Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A New Era For Girls 2020 PDF
A New Era For Girls 2020 PDF
The preparation of this report was initiated and coordinated by the Gender Section,
Programme Division, UNICEF. Lauren Pandolfelli and Kusum Kali Pal, Division of Data,
Analytics, Planning and Monitoring, were responsible for data analysis and interpretation of
the results, with inputs from Jan Beise, Claudia Cappa, Liliana Carvajal, Allysha Choudhury,
Aleya Khalifa, Chibwe Lwamba, Colleen Murray and Nicole Petrowski, as well as Vladimira
Kantorova and Mark Wheldon of UN Population Division. Kimberly Chriscaden, Lauren
Pandolfelli and Leigh Pasqual were responsible for report writing.
Valuable insights were received from Shelly Abdool, Patty Alleman, Prerna Banati, Elana Banin,
Gerda Binder, Lara Burger, Sheeba Harma, Karen Humphries-Waa, Shoubo Jalal, Shreyasi Jha,
Vrinda Mehra, Suguru Mizunoya, Catherine Muller, Maha Muna, Lauren Rumble and Sagri
Singh from UNICEF; Ginette Azcona and Laura Turquet from UN Women; and Leila Asrari,
Jessica Malter and Selamawit Tesfaye from Plan International.
Please contact:
Gender Section, Programme Division
3 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017
www.unicef.org/gender
gender@unicef.org
Suggested Citation: United Nations Children’s Fund, UN Women and Plan International,
A New Era for Girls: Taking Stock of 25 Years of Progress, New York, 2020.
5
Foreword
6
Reflecting on a quarter century of progress
10
Education empowers girls for life and work
18
Gender-based violence and harmful practices violate
girls’ rights
26
Girls face heightened health risks in adolescence
36
Prioritizing actions with girls
38
Endnotes
4 A New Era for Girls I Taking stock of 25 years of progress
Foreword
Today’s more than 1.1 billion girls are in school and literate – acquiring stigma, limited age-appropriate
poised to take on the future. Every key foundational skills for lifelong information, fear of side effects or
day, girls are breaking boundaries and success. But progress has been limited decision-making autonomy.
barriers to lead and foster a safer, uneven and far from equitable. In 2020, a gender-equitable world
healthier and more prosperous world Girls from the poorest households is still a long way off. The next
for all. They are tackling issues like or living in fragile or humanitarian steps for change must meaningfully
child marriage, education inequality, settings are not benefiting from include girls as decision-makers and
violence, climate justice, and the expansion in education, while designers of the solutions to the
inequitable access to healthcare. Girls the girls who are in school are challenges and opportunities they
are proving they are unstoppable. struggling to secure the quality face every day.
education they need to compete in
Back in 1995, the world adopted a rapidly changing workforce, where Girls are rights holders and
the Beijing Declaration and digital and transferable skills, like equal partners in the fight for
Platform for Action – the most critical thinking and confidence, are gender equality. They represent
comprehensive policy agenda for indispensable. a tremendous engine for
gender equality – with the vision transformational change towards
of ending discrimination against Today, no matter where a girl lives, gender equality. They deserve the
women and girls. But today, 25 she is risk of encountering violence full support of the global community
years later, discrimination and in every space – in the classroom, to be empowered to successfully
limiting stereotypes remain rife. home and community. And the transition to adulthood with their
Girls’ life expectancy has extended types of violence she will come rights intact, able to make their own
by eight years, yet for many the into contact with have become informed choices and with the social
quality of that life is still far from increasingly complex with the rise of and personal assets acquired to live
what was envisioned. Girls have technology. However, technology has fulfilled lives.
the right to expect more. The also opened up opportunities for girls
realities they face today, in contexts to grow their networks and learn We know the best advocates for
of technological change and digital and transferable skills that will girls are girls. Every girl is a powerful
humanitarian emergencies, are both prepare them for life and work. agent of change in her own right.
remarkably different from 1995 and And, when girls come together to
more of the same: with violence, To have an education and a future, demand action, shape policies, and
institutionalized biases, poor learning girls must also be healthy. Yet, when hold governments to account, we
and life opportunities, and multiple it comes to making decisions about can together change our schools,
inequalities unresolved. There are their health and well-being, girls still families, communities and nations
major breakthroughs still to be made. face significant barriers to accessing for the better. As leaders, it’s our
and benefiting from health services duty to bridge the generations,
There are many success stories: to meet their specific needs, such working with and for today’s girls to
Fewer girls are getting married or as those related to sexual and raise their voices and achieve their
becoming mothers, and more are reproductive health – due to cost, dreams.
