTvis)
xanmokle 7 plus daaxloebiT 20-30 sruli, yoveli interferenciiT
sacavi minus 2 (5-9) wm. elementis aRdgena gamodevna an
(mexsiereba) erTeuli xdeba daax. yovel Caqroba
35 mwm.-Si
xangrZlivi Zalian didi, ganusazRvrelad konkretuli da interferencia,
sacavi ganusazRvre didxans zogadi organuli
(mexsiereba) li informacia dazianebebi,
Sesabamisi araadekvaturi
instruqciis instruqciebi
pirobebSi

96
informaciis gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria

1972 wels kreikma da lokhartma (Craik and Lockhart) Camoayalibes “TavSi

yuTebis” alternatiuli modeli. es avtorebi Tvlidnen, rom empiriuli
monacemebi ufro kargad aRiwereba mexsierebis iseTi koncefciiT, romelic
agebuli iqneba “gadamuSavebis doneebis” cnebaze dayrdnobiT. maTi Teoriis
zogadi idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Semomavali stimulebi garkveul analizur
procedurebs gadian. esenia SedarebiT zedapiruli sensoruli analizi da ufro
Rrma da rTuli abstraqtuli da semantikuri analizi. is, Tu ra doneze
gadamuSavdeba stimuli, zedapirulad Tu ufro Rrmad, damokidebulia stimulis
bunebaze da gadasamuSaveblad gankuTvnil droze. elementi (stimuli), romelic
ufro Rrma doneze gadamuSavdeba, ufro kargad gvaxsovs, vidre is, romelic
mxolod zedapirulad gaanalizdeba. adreul etapze stimulebi gadamuSavdeba
sensoruli detalebis mixedviT, ufro Rrma doneze ki elementis gaanalizeba
xdeba paternebis amocnobis da mniSvnelobis gamoyofis meqanizmiT. kidev ufro
Rrma doneze am elementma subieqtSi SeiZleba xangrZlivi asociaciebi
gamoiwvios. rac ufro Rrmavdeba gadamuSaveba, miT ufro izdeba semantikuri an
kognituri gadamuSavebis wili. magaliTad, sityvebis amocnobis SemTxvevaSi,
pirvel stadiaze mxedvelobiTi paterni analizdeba fizikuri da sensoruli
detalebis mixedviT. aseTebia: xazebi da kuTxeebi. ufro gvian stadiebze es
stimulebi dardeba Senaxul informacias _ magaliTad, erT-erTi stimuli
Seesabameba aso “A”-s. kidev ufro Rrma doneze (anu gadamuSavebis maRal
doneze) amosacnobma paternma SeiZleba gamoiwvios asociaciebi, xatebi an
siuJetebi. es damokidebulia am sityvis gamoyenebis warsul gamocdilebaze.
gadamuSavebis aseTive doneebi arsebobs sxva modalobebisTvisac. navaraudevia,
rom yvela modalobis stimuli gadis gadamuSavebis erTsa da imave doneebs:
sensorul analizs, paternis amocnobas da stimulis gamdidrebis semantikur-
asociaciur stadias.
am modelis mixedviT, mexsierebaSi informaciis Senaxva damokidebulia
gadamuSavebis siRrmeze. amgvarad, modeli xazs usvams informaciis SenaxvaSi
procesebis mniSvnelobas, Tumca mkveTrad gamoxatuli sazRvrebi gadamuSavebis
doneebs Soris ar aris.

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 am models adasturebs cnobili rusi mecnieris zinCenkos eqsperimentis
Sedegebic. misi cdis pirebi ufro advilad aRadgendnen sityvebs, romlebic
logikurad (taqsonomiurad) dakavSirebuli iyo erTmaneTTan (mag; ZaRli,
cxoveli), vidre im sityvebs, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli iyo
konkretulad (mag; ZaRli, TaTi). amave dros, cdis pirebi erTmaneTTan
konkretulad dakavSirebuli sityvebis aRdgenas ufro kargad axerxebdnen,
vidre _ erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli sityvebis aRdgenas.
gadamuSavebis doneebis da sacavebis modelSi gasxvavebulad aris gagebuli
gameorebis roli. sacavebis anu “TavSi yuTebi” modelebSi gameorebis funqciaa
informaciis gadacema ufro xangrZlivi SenaxvisTvis. gadamuSavebis doneebis
modelSi ki gameorebis funqciaa SeinarCunos masala analizis mocemul doneze
an ufro Rrma doneze gadaitanos informaciis damuSavebisTvis. gameorebis
pirveli tipi ar emsaxureba informaciis SenarCunebas.
kreikisa da tulvingis mier (Craik and Tulving) 1975 wels Catarebuli
eqsperimenti adasturebs ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom rac ufro Rrmaa masalis
gadamuSavebis done, miT ufro kargad xdeba misi aRdgena. eqsperimentSi cdis
pirebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT sityvebi struqturuli (fizikuri), fonologiuri
da semantikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. maTi kiTxvebi mocemulia cxrilSi
N11.

cxrili #11
gadamuSavebis doneebi procesebi magaliTebi
fizikuri sityvis vizualurad sityva: TABLE.
gamoxatuli Tviseba kiTxva: es sityva didi
asoebiT aris dawerili?
fonologiuri asoebTan dakavSirebuli sityva: CAT.
bgerebis kombinaciebi kiTxva: es sityva
(riTma) iriTmeba sityva MAT-Tan?
semantikuri sityvis mniSvneloba sityva: DAFFODIL
kiTxva: aris es mcenaris
nairsaxeoba?

98
 kreiki da tulvingi zomavdnen Sesafasebeli sityvebis amocnobis
(gadawyvetilebis miRebis) dros. meore eqsperimentSi izomeboda agreTve
sityvebis aRdgenis moculoba.
miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT dadginda, rom
1) rac ufro Rrmaa gadamuSaveba, miT ufro meti droa saWiro
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.
2) rac ufro Rrmaa gadamuSaveba, miT ufro kargi Sedegi aqvs cdis pirs
cnobis testSi.
msgavsi Sedegebi miRebul iqna aseve sxva mkvlevarTa mier Catarebul
eqsperimentebSi.
gadamuSavebis doneebis modelis Semowmeba moxda agreTve sxvadasxva
sastimule masalazec. boueris da karlinis (Bower and Karlin) eqsperimentSi cdis
pirebs gadasamuSaveblad aZleven adamianebis saxeebis suraTebs. maT sTxovdnen,
SeefasebinaT isini patiosnebis, mimzidvelobisa da sqesis mixedviT. cdis
pirebis Sedegebi cnobis testSi gacilebiT ukeTesi iyo im saxeebis SemTxvevaSi,
romlebic maT patiosnebisa da mimzidvelobis mixedviT Seafases, vidre im
saxeebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic maT sqesis mixedviT Seafases. eqsperimentis
Sedegebidan daaskvnes, rom patiosnebisa da mimzidvelobis Sedegebis mixedviT,
Sefaseba ufro Rrma gadamuSavebas moiTxovs, vidre _ sqesis mixedviT Sefaseba.
rojersma, kiuperma da kirkerma (Rogers, Kuiper and Kirker) 1977 wels Caatares
eqsperimenti, romelSic damatebuli iyo kidev erTi done _ sakuTar TavTan
mikuTvnebuloba. maT ivarudes, rom es ukanaskneli kidev ufro Rrma
gadamuSavebas moiTxovda da, Sesabamisad, cdis pirebs eqsperimentSi ukeTesi
Sedegebi unda hqonodaT iseTi masalis damaxsovrebaSi, romelsac sakuTar
TavTan mikuTvnebulobis doneze gadaamuSavebdnen.
am hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad, isini cdis pirebs usvamdnen oTx kiTxvas,
romelTaganac TiToeuli moicavda 40 zedsarTav saxels. pirveli sami exeboda
sityvebis fizikur, fonematur da semantikur maxasiaTeblebs. meoTxe kiTxva ki
dakavSirebuli iyo cdis piris am sityvasTan mimarTebas, kerZod, kiTxvas
Semdegi saxe hqonda: “es Tqven gaxasiaTebT?”
kvlevis Sedegad dadasturda mkvlevarebis hipoTeza. aRmoCnda, rom sityvebi,
romlebic cdis pirebma sakuTar TavTan mikuTvnebulobis doneze gadaamuSaves,

99
maT yvelaze kargad axsovdaT. amasTan mexsierebis Sedegebi mkveTrad
gansxvavebuli iyo (orjer meti).
stimulis sakuTar TavTan mikuTvnebulobis gziT gadamuSavebis ukeTes
Sedegebs xSirad “sakuTar TavTan mikuTvnebulobis efeqts” uwodeben.

integraciuli modeli: muSa mexsiereba

muSa mexierebis modeli Tanamdrove fsiqologiaSi yvelaze xSirad

gamoiyeneba da Sesabamisad misaRebia mkvlevarTa didi nawilisTis. fsiqologebi
(Baddeley, Cantor, Engle, Daneman, Carpenter, Tardif, Carullo), romlebic mas iyeneben,
xanmokle da xangrZliv mexsierebas gansxvavebuli perspeqtividan ganixilaven.
cxrilSi #12 mocemulia sxvaobebi atkinsonisa da Sifrinis modelsa da
alternatiul models Soris. yuradReba miaqcieT semantikur da metaforul
reprezentaciebs Soris gansxvavebebs, agreTve, im aqcentebs, romlebsac es ori
modeli svams. alternatiuli xedvis mTavari niSani aris muSa mexsierebis roli.
muSa mexsiereba dakavebulia xangrZlivi mexsierebis yvelaze bolos
aqtivirebuli an cnobieri nawiliT. igi aregulirebs am aqtivirebuli
elementebis mexsierebis droebiTi sacavidan gadatana-gadmotanas.

cxrili #12
tradiciuli sam mexierebis alternatiuli gageba
sacaviani gageba
terminologia: muSa mexiereba igivea, muSa mexsiereba (aqtiuri mexsiereba)
mexierebis rac xanmokle xangrZlivi mexsierebis is nawilia,
sacavebis mexsiereba da igi romelic moicavs yvela im codnas,
gansazRvreba gansxvavdeba faqtebsa da procesebs, romlebic
xangrZlivi axlaxans aqtivirebuli iyo