Reflecting on a quarter
century of progress
The world is home to more than That’s eight more years to live Discrimination and harmful gender
1.1 billion girls under age 18, who out their dreams, to participate in norms starting at birth (and in
are poised to become the largest decisions that affect their lives, and some places before birth through
generation of female leaders, to lead positive change in society. female foeticide) set limits on what
entrepreneurs and change-makers the Yet, girls continue to face enormous behaviours or opportunities are
world has ever seen. Girls are living hurdles in a world that still largely considered appropriate for girls.
longer lives than they were 25 years favours boys and men. Girls are still These beliefs are often entrenched
ago, when nations committed to excluded from decision-making that in laws and policies that fail to
advancing gender equality as part of impacts their lives, and the most uphold girls’ rights, such as rights to
the Beijing Declaration and Platform marginalized girls – those from inheritance. At least 60 per cent of
for Action. ethnic minorities, indigenous groups countries still discriminate against
and poor households; living in rural daughters’ rights to inherit land and
Girls born today can expect to or conflict settings; and living with non-land assets in either law or
live nearly eight more years, on disabilities – face additional layers of practice.2
average, than girls born in 1995.1 discrimination.
Reflecting on a quarter century of progress 7
Gender discrimination not only skills needed to compete in today’s of gender-based violence. As girls
restricts girls’ abilities to accumulate labour market and gig economy. In lose their support systems and
human, social and productive assets, fact, worldwide, nearly one in four girls homes, and are placed in insecure
limiting their future educational aged 15–19 years is neither employed environments and in new roles,
and employment opportunities, nor in education or training compared their risk of gender-based violence,
but also hinders their well-being to 1 in 10 boys of the same age. including sexual violence, intimate
and diminishes their self-belief. partner violence, child marriage and
As a result, by the time girls reach The risk of violence in every space abuse, increases.
adolescence, many are left dreaming – online and in the classroom,
instead of achieving. home and community – similarly While fewer adolescent girls are
keeps girls from achieving. Thirteen becoming mothers today, they still
When it comes to education today, million girls aged 15–19 years have face a high risk of sexually-transmitted
fewer girls are out of school. Nearly experienced forced sex in their infections and anaemia – risks that
two in three girls are enrolled in lifetimes. Meanwhile, even though increase when they struggle to access
secondary school compared to one in harmful practices such as child age-appropriate health services and
two in 1998. However, we are facing marriage and FGM have declined in information. This is nowhere more
a globally recognized “learning crisis”; the past 25 years, they continue to obvious than in the case of HIV, where
this means, even when girls are in disrupt and damage the lives and adolescent girls continue to bear the
school, many do not receive a quality potential of millions of girls globally. brunt of the virus’s effects. Globally,
education. Many are not developing 970,000 adolescent girls aged
the transferable skills, like critical Further, conflict and displacement 10–19 years are living with HIV today,
thinking and communication, or digital only heighten the risk and realities compared to 740,000 in 1995.
8 A New Era for Girls I Taking stock of 25 years of progress
girls have accurate, timely and children and adolescents, including and those who may be marginalized
respectful health information adolescents aged 10–14 years, due to sexual orientation or gender
and services. This also includes particularly in areas where data identity. This would drive evidence-
building synergies and expanding are limited, such as gender-based informed policy and programme
partnerships between adolescent violence, twenty-first century skills decisions for adolescent girls,
girls’ skills development and acquisition, adolescent nutrition, alongside better accountability.
women’s economic participation to and mental health.
address persistent gender divides in Once girls have gained the right
areas such as science, technology, Additionally, to ensure all girls live tools and the space to strengthen
engineering, and math (STEM). a fulfilled life, data must make their engagement and leadership,
marginalized girls visible. This includes they will be well placed to shape
• Boost investments into the girls living with disabilities, in poor the world around them, opening
production and intersectional households and in rural areas, from doors for them to be at the heart
analysis of high quality, timely ethnic minorities and indigenous of decision-making processes that
sex-and age-disaggregated data for groups, in fragile and conflict settings affect their lives.
10 A New Era for Girls I Taking stock of 25 years of progress
Primary education provides children marginally more than women Even so, completing secondary
with the foundation for a lifetime of with no education, women with school is insufficient if girls do
learning, while secondary education secondary education earn twice not acquire a quality education
equips them with the knowledge and as much, on average, compared to with transferable skills, such
skills needed to become empowered women who never went to school.4 as critical thinking and problem
and engaged adults. The benefits solving and digital skills, both of
of secondary education for girls are Critical to ensuring girls complete which are needed in the labour
significant. Compared to girls with school is a home environment force. These are necessary for
only a primary education, girls with that prioritizes learning and future employability, yet too many
secondary education are less likely a safe and supportive school education systems worldwide fail
to marry and become pregnant as environment with functioning to deliver a quality education that
adolescents. And, while women toilets, a relevant curriculum, supports girls in their transition from
with primary education earn only and trained teachers. school to work.
Education empowers girls for life and work 11
The number of girls out of school worldwide dropped by 79 million between 1998 and 2018
At the primary level, the number fell Figure 1. Number of out-of-school children, by level of education and sex, 1998–2018
by more than half, from 65 million to
32 million (see Figure 1). Regionally, World in 1998 Male Female
400 382.3 million Primary age
while fewer girls are out of school Lower secondary age
today in East Asia and the Pacific, 90.8 million Upper secondary age
350
and in South Asia (14 million and 45
million, respectively), the reverse
300
is true in sub-Saharan Africa. While World in 2018
258.3 million
fewer girls of primary-school age 82.2 million
worldwide. 0
26.8 million
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
38
age out of school than boys
35
(143 million girls compared to
32
127 million boys). Today, the 30
31
25 24 24
million girls of secondary school
21 21
age out of school compared to 20 19
20 20
18
18
102 million boys. 15 15
17
15 15
14 14
13 13 13
12 11
Still, despite the remarkable 10
9
9
10
7 7
gains made for girls in the past 7
6 5
7
5
4
two decades, they are still more 3 3
with 5.5 million more girls than boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys
Today, two in three girls of secondary school age globally are enrolled in secondary school compared
to only one in two in 1998
Since 1998, globally, the gender gap in primary school enrolment has
narrowed from 6 percentage points to 2 percentage points. And at the
secondary level, the gender gap has closed (see Figure 3).
100
80
Percentage
60
40
1998 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018
While all regions have seen increases in girls’ secondary school enrolment over the past two decades,
there are wide regional variations today
Between 1999 and 2018, the Figure 4. Female net enrolment ratio, by education level and region, 1999 and 2018*
proportion of secondary school
100
age adolescent girls enrolled 96
94
95
94
95
94
95
95
92 94
in secondary school increased 90
83
88 87
80 81
from three in five to four in five 79 79
72
71
in East Asia and the Pacific and 67 67
60 61 60
from 33 per cent to 60 per cent 57
54
Percentage
Secondary age
Primary age
Secondary age
Primary age
Secondary age
Primary age
Secondary age
Primary age
Secondary age
Primary age
Secondary age
Primary age
Secondary age
Worldwide, four of five girls complete primary school but only two of five complete upper secondary
school
In all regions, girls and boys are Figure 5. Completion rate, by sex and education level, 2012–2018*
equally likely to complete primary
100 96 Boys Girls
school (see Figure 5). But at the 96 95
90 94 88
87 88
secondary level, gender parity in 83
83 83 85
80 82 80
completion rates is not sustained 71 75 75
69 71
across all regions. For example, in 70
68
66 64
64
East Asia and the Pacific and Latin
Percentage
60 59
56 53
America and the Caribbean, girls are 50
47
50 52
48
43 45 44 42
more likely than boys to complete 40
38
35
upper secondary school, but in South 30 29
Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the 20
Primary age
Primary age
Primary age
Primary age
Primary age
The number of female youth aged 15–24 years who are illiterate declined from 100 million to 56
million between 1995 and 2018, but 1 in 10 female youth remain illiterate today
Literacy, a basic foundational skill Figure 6. Literacy rate among youth aged 15–24 years, by region and sex, 1995–2018
necessary for personal growth and 99 99 100 98
100
active citizenship, has increased 96 100
93
99 99 99
93
globally among youth over the 92 91
93 95 89
90 88
past 25 years, but a gender gap 90
88
at the expense of girls persists. 87
79
Adolescent girls and young women 80
80
73
aged 15–24 years make up 56 per 76
73
Percentage
(see Figure 6). Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), September 2019.
Note: Data were not available for North America.
14 A New Era for Girls I Taking stock of 25 years of progress
Education empowers girls for life and work 15
Adolescent girls outperform boys in reading while math performance is more varied
Figure 7. Percentage of children and young people at the end of lower secondary school achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in reading
and math, by sex, 2010–2017*
100 100
Higher proportion of boys Higher proportion of boys achieving
achieving reading proficiency mathematics proficiency
90 90
80 80
70 70
Boys (percentage)
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
Higher proportion of girls Higher proportion of girls
achieving reading proficiency achieving mathematics proficiency
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
East Asia and the Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East and North Africa North America South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa
In more than five of six countries with available data, girls aged 10–14 years are more likely than boys of the
same age to spend 21 or more hours on household chores per week
Starting in childhood, girls are Figure 8. Percentage of adolescents aged 10–14 years who, during the reference week, spent
at least 21 hours on unpaid household services, by sex, 2010–2018*
often assigned more household
chores than boys. This is often
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Boys
due to gender norms that deem Ethiopia
Girls Benin
domestic responsibilities as Rwanda
Chad
To me, it’s very sad that in the twenty-first century, men in many parts of
society still believe that women should stay at home, do all the chores, and
not study certain subjects.”