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 mexsierebisgan. mexsierebaSi, maT Soris swrafad
warmaval xanmokle mexsierebas da mis
Sinaarss.
mimarTebaTa xanmokle mexsiereba xanmokle mexsiereba, muSa mexsiereba
metafora ierarqiulad da xangrZlivi mexsiereba ganixileba,
dakavSirebulia rogorc koncentrirebuli sferoebi,
xangrZlivTan. romlebSic muSa mexsiereba moicavs
xangrZlivi mexsierebis bolo dros
aqtivirebul nawils da xanmokle
mexsiereba moicavs muSa mexsierebis
mxolod Zalian mcire, wamier nawils.
informaciis informacia xanmokle informacia inaxeba xangrZliv
moZraobis mexsierebidan pirdapir mexsierebaSi. aqtivaciis dros,
metafora gadadis xangrZlivSi informacia gadadis xangrZlivi
da piriqiT. mexsierebis specializebul muSa
informacia arasodes mexsierebaSi, romelsac aqtiurad
ar aris orive sacavSi gadaaqvs informacia xanmokle
erTdroulad. mexsierebaSi da amoaqvs masSi
arsebuli informacia.
aqcentebi gansxvaveba aqtivaciis roli muSa mexsierebaSi
xangrZlivsa da informaciis gadatanaSi da muSa
xanmokle mexsierebas mexsierebis roli mexsierebis
Soris. procesebSi.

mexierebis alternatiuli modeli 1974 wels alan bedlim (Baddeley; Hitch) da

misma kolegebma Camoayalibes. maT Seajeres muSa mexsierebis modeli
gadamuSavebis doneebis modelTan, radgan miaCndaT, rom gadamuSavebis doneebis
modeli muSa mexierebis modelis gafarToebaa.
bedlis mixedviT, muSa mexsiereba Sedgeba oTxi ZiriTadi elementisgan (ix.
naxati #30).

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 naxati #30

centraluri
aRmasrulebeli

vizualur- epizoduri buferi fonologiuri

sivrciTi sacavi yulfi

xangrZlivi mexsiereba

pirveli - es aris vizualur-sivrciTi sacavi (bloknoti), romelic inaxavs

garkveul vizualur xatebs.
meore elementi aris fonologiuri yulfi, romelic swrafad ikavebs
Sinagan metyvelebas verbaluri gagebisTvis da akustukuri repeticiisTvis. Cven
viyenebT fonologiur yulfs yoveldRiuri mravalricxovani amocanebis
gadasaWrelad, maT Soris axali da rTuli sityvebis gasagebad da maTTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis gadasaWrelad. am yulfs aqvs ori mniSvnelovani
komponenti. erTi – es aris fonologiuri sacavi, romelic inaxavs (aCerebs)
informacias mexsierebaSi. meore komponentSi xdeba subvokaluri repeticia,
romelic gamoiyeneba mexsierebaSi informaciis pirvel adgilze dasadebad.
subvokaluri repeticiis roli SeiZleba davinaxoT Semdegi magaliTis
safuZvelze: warmoidgineT, rom sityvebis siis daswavlisas, amavdroulad

102
vimeorebdeT ricxvs (sityvas) “xuTi”. am SemTxvevaSi subvokaluri repeticiis
Sekaveba xdeba da Tqven aRar gaqvT unari, gaimeoroT axali sityvebi. roca
subvokaluri repeticia Sekavebulia (daTrgunulia), axali informacia ar
inaxeba. am mdgomareobas sxvagvarad artikulaciur daTrgunvas uwodeben.
artikulaciuri daTrgunva ufri metad aris gamoxatuli, roca informacia
warmodgenilia vizualurad, vidre - smeniTi stimulebis saxiT.
informaciis moculoba, romelic unda gadamuSavdes fonologiur yulfSi,
SezRudulia. amdanad, Cven NukveT vimaxsovrebT mokle sityvebs, vidre – grZel
sityvebs. am yulfis gareSe akustikuri informacia gaibneva 2 wamis Semdeg.
mesame elemeti - es aris centraluri aRmasrulebeli, romelic
koordinirebas uwevs yuradRebis aqtivobas da marTavs pasuxebs (sapasuxo
reaqciebs). centralur aRmasrulebels gadamwyveti funqcia aqvs muSa
mexsierebaSi. is aris damxarisxebeli meqanizmi, romelic gadawyvetilebas iRebs,
romeli informacia gadaamuSaos SemdgomSi da rogor gadaamuSaos igi.
centraluri aRmasrulebeli wyvets, Tu romeli da ramdeni resursi gamoyos
mexsierebidan da rogor daakavSiros amocanebi (davalebebi). is agreTve
monawileobs iseT maRali donis kognitur funqciebSi, rogorebicaa azrovneba
da gageba da amdenad, igi centraluri mniSvnelobis elementia adamianis
inteleqtSi.
SemdgomSi bedlim muSa mexsierebis modelSi daamata kidev erTi elementi –
epizoduri buferi. es aris SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis sistema, romelic
aerTianebs damxmare sistemebidan da xangrZlivi mexsierebidan amoRebul
informacias erTgvarovan epizodur reprezentaciaSi. es komponenti aereTianebs
muSa mexsierebis sxvadasxva nawilebidan – vizualuri sivrciTi sacavidan da
fonologiuri yulfidan wamosul informacias da aniWebs maT mniSvnelobas.
epizoduri buferis es aqtivoba Cven saSualebas gvaZlevs, gadavwyvitoT
problemebi da gadavafasoT Zveli gamocdileba axlad miRebuli codnis
safuZvelze.
amgvarad, muSa mexsiereba _ es aris operaciuli sistema, romelSic axali
da Zveli informacia erTmaneTs xvdeba, erTiandeba da gardaisaxeba
(gadamuSavdeba). muSa mexsierebis koncefciis mixedviT, mexsiereba ar aris
`yuTebis” sistema, romelSic informacia, ubralod, pasiurad inaxeba. am
modelis mixedviT, muSa mexsiereba aqtiuria. ufro metic, bedlis mixedviT, muSa

103
mexsierebis moculoba ganisazRvreba im siswrafiT, romliTac xdeba
informaciis gameoreba.
muSa mexsierebis modelis sasargeblod metyvelebs neirofsiqologiuri
gamokvlevebi.