Female youth labour force participation has declined over the past 25 years, owing in part to improved
educational opportunities
Globally, the participation of female Figure 9. Youth labour force participation rate (percentage), by sex and region, 1995–2020
youth aged 15–24 years in the
80
labour force has declined from 47
per cent in 1995 to 33 per cent in 70
2020 (see Figure 9). This is partly
because of greater education 60
Nearly one in four adolescent girls aged 15–19 years globally are neither in education, employment nor training
compared to 1 in 10 boys of the same age
Among the proportion of Figure 10. Percentage of adolescents aged 15–19 years not in employment, education or
adolescents who are NEET, the training (NEET), by sex, 2010–2018*
Gender-based violence is one of rob girls of their childhood and Such practices, which occur in a
the most pervasive violations of compromise their options and wide range of countries, are driven
human rights across the world. It opportunities throughout life. by complex interrelated factors,
occurs in various forms and does linked to deep-rooted cultural gender
not discriminate according to race, Girls who marry before turning 18 norms, insecurity and poverty.
religion, culture, class or country. are less likely to remain in school and Conflict and displacement heighten
Predominantly experienced by more likely to become pregnant in the risks and realities of gender-
women and girls, it is rooted in adolescence. In some regions, they based violence and some harmful
gender-based power imbalances are also more likely to experience practices, such as child marriage. As
and fuelled by many factors, domestic violence. Child marriage girls and women lose their support
including harmful gender norms can isolate girls from family and systems as well as homes, and are
and insufficient legal protections. friends and exclude them from placed in insecure environments and
When girls and women experience participating in their communities, in new roles, their risk of violence
gender-based violence, the impacts taking a heavy toll on their physical increases. The trafficking of girls, for
are lifelong. It increases their risk of and psychological well-being. While example, tends to increase in crises,
HIV, unintended pregnancy, alcohol ending child marriage is a must, including conflict and post-conflict
abuse, suicide and depression. mechanisms should also be set up to situations. In 2016, girls accounted
ensure girls who are already married for about 23 per cent of detected
Harmful practices, such as receive the services and support trafficking victims globally, the
FGM and child marriage are a they need, including access to health majority of whom were trafficked for
violation of girls’ human rights, services and education. sexual exploitation.10
Gender-based violence and harmful practices violate girls’ rights 19
The combination of son preference and access to prenatal sex determination technologies has led
to the birth of more boys than biologically expected in some countries
Gender-based violence can begin for every 100 females. However, with
in utero. A combination of son the exception of India and Pakistan,
and small family-size preferences peaks in the sex ratio at birth have
and the availability of prenatal sex been followed by steady declines in
determination technologies has the past two decades. And, in Georgia
resulted, historically, in imbalanced and the Republic of Korea, values
sex ratios in some countries in East have returned to biologically expected
Asia and the Pacific, Europe and levels. In the Republic of Korea, this
Central Asia, and South Asia.11 For shift is partly attributed to legislation
example, in Armenia, between 2001 banning sex-selective abortions.
and 2002, 118 males were born for However, in India, where sex-selective
every 100 females, suggestive of abortions have been illegal since 1996,
acute gender discrimination against the sex ratio at birth has remained
girls. Currently, the highest sex ratios persistently high at 110 male births
at birth are observed in Azerbaijan per 100 females over nearly the past
and China, where 112 males are born 15 years (see Figure 11).
118
116
114
China
Azerbaijan
Male births per 100 female births
112
Viet Nam
Armenia
110 India
Pakistan
Albania
108
Georgia
106
Republic
of Korea
104
102
100
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects 2019, online edition, rev. 1.
Note: The sex ratio at birth represents the number of males born for every 100 females. Because more males are born than females, due to biological reasons, a natural sex ratio
at birth ranges from 103 to 107 male births for every 100 female births.
20 A New Era for Girls I Taking stock of 25 years of progress
Child marriage has become less common over the past 25 years
Since 1995, the proportion of young Figure 12. Percentage of women aged 20–24 years who were first married or in union before
age 18, by region
women who were married as
children has declined globally from
70
one in four to approximately one in
five. Encouragingly, this is happening
in countries where a large numbers
of girls are at risk, such as in South 60
Figure 12).
When I learned that my parents wanted to marry me off, I knew I couldn’t let
it happen. If I did, what kind of message would I be sending to other girls? With
community support, I told my parents, I’d go to the police if they didn’t give up.”
Phulan, age 18, from Nepal, who is now free to continue her studies
Gender-based violence and harmful practices violate girls’ rights 21
The prevalence of FGM has Figure 13. Percentage of adolescent girls aged 15–19 years who have undergone FGM
declined over the past 25 years
but the pace of decline has 50
been uneven
47
45
44
Despite FGM being internationally 40 42
recognized as a human rights 39
violation that affects girls and
women worldwide, one in three 34
30
adolescent girls aged 15–19 years
Percentage
are still cut today in 31 practising
countries with national data on
20
prevalence (see Figure 13). In
many of the countries where
FGM is performed, it is a deeply
10
entrenched social norm rooted
in gender inequality. Yet there
is evidence of change, with the
practice declining in both countries 0
25 years ago 20 years ago 15 years ago 10 years ago 5 years ago Today
where it was once universal
as well as those with smaller
practising communities. Source: UNICEF global databases, 2020, based on DHS, MICS and other national surveys, 2004–2018.
Note: This is a weighted average based on comparable data from 31 practising countries with nationally representative
data on the prevalence of FGM.
Among countries most affected Figure 14. Percentage of girls and women aged 15–49 years who have heard of FGM and think
the practice should stop, in high-prevalence countries
by FGM, opposition to the
practice is growing
60
In more than one third of countries with comparable data, at least one in four ever-partnered adolescent girls
have experienced recent intimate partner violence
Though both sexes can experience or as a normal and acceptable way (see Figure 15). Regionally, around one
intimate partner violence, women to resolve conflict. in five ever-partnered girls between the
and adolescent girls are at much ages of 15 and 19 in sub-Saharan Africa
greater risk for numerous reasons. Among 62 countries with comparable and South Asia have experienced
Harmful gender norms that cast data on ever-partnered girls aged intimate partner violence. However,
women and girls as inferior to men 15–19 years who have experienced these data likely underestimate the
and boys are a major cause. These recent intimate partner violence, extent of intimate partner violence
norms justify violence as a means prevalence rates range from two per experienced by adolescent girls since
of controlling female bodies and cent in Ukraine to more than 50 per girls often do not report due to shame
choices, as a form of punishment, cent in Namibia and Equatorial Guinea and fear of retribution.
Figure 15. Percentage of ever-partnered girls aged 15–19 years who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former
intimate partner during the last 12 months, 2010–2018*
60
56
52
50
41 40
40
38 38 37
36
35
Percentage
32 32
31 31 30 30
30 29
28 28 28 28 27 27
24 24
23 23 23 23
22 22
20
20 19
18 18 18 18
17 17
16 16
15 15
14 13
12 12
11 11 10
10 9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4
3 2
0
Equatorial Guinea
Namibia
Tonga
Gabon
Burundi
Timor-Leste
Liberia
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Micronesia (Federated States of)
Central African Republic
Zimbabwe
Uganda
Sierra Leone
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Malawi
Haiti
Sao Tome and Principe
Cameroon
Marshall Islands
Ethiopia
Angola
Kenya
Colombia
Ghana
Mali
Dominican Republic
Myanmar
Côte d'Ivoire
Senegal
Jordan
Turkey
Peru
India
Nepal
Egypt
Honduras
Viet Nam
Republic of Moldova
Chad
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Togo
Nicaragua
Azerbaijan
Philippines
Jamaica
Mozambique
Nigeria
Guatemala
Mongolia
Palau
El Salvador
Cambodia
Tajikistan
Cook Islands
Gambia
Burkina Faso
Comoros
Kyrgyzstan
Ukraine
Source: UNICEF global databases, 2019, based on DHS, MICS and other national surveys.
Notes: *Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified in the chart title. Data for Côte d’Ivoire refer to currently married girls. Data for Bangladesh, Cook
Islands, El Salvador, Jamaica, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia, Nicaragua and Palau differ from the standard definition. Data for Equatorial Guinea and Namibia are
based on 25 to 49 unweighted cases and should be interpreted with caution. Data for Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia and Tonga refer to girls aged 15 to 24 years
and differ from the standard definition. Data for Mozambique refer to girls aged 18 to 19 years. Data for Turkey refer to girls aged 15 to 24 years. Data for Viet Nam refer to girls
aged 18 to 24 years and differ from the standard definition.
Gender-based violence and harmful practices violate girls’ rights 23
If you give a girl the comprehensive sex education she deserves, by the time
she grows up, she’ll be able to make an informed decision about whom to
have sex with and when. And if someone tries to exploit her for sex, she’ll
be able to recognize that this is happening and demand her rights.”
The social acceptability of intimate Figure 16. Percentage of adolescents aged 15–19 years old who consider a husband to be
justified in hitting or beating his wife for at least one of five specified reasons, by sex and region,
partner violence is reflected in
2012–2018*
attitudes about wife-beating.