muSa mexsierebis kvlevis meTodebi

Tanamedrove kognituri fsiqologiaSi arsebobs muSa mexsierebis sakvlevi

mravalricxovani meTodebi. ganvixiloT ramdenime maTgani.
1. yvelaze martivi davaleba, romelic gamoiyeneba muSa mexsierebis
sakvlevad, aseTia: cdis pirs aCveneben ekranze mag., raime geometriul
figuras, romelsac Semdeg mosdevs SenarCunebis garkveuli droiTi
intervali (Sevsebuli an carieli). Semdeg cdis pirs isev aCveneben
geometriuli figuris gamosaxulebas da man unda amoicnos igi, Tqvas,
es figura “Zvelia” Tu “axali” (anu ukve iyo warmodgenili Tu ara).
2. meore tipis davalebebSi cdis pirs TanmimdevrobiT aCveneben (cal-calke
eqspoziciebad) cifrebs. garkveuli raodenobis cifrebis eqspozicias
mosdevs niSani (mag., nabeWdi “varskvlavi”), rac imas niSnavs, rom Semdegi
cifri eqsperimentuli iqneba da cdis pirma unda Tqvas, es cifri
“Zvelia” Tu “axali”.
3. mesame tipis davalebebSi cdis pirs vizualurad cal-calke,
eqspoziciebis saxiT, warudgenen cifrebis serias. mag., 5, 3, 7, 2. am serias
mosdevs signali (“varskvlavi”) – miniSneba, rom Semdegi eqsperimentuli
cifri iqneba. cdis pirs eqsperimentuli cifris saxiT aCveneben or
cifrs erTdroulad. mag., 3 7 da ekiTxebian, romeli maTgani iyo naCvenebi
ufro gvian (anu yvelaze bolos romeli maTgani naxa).
4. meoTxe tipis davaleba, romelsac n-bijiT ukan dabrunebis davalebas
uwodeben, SemdegSi mdgomareobs: stimulebi warmodgenilia imave wesiT.
“varskvlavis” gamoCenis Semdeg cdis pirebs sTxoven, aRadginon is cifri,

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 romelic warmodgenili iyo, mag., 1 bijiT ukan (anu 1 cifris win), an 2
bijiT ukan (anu 2 cifris win), an 4 bijiT ukan (anu 4 cifris win).
5. mexuTe tipis davalebebi aseve tardeba, magram “varskvlavis” Semdeg cdis
pirebs sTxoven aRadginon stimulebis mowodebis Tanmimdevroba. mag.,
cifrebis miwodebis Tanmimdevroba SeiZleba iyos: 5, 3, 7, 2, **. cdis
pirebma unda aRadginon cifrebi swori TanmimdevrobiT.
6. meeqvse tipis davalebebSi cdis pirebs Tanmimdevrulad warudgenen
martiv ariTmetikul tolobebs. mag., 8-3=5; 5-2=3; 4+3=7; 9-7=2; **. cdis
pirma yovel jerze unda Tqvas, sworia Tu mcdari toloba. varskvlavis
Semdeg ki man unda aRadginos warmodgenili pasuxebi swori
TanmimdevrobiT.
es davalebebi saSualebas gvaZlevs gavarkvioT, Tu ra raodenobis
informaciis manipulacia (gadamuSaveba) SegviZlia erTdroulad muSa
mexsierebaSi. xSirad, imisTvis, rom centraluri aRmasruleblis funqcionireba
ukeT iyos Seswavlili, es davalebebi dawyvilebulia meore davalebasTan
(Sesabamisad mas meorad davalebas uwodeben). centraluri aRmasrulebeli
pasuxismgebelia mimdinare davalebisTvis yuradRebis da sxva resursebis
gamoyofaze da ganawilebaze. amitom, roca cdis piri erTze met davalebas
asrulebs, Cven ukve SegviZlia vikvlioT, rogor aris ganawilebuli mentaluri
resursebi. Cveulebriv, meorad davalebad iyeneben SemTxveviTi ricxvebis
generirebis davalebas. am dros cdis pirebi orive davalebas asruleben.

mexierebis mravlobiTi sistema – tulvingi

1972 wels tulvingma deklaraciuli mexsiereba gayo or nawilad: epizodur

mexierebad da semantikur mexsierebad.
epizoduri mexsiereba moicavs adamianis personalur gamocdilebas, amitom
mas avtobiografiul mexsierebasac uwodeben. igi inaxavs droSi daTariRebuli