Acceptance among adolescents
Girls
suggests that it can be difficult for World 38
Boys
37
married girls who experience violence
to seek assistance, whether formally Sub-Saharan 44
or informally, and for unmarried girls Africa
36
to identify and negotiate healthy and
Middle East and
equitable relationships. North Africa
44
Today, boys are still educated on the basis of very traditional values
with little respect given to the role of women in society. In school,
they are considered funny when they lift up girls’ skirts.”
Most adolescent girls who have experienced forced sex never seek help
One in every 20 adolescent girls Figure 17. Among girls aged 15–19 years who ever experienced forced sex, the percentage who
sought help from professional sources, 2005–2018*
aged 15–19 years, around thirteen
million, have experienced forced Percentage
0 10 20 30
sex, one of the most violent forms Maldives 23
of sexual abuse women and girls Sierra Leone 15
Dominican Republic 11
can suffer, in their lifetime.15 Yet, Honduras 11
very few of them seek professional Zimbabwe 9
help, preferring to keep their abuse Angola 9
Burundi 9
secret. Haiti 7
Benin 6
Guatemala 6
In the majority of countries Togo 6
with available data, fewer Rwanda 5
than 10 per cent of adolescent United Republic of Tanzania 5
Uganda 5
girls aged 15–19 years who Malawi 4
experienced forced sex sought Nepal 4
Mozambique 4
professional help (see Figure 17). India 3
Gabon 3
The reasons for this are varied, Papua New Guinea 3
Nigeria 2
but can include fear of retaliation, Comoros 2
guilt, shame, fear of being blamed, Zambia 2
Philippines 2
lack of confidence in the abilities or
Cameroon 1
willingness of professionals to help, Kenya 1
lack of knowledge about available Gambia 1
Democratic Republic of the Congo 1
support services and mistrust of Mali 0
law enforcement. Afghanistan 0
Chad 0
Ethiopia 0
Social norms can also affect a Ghana 0
survivor’s reluctance to come Namibia 0
Peru 0
forward or dictate to whom she
Senegal 0
or he is expected to look to for Timor-Leste 0
assistance. Formal support services
for survivors, including survivor- Source: UNICEF global databases, 2019, based on DHS and MICS.
centred health services, continue Note: *Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified in the chart title. Professional sources of help
include doctor/medical personnel, police, lawyer/court and social service organization. Data for Chad, the Comoros, Ethiopia,
to be lacking in many communities, the Gambia, Kenya, Namibia, Nepal, Peru, Senegal and Timor-Leste are based on 25–49 unweighted cases and should be
creating even more obstacles for interpreted with caution. Data for Afghanistan refer to ever-married girls aged 15–19 years who have ever experienced
forced sex committed by a husband. The figures in this chart may overestimate help-seeking from professional sources for
those who consider seeking help.16 experiences of forced sex since they also include those who have ever experienced any physical violence and sought help.
26 A New Era for Girls I Taking stock of 25 years of progress
Today, more children and adolescents and harmful expectations to marry or and benefit from health services
are surviving than 25 years ago, but become mothers while still children. to meet their specific needs.
too few are thriving. Early childhood
is a time to lay the foundations for Similarly, during early childhood, Pregnancy, higher risks of HIV
a healthy life. Good nutrition and girls are no more likely than boys to and human papillomavirus (HPV)
nurturing care are essential building manifest symptoms of depression, infection, which are all preventable,
blocks of children’s physical and but after puberty girls’ risks of are some of the significant health
cognitive development, allowing them depressive disorders increase challenges girls face, with potentially
to survive, grow, learn and play. substantially – and they are more lifelong consequences to their health
likely than boys to be diagnosed with and well-being.
Girls’ and boys’ nutritional needs are clinical depression in adolescence.18
largely the same in early childhood. Among adolescent girls aged 15–19 In humanitarian emergencies, girls
And, there are no observable years, suicide is the second leading are at heightened risk of unwanted
differences in the prevalence of cause of death, only surpassed by pregnancy, HIV infection, maternal
stunting, wasting or overweight by maternal conditions.19 death and disability, as well as
sex among children under five.17 gender-based violence, yet they are
But, girls are especially vulnerable to Gender norms and often forgotten in the response.20
malnutrition during adolescence – a discrimination can heighten With limited access to health
period characterized by rapid physical health risks and rights violations, services, information or safe spaces,
growth, the onset of menstruation, impacting girls’ ability to access girls’ vulnerabilities in crises increase.
Girls face heightened health risks in adolescence 27
Over the past 20 years, progress to reduce anaemia among adolescent girls has been slow
Figure 18. Percentage of adolescent girls aged 15–19 years with any anaemia, select countries, 2000–2017
42
Malawi (2004, 2015) Prevalence
35
decreased to
Cameroon (2004, 2011)
46 below 40%
40
49
Tanzania (2004, 2015)
47
59
Cambodia (2000, 2014) 49
61
Senegal (2005, 2017) 57
65
Benin (2001, 2017)
57
2000-2005 2010-2018
In South Asia, where virtually no progress has been observed since 1995, one in five girls are moderately or
severely underweight
Being over or underweight (see Figure 19). But, the proportion of a smaller increase (from 15 million
can have long-term negative girls in this same age range who are to 18 million girls), nearly one in
implications for children’s health. overweight has nearly doubled since four girls between the ages of 5
For example, childhood obesity is 1995, from 9 per cent to 17 per cent and 19 in the region are currently
associated with a higher chance (see Figure 20). In absolute numbers, overweight.
of obesity, premature deaths this represents an increase of 81
from non-communicable diseases million overweight girls, globally, Long thought of as a condition of
and disability in adulthood. For from 74 million to 155 million. the wealthy, overweight is now
adolescent girls, this can negatively increasingly a condition of the poor.
impact their self-esteem, confidence Among regions, East Asia and the An increased access to ‘cheap
and learning, but also their health Pacific has experienced the largest calories’ from fatty and sugary
and that of their children, if they increase during this time, from under foods, a shift in what children are
become pregnant. 15 million overweight girls aged 5–19 eating from traditional to modern
years to 38 million, followed by sub- diets, as well as urbanization
In the past two decades, the Saharan Africa where 6 million girls and lack of physical activity
proportion of girls aged 5–19 years aged 5–19 years were overweight in are contributing to this rise in
who are moderately or severely 1995 compared to 27 million in 2016. overweight.25
underweight has remained the same While Europe and Central Asia saw
Figure 19. Percentage of children aged 5–19 years who are moderately or severely underweight, by sex and region, 1995 and 2016
40
30
20
9 9
10 7
6
3 2 3 2
6 5 5 5
0
1995 2016
2 1995 2016
2 2 1995 2016
2 1995 2016
Percentage
East Asia and the Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin
Latin America and the Caribbean
Caribbean Middle East and North Africa
40
33
30 28
20
21 16
20 14 12
10
10
8 9 8
1 1
5
0
1995 2016 0 1995 2016 1995 2016
2016 1995 2016
Girls Boys
Source: NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), based on Worldwide trends in body mass index, underweight, overweight and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of
2,416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet 2017, 390 (10113): 2627–2642.
Note: Moderate or severe underweight refers to percentage of children aged 5–19 years with BMI < −2 SD below the median according to the WHO child growth standards.
Girls face heightened health risks in adolescence 29
Globally, the proportion of girls aged 5–19 years who are overweight has nearly doubled since 1995
Figure 20. Percentage of children aged 5–19 years who are overweight, by sex and region, 1995 and 2016
50
40
31 31
30 27 28
20
20 18 24 18
18
18 16
10 14
7
0
1995 2016 1995 2016 1995 2016 1995 2016
Percentage
East Asia and the Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East and North Africa
50
43
40
32 39
30
20
19
15
8 9 17
10
7
5
2 7 8
2
0
1995 2016 1995 2016 1995 2016 1995 2016
Girls Boys
Source: NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), based on Worldwide trends in body mass index, underweight, overweight and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2,416
population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet 2017, 390 (10113): 2627–2642.
Note: Overweight refers to the percentage of children aged 5–19 years with BMI > 1 SD above the median according to the WHO child growth standards.
30 A New Era for Girls I Taking stock of 25 years of progress
The adolescent birth rate has declined globally but remains high in sub-Saharan Africa
140
132
Number of annual births per 1,000 adolescent girls aged 15–19 years
Sub-Saharan Africa
120
Latin America and
103 the Caribbean
100
86 Global
80 Middle East
82 and North Africa
60 63
60 South Asia
48
East Asia
44
40 47 40 and the Pacific
29
26 North America
25
20 18 Europe and
21 17
Central Asia
0
1995–2000 2000–2005 2005–2010 2010–2015 2015–2020
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision.
Girls face heightened health risks in adolescence 31
250
Number of annual births per 1,000 adolescent girls aged 15–19 years
227 225
212
202
196 193 191
200 188 186 185 184 184
172 170
163
148 147
150 140 139 139 134
130
123
115 113
123 100
113 115 117
100
108 106 89
101 100 104
90
84 83
70 68 69 45
50 61 60 60 62 62
51 56 56
48
41
35
22 24
0
United Republic
Angola
Mozambique
Zambia
Chad
Mali
Nigeria
Madagascar
Zimbabwe
of the Congo
Sierra Leone
Liberia
of Tanzania
Burkina Faso
Malawi
Uganda
Kenya
Guinea
Namibia
Benin
Gambia
Togo
Lesotho
Ghana
Senegal
South Africa
Ethiopia
Burundi
Rwanda
Democratic Republic
Source: UNICEF analysis based on Demographic and Health Survey Statcompiler data, 2019.