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epizodebisa da movlenebis da maTi kavSirebis Sesaxeb informacias. bavSvobis
STabeWdilebebi, pirveli kocna, zRvaze pirvelad wasvla da a.S. – yvelaferi
es epizodur mexsierebaSi inaxeba. epizoduri mexsiereba pirovnebasTan aris
dakavSirebuli da Sevsebulia misi piradi STabeWdilebebiT, subieqturi
gamocdilebiT da mogonebebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, TiToeuli adamianis
epizoduri mexsiereba unikaluria. amavdroulad, epizoduri mexsiereba
yovelTvis dakavSirebulia drois garkveul monakveTTan, igi droSi
lokalizebulia. SesaZlebelia Cven ar gvaxsovdes movlenis zusti TariRi,
magram gvaxsovs drois subieqtur kontiniumSi misi adgili. ase, mag., Tqven
SeiZleba gaxsovdeT, rom guSin, sanam universitetSi moxvidodiT, megobars
esaubreT telefoniT, universitetis Semdeg maRaziaSi gaiareT da a.S.
amgvarad, epizoduri mexiserebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia me-s indeqsi da
drois indeqsi anu temporalizacia.
epizoduri mexsiereba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs adamianebis cxovrebaSi,
radgan misi saSualebiT isini axerxeben nacnobebis, movlenebis da adgilebis
amocnobas. misi saSualebiT adamianebi, agreTve, kavSirs amyareben sakuTar
warsulTan.
semantikuri mexsiereba – es aris mexsiereba, romelSic Senaxulia sityvebi,
cnebebi, wesebi, kanonzomierebebi, abstraqtul ideebi. mokled rom vTqvaT,
semantikuri mexsiereba inaxavs Cvens codnas, maT Soris _ enebisa da mecnierebis
codnas. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi Cven Zalian xSirad amogvaqvs informacia
semantikuri mexsierebidan da viyenebT mas saubrisas, amocanebis gadawyvetisas,
an kidev wignis kiTxvisas. Cveni unari swrafad gadavamuSaoT sxvadasxvagvari
informacia mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia semantikuri mexsierebidan
informaciis swraf amotanaze.
semantikuri da epizoduri mexsiereba ara mxolod SinaarsiT gansxvavdeba.
isini gansxvavdebian, agreTve, masSi daculi informaciis daviwyebis
siswrafiTac. epizoduri mexsierebaSi informacia swrafad ikargeba mudmivad
Semomavali axali informaciis zegavleniT. sakuTriv aRdgenis procesi – es
aris epizoduri mexsierebis nakadis nawili. Tu Tqven gTxoven, gaamravloT 38 3-
ze, maSin Tqven dagWirdebaT informacia semantikuri mexsierebidan. Tuki Tqven
gTxoven gaixsenoT, ra WameT dRes dilas sauzmeze, maSin Tqven dagWirdebaT
informacia epizoduri mexsierebidan. meore mxriv, Tqven SeiZleba gaixsenoT

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epizoduri mexsierebidan, rom Tqven jer gaamravleT 38 3-ze da Semdeg
gaixseneT, ra WameT sauzmeze. amdenad, epizoduri mexsiereba mudmivad axal
davalebebs iRebs, semantikuri mexsiereba ki SedarebiT iSviaTad aqtiurdeba da,
Sesabamisad, droSi ufro stabiluria.
utyuari empiriuli dadastureba, rom mexsierebis es ori forma mkafiod
gansxvavdeba, ar arsebobs. Tumca, zogierTi neirofsiqolgiuri kvleva
epizoduri da semantikuri mexsierebis arsebobis sasargeblod miuTiTebs.
sxvadasxva avtoris mier aRwerilia SemTxvevebi, roca tvinis dazianebis mqone
pacientebs dakarguli aqvT epizoduri mexsiereba, magram SenarCunebuli aqvT
semantikuri mexsiereba. templisa da riCardsonis (Temple & Richardson) mier 2004
wels aRweril SemTxvevaSi ki, piriqiT, pacientebs dakarguli hqondaT
semantikuri mexsiereba, magram srulad SenarCunebuli - epizoduri mexsiereba.
Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom rig neirofsiqologiur kvlevebSi (Rajah & Mclntosh)
gamoCnda, rom mexsierebis es ori forma garkveulwilad urTierTgadamfaravia.
mogvianebiT tulvingma mexsierebis sistemaSi gamoyo kidev erTi tipis
mexsiereba – proceduruli mexsiereba, romelSic Cvevebi da unarebia Senaxuli.
arsebuli neirofsiqlogiuri kvlevebis safuZvelze leri skuerma 1993 wels
ivarauda, rom mexsiereba Sedgeba ori fundamenturi formisgan: deklaraciuli
(eqsplicituri) da mravli tipis aradeklaraciuli (implicituri)
mexsierebisgan. mis mier Sedgenili mexsierebis taqsonomia warmodgenilia
naxatze #31.

naxati #31
mexsiereba

deklaraciuli aradeklaraciuli

semantikuri epizoduri

proceduruli praimingi pirobiTi araasociaciuri

(habilitacia,
sensibilizacia)

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 arsebobs sxva Sexedulebac (Schacter) mexsierebis sistemis Sesaxeb, romlis
mixedviTac mexsiereba xuTi ZiriTadi formisgan Sedgeba. esenia: epizoduri,
semantikuri, perceftuli (sagnebis amocnoba formisa da struqturis
safuZvelze), proceduruli da muSa mexsiereba.

koneqcionisturi perspeqtiva

koneqcionisturi anu “informaciis pararelurad ganawilebuli

gadamuSavebis” (PDP - Parallel Distributed Model) modeli, romelic rumelhaltisa da
maklelandis (McClelland &Rumelhart) mier Seiqmna 1986 wels, dafuZnebulia nervul
procesebze. am modelSi asaxulia is kanonzomierebebi, romlebic marTaven
mexsierebaSi codnis reprezentaciebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom es ar aris mxolod
mexsierebis modeli, is amavdroulad moqmedebis da codnis reprezentaciis
modelicaa.
am modelis mixedviT, codnis reprezentacia ukavSirdeba kvanZebis
mravalricxovan qsels da ara calkeul kvanZs. erTi kvanZis aqtivacia iwvevs
masTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi kvanZebis aqtivaciasac. amdenad,
koneqcionisturi modeli kargad ergeba muSa mexsierebas, romelic gulisxmobs
xangrZlivi mexsierebis nawilis aqtivacias. am modelSi aqtivacia vrceldeba
kvanZebis saSualebiT mTel qselSi. es gavrceleba manamde grZeldeba, sanam
aqtivacia ar gadaaWarbebs muSa mexsierebis limits. praimingis efeqti aris
aqtivirebuli kvanZis Sedegi anu ori kvanZis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba
aqtivaciis gziT. arsebobs praimingis efeqtis damadasturebeli empiriuli
monacemebi.
muSa mexsiereba moicavs xangrZlivi mexsierebis garkveuli nawilis
aqtivacias da operirebs sul mcire ramdenime paraleluri procesiT.
aqtivaciis gavrceleba gulisxmobs qselSi arsebul kvanZebs Soris mravali
kavSiris simultanur (paralelur) aqtivacias (praimings). amitom kognituri
fsiqologebi, romlebic mxars uWeren am models, fiqroben, rom swored

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mravali operaciis erTdrouli, paraleluri Sesruleba ganapirobebs
adamianebis mier informaciis efeqtur gadamuSavebas. amgvarad, muSa
mexsierebis, mexsierebis qselis modelebis, aqtivaciis gavrcelebis, praimingis
da paraleluri gadamuSavebis Tanamedrove kognitur-fsiqologiuri
koncefciebi erTi-meores avseben da amyareben.
mkvlevarebs, romlebic mexsierebis koneqcionistur models uWeren mxars,
dagrovili aqvT uamravi eqsperimentuli masala, romelsac es modeli kargad
xsnis. esaa praimingis efeqti, unarebis aTviseba da mexsierebis sxva fenomenebi.
miuxedavad amisa, koneqcionisturi modeli ver xsnis semantikuri mexsierebidan
informaciis aRdgenis kanonzomierebebs.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tanamedrove kvlevebSi fsiqologebi iyeneben
kompiuterul modelirebas informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebis
simulaciisTvis. mexsierebis samsacaviani gageba emxroba seriuli
(Tanmimdevruli) gadamuSavebis models. Sesabamisad, am tipis eqsperimentebis
Catareba SesaZlebelia mxolod erT kompiuterze. rac Seexeba koneqcionisturi
modelis mimdevrebs, maT eqsperimentebis Casatareblad (parareluri
gadamuSavebis simulaciisTvis) esaWiroebaT kompiuteruli qselebi. am qselebSi
ramdenime kompiuteri muSaobs erTdroulad. Tumca bevri Tanamedrove
fsiqologi dRes upiratesobas aniWebs paralerul gadamuSavebas, samsacaviani
modelis mimdevrebic agrZeleben muSaobas. arsebobs aseve Sexedulebac, rom
adamianis Semecneba gacilebiT ufro sistematuri da rTulia, vidre
koneqcionisturi modelSi asaxuli sistema.

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glosariumi

avtonoeturi cnobiereba – tulvingis mier gamoyofili cnobierebis tipi,

romelic Seesabameba epizodur mexsierebas da me-ze centrirebuli cnobierebaa.
mas “sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb mcodne” cnobierebasac uwodeben.
amnezia – mexsierebis dakargva
anoeturi cnobiereba - tulvingis mier gamoyofili cnobierebis tipi,
romelic Seesabameba procedurul mexsierebas. cnobierebis es tipi saSualebas
aZlevs adamians daafiqsiros garemos maxasiaTeblebi da Tavisi qceviT
iriagiros arsebiT situaciaSi. mas “ucodinar“ cnobierebasac uwodeben.
aRqma – aris procesebis erToblioba, romelTa saSualebiTac Cven
amovicnobT, vaorganizebT da mniSvnelobas vaniWebT garemos stimulebisagan
mirebul SegrZnebebs.
aRqmis geStaltis principi - mTeli gansxvavdeba misi Semadgeneli
nawilebis ubralo jamisgan da mTeli ufro metia, vidre misi Semadgeneli
nawilebis ubralo jami.
aRqmis konstantoba – aRqmis Tviseba, romlis mixedviTac sagani igive zomis,
formis, feris an sididis rCeba miuxedavad imisa, rom misi sensoruli
gamosaxuleba icvleba.
binokularuli – or TvalTan dakavSirebuli
binokularuli uTanasworoba –es aris gansxvaveba marjvena da marcxena
Tvalis gamosaxulebebis adgilmdebareobebs Soris.
gadamuSavebis doneebis modeli – mexsierebaSi informaciis gadamuSavebis
modeli, romlis mixedviTac, mexsierebaSi wamyvania informaciis gadamuSavebis
procesebi, Senaxva damokidebulia gadamuSavebis siRrmeze. gamoiyofa
gadamuSavebis Semdegi doneebi: struqturuli (fizikuri), fonologiuri da
semantikuri.
geonebis Teoria – aRqmis struqturul-aRweriTi modeli, romlis
mixedviTac, obieqtis samganzomilebian reprezentaciebs Cven vqmniT Zalian
martivi samganzomilebiani geometriuli figurebis (geometriuli ionebis
_geonebis) manipulaciis saSualebiT.

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 globalur upiratesobis efeqti – globaluri paternis amocnoba ufro
advilia (ufro swrafad xdeba), vidre - misi Semadgeneli lokaluri
paternebisa.
damkvirvebelze centrirebuli reprezentacia – pozicia, romlis mixedviTac
adamiani asaxavs da inaxavs sagnis iseT gamosaxulebas, rogorc igi misi
TvalTaxedvidan gamoiyureba.
“damkvirveblis kriteriumi” – adamianis mier stimulis amocnobis Sinagani
regulaciis meqanizmi, romlic dafuZnebulia mis wersul gamocdilebaze da
stimulis intensivobaze.
drois indeqsi anu temporalizacia – damaxasiaTebelia epizoduri
mexsierebisTvis, radgan igi yovelTvis dakavSirebulia drois garkveul
monakveTTan, igi droSi lokalizebulia.
etalonis Teoria – aRqmis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac Cven gonebaSi
vinaxavT SesaZlo paternebis Zalian detaluri modelebis - etalonebis
uTvalav simravles. aRqma xdeba paternebis etalonebis simravlesTan Sedarebis
da damTxvevis gziT.
epizoduri mexsiereba - mexsierebis forma, romelic moicavs adamianis
personalur gamocdilebas. igi inaxavs droSi daTariRebuli epizodebisa da
movlenebis da maTi kavSirebis Sesaxeb informacias. epizodur mexsierebas
avtobiografiul mexsierebasac uwodeben.
eqosebri sacavi - sensoruli sacavi, romelic inaxavs smeniTi velidan
Semosul informacias. naiseri mas eqosebr mexsierebas uwodebs.
vizualuri – mxedvelobiTi
“zemodan-qvemoT” Teoriebi – aRqmis Teoriebi, romelTa mixedviTac aRqmaSi
wamyvania umaRlesi donis kognituri procesebi, arsebuli codna da
prioritetuli molodinebi.
zomis konstantoba - es aris aRqmis Tviseba, roca obieqti inarCunebs
igive zomas miuxedavad proqsimaluri stimulebis zomisa.
“TavSi yuTebis“ metafora – Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac informacia
gadamuSaveba mimdinareobs seriulad da gadainacvlebs erTi sacavidan meoreSi,
romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba informaciis Senaxvis xangrZlivobiT da
moculobiT.

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 TvisebaTa damTxvevis Teoria - Teoria, romlis mixedviTac aRqma xdeba
paternis Tvisebebis mexsierebaSi Senaxul TvisebebTan Sedarebisa da maTTan
damTxvevis gziT.
interferencia - erTi informaciis (stimulis) mier meoris gadamuSavebis
Sefaexeba
intensivoba - siZliere
informaciis gadamuSavebis modeli - es aris evristikuli modeli
informaciis gadamusavebis Sesaxeb, romelic gamoiyeneba arsebuli literaturis
da monacemebis organizebisTvis, Semdgomi kvlevebis stimulaciisa da
mecnierebs Soris komunikaciis xelSesawyobad.
iorks-dodsonis kanoni - aRgznebis donis gazrdas garkveul donemde Tan
axlavs qcevis gaumjobeseba. aRgznebis Semdgomi momateba iwvevs qcevis
Sesrulebis gauaresebas. am damokidebulebis grafiks gadmobrunebuli
inglisuri asos “U“ forma aqvs.
kognituri modeli - aRniSnavs konceptualuri mecnierebis calkeul,
SedarebiT viwro klass, romelic aigeba sferoSi arsebuli monacemebis da
eqsperimentuli Sedegebis dakavSirebis Sedegad da gamoiyeneba mxolod am
sferoSi.
kognituri procesi - operaciebisa da funqciebis nakrebi, romelTa
saSualebiTac xdeba azrobrivi movlenebis gaanalizeba da cvlileba.
kognituri struqtura - es aris kognituri sistemis agebulebisa da
organizaciis aRmniSvneli garkveuli metaforuli termini.
kognicia – Semecneba
lokaluri upiratesobis efeqti - winaaRmdegobrivi stimulis SemTxvevaSi
lokaluri Tvisebebis amocnoba ufro advilia (swrafad xdeba), vidre –
globaluris.
me-s indeqsi - damaxasiaTebelia epizoduri mexsierebisTvis, radgan igi
pirovnebasTan aris dakavSirebuli da Sevsebulia misi piradi STabeWdilebebiT,
subieqturi gamocdilebiT da mogonebebiT.
mentaluri koncefti - es aris Cvens mier aRqmuli stimulis an stimulebis
gonebrivi reprezentacia.
mexsiereba – kognituri funqcia, romelic moicavs informaciis aRbeWdvis
(kodirebis), Senaxvisa da aqtualizaciis (aRdgenis) sam rgols.

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 mexsierebis mravalsacaviani modeli – Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac
mexsierebaSi arsebobs ori an meti informaciis sacavi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdebian informaciis Senaxvis moculobiT da xangrZlivobiT.
monokularuli – erT TvalTan dakavSirebuli
moZraobis paralaqsi – obieqtebis xiluli gadaadgileba, roemlic
gamowveulia daTvalierebis poziciis cvlilebiT.
muSa mexsiereba (bedli) - es aris operaciuli sistema, romelSic axali da
Zveli informacia erTmaneTs xvdeba, erTiandeba da gardaisaxeba (gadamuSavdeba).
am modelis mixedviT muSa mexsiereba aqtiuria ufro da misi moculoba
ganisazRvreba im siswrafiT, romeliTac xdeba informaciis gameoreba.
noeturi cnobiereba - tulvingis mier gamoyofili cnobierebis tipi,
romelic Seesabameba semantikur mexsierebas da Semecnebas emsaxureba. mas
“mcodne” cnobierebasac uwodeben.
obieqtze centrirebuli reprezentacia - pozicia, romlis mixedviTac
adamiani asaxavs da inaxavs ara sagnis sakuTari TvalTaxedvidan Seqmnil
gamosaxulebas, aramed sagnis realurad, obieqturad arsebuli struqturis
amsaxvel gamosaxulebas.
optikuri iluzia – iseTi vizualuri informaciis aRqma, romelbic
fizikurad ar arseboben vizualur sensorul stimulebSi.
orientirze centrirebuli pozicia – am pozociis mixedviT informacia
daxasiaTebulia misi kargad nacnobobis, gamokveTilobis an TvalsaCinoebis
mixedviT.
paterni – sensoruli stimulebis nakrebi, romelsac adamiani amoicnobs,
rogorc garkveuli klasis obieqts.
percefcia – aRqma
perceftuli – aRqmiTi
praimingi – cvlileba, romelsic vlindeba warsuli gamocdilebis
zegavleniT pirovnebisgan damoukideblad, misi cnobierebis Carevis gareSe.
praimingis efeqti – adamianis reaqcia gamRizianebelze ufro swrafia, Tu
mas win uswrebs msgavsi gamRizianebeli.
pregnantobis (Prägnanz) kanoni – geStaltfsiqologiis kanoni, romlis
mixedviTac Cven gvaxasiaTebs tendencia aRviqvaT nebismieri mocemuli

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vizualuri stimulebis simravle stabilur da koherentulad organizebul
formaSi.
prosofagnozia (Prosopagnosia) – saxis aRqmis uunaroba.
prototipebis damTxvevis Teoria _ aRqmis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac
amocnoba xdeba prototipTan Sedarebis gziT.
prototipi - es aris romelime klasis obieqtebis an paternebis garkveuli
tipis saSualo, romelSic gaerTianebulia am klasis yvela yvelaze tipuri
(yvelaze xSirad dakvirvebadi, gamoyenebadi) Tviseba.
proceduruli mexsiereba – mexsierebis forma, romelSic Cvevebi da unarebia
Senaxuli.
proaqtiuri interferencia – interferencia, romlis drosac winmswrebi
masala xels uSlis arsebuli masalis damxsovrebas.
proqsimaluri - uaxloesi, uSualo
retroaqtiuri interferencia – interferencia, romlis drosac axali
masala xels uSlis Zvelis gaxsenebas.
“sakuTar TavTan mikuTvnebulobis efeqti” - gadamuSavebis doneebs Soris
saukeTeso Sedegs iZleva stimulis sakuTar TavTan mikuTvnebulobis gziT
gadamuSaveba.
semantikuri mexsiereba –mexsierebis forma, romelSic Senaxulia sityvebi,
cnebebi, wesebi, kanonzomierebebi, abstraqtul ideebi. igi inaxavs Cvens codnas,
maT Soris, enebis da mecnierebis codnas.
sensoruli – SegrZnebis organoTi miRebuli an masTan dakavSirebuli
signali –gamRizianebeli, stimuli
siRrme - sivrcis mesame ganzomileba
taqtiluri – Sexebis
temporalizacia – ix. drois indeqsi
feris konstantoba - es aris aRqmis Tviseba, roca obieqti inarCunebs igive
fers miuxedavad proqsimaluri stimulebis ferisa.
formis konstantoba - es aris aRqmis Tviseba, romlis drosac obieqti
inarCunebs igive formas, miuxedavad proqsimaluri stimulis formis
cvlilebisa.
“qvemodan-zemoT” Teoriebi – aRqmis Teoriebi, romlebSic informaciis
gadamuSavebaSi wamyvania dabali donis maxasiaTeblebi – sensoruli stimulebi.

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 yuradReba es aris gonebrivi Zalisxmevis koncentracia sensorul an
azrobriv (gonebriv) movlenebze.
yuradRebis “viwro adgilis” modelebi – es modelebi efuZneba Sexedulebas,
romlis mixedviTac informaciis gadamuSavebis Cven sistemaSi yuradRebis
gamtarunarianoba SezRudulia nervologiuri SesaZleblobebiT ganpirobebuli
“viwro adgilis” arsebobis gamo.
yuradRebis resursebis modelebi - am modelebis amosaval wertils
warmoadgens metafora yuradRebis SezRuduli resursebis Sesaxeb. am modelebis
mixedviT, adamianebs aqvT yuradRebis fiqsirebuli raodenoba (moculoba),
romelic maT SeiZleba mimarTon amocanis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.
Sinagan reprezentacia - informaciis gadamusavebis sistemaSi gare samyaros
stimulebis simboluri asaxvis forma.
Caqroba – daviwyeba drois gasvlis Sedegad.
cnobierebis qveS moiazreba garemomcveli samyaros stimulebisa da
movlenebis codna, aseve iseTi kognituri procesebis codna, rogoricaa,
mexsiereba da Cveulebrivi SegrZnebebi.
xanmokle mexsiereba – SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mexsierebis sacavi,
romlis funqciaa informaciis pirveladi gadamuSaveba. misi moculobaa 7-s
plus minus 2 erTeuli, xangrZlivoba ki - 20-30 wm.
xatisebri sacavi - sensoruli sacavi, romelic inaxavs mxedvelobis
velidan Semosul informacias. naiseri mas ikonur mexsierebas uwodebs.
“xmauri” – am SemT. gamRiazianebeli, romelsac Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia.

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gamoyenebuli literatura

1. Sternberg J. Robert, Cognitive Psychology, fifth edition, WADSWORDS CENGAGE Learning,

2009.
2. Солсо Роберт, Когнитивная психология, ПИТЕР, 6-е издание, 2006
3. dali farjanaZe, mexsierebis fsiqologia, “TaTa soluSensi”, Tbilisi,
2008
4. revaz naTaZe, zogadi fsiqologia, Tsu-s gamomcemloba, 1986.

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