Note: *Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified in the chart title.
32 A New Era for Girls I Taking stock of 25 years of progress
Too few adolescent girls are receiving essential maternal health care
Receiving the appropriate number of adolescent childbearing, only Yet, nearly one in four births
of antenatal care visits and one in two girls do (see Figure among adolescent mothers aged
delivering in health facilities is 23). Further, progress in the region 15–19 years worldwide are not
essential for pregnant women and over the past 20 years to improve attended by skilled health personnel,
girls.27 Because most pregnant adolescent girls’ access to antenatal putting the lives of these young
adolescent girls are experiencing care has been slow and unsteady. mothers and their newborns at risk.
their first pregnancy, their need
for careful monitoring and quality A critical strategy for improving This is more grave in some countries
care is acute. Yet, under one in two maternal and newborn survival is such as South Sudan and Chad,
pregnant adolescent girls in South ensuring that every baby is delivered where almost three in four adolescent
Asia receive at least four antenatal with the assistance of a skilled birth mothers aged 15–19 years are not
care visits. In sub-Saharan Africa, attendant, which generally means a attended by a skilled health attendant
the region with the highest burden medical doctor, nurse or midwife. (see Figure 24).
Girls face heightened health risks in adolescence 33
Figure 23. Percentage of adolescent girls aged 15–19 years attended by any provider at least four times during pregnancy (ANC4), 2013–2018*
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure 24. Percentage of births among adolescent mothers aged 15–19 years attended by skilled heath personnel (typically a doctor, nurse or
midwife), by country, 2013–2018*
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
34 A New Era for Girls I Taking stock of 25 years of progress
While adolescent girls’ access to family planning has increased over the past 25 years, many girls’ needs
remain unmet
Figure 25. Percentage of adolescent girls aged 15–19 years who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods, by region,
1995–2020
100
Source: Aggregates
calculated by United Nations,
88 Department of Economic
and Social Affairs, Population
Division from survey
data compiled in World
80 76 Contraceptive Use 2019 (POP/
DB/CP/Rev2019).
66 74 Note: Modern methods of
63 contraception include female
0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Globally, adolescent girls continue to bear the brunt of the HIV epidemic
Historically, in the first decade of Figure 26. Estimated number of adolescents aged 10–19 years living with HIV, by sex, 1995–2018
childhood, few gender disparities 1,600,000
Girls
in the HIV epidemic have been Boys
1,400,000
observed. It is during adolescence
that disparities begin to emerge, 1,20,0000
economic autonomy. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Girls lives have been steadily Girls – especially adolescent and unintended pregnancies. And, too
improving for the past 25 years since marginalized girls – are far from few are getting the proper nutrition
the adoption of the Beijing Platform being free of all discrimination and far they need to live long and healthy
for Action. Fewer are getting married from enjoying their full rights. lives.
or becoming mothers, and more
are in school and literate – acquiring Violence, which should never occur, While the Beijing Platform of Action
key foundational skills for lifelong is still experienced by too many brought about improvements for
success. girls. No girl should be subject to girls’ lives, the world has changed
child marriage, FGM, sexual violence significantly since 1995. The rapid
But, it is clear that gaps remain in or abuse in any place. Good health expansion of digital technology
achieving the commitments set out and well-being are the foundation of and internet connectivity now
in the Beijing Platform. The world an empowered girl. When girls are offer children and young people
has seen great improvement in healthy they can support themselves, unlimited opportunities for learning,
terms of girls’ access to primary resilient families and healthier communicating and free expression
and secondary education, but girls future generations. Yet, girls today – which can be a game-changer for
from the poorest households and still face challenges receiving the helping them fulfil their potential.
those who are on the move or live health services and information they However, girls are not benefiting
in conflict and fragile settings have need to protect themselves against equally from this expansion, as
not benefited from this progress. sexually transmitted infections or fewer have access to technology like
Prioritizing actions with girls 37
mobile phones; when they do have Second, more targeted Increasing investments in the
access, resources and applications investment in adolescent girls, production and intersectional
are not designed with girls in mind. as a unique group with interlinked analysis of high quality, timely,
As a result, girls are falling behind vulnerabilities, opportunities and sex- and age-disaggregated data for
on acquiring the digital and social perspectives, is needed. children and adolescents, including
entrepreneurship skills needed to adolescents aged 10–14 years,
compete in the labour force or start This includes scaling up investments particularly in areas where data
their own business in the future. in girls’ programming models that are limited -such as gender-based
will accelerate progress aligned to violence, twenty-first century skills
Today, adolescent girls and young today’s reality, including in developing acquisition, adolescent nutrition
women also are leading and adolescent girls’ education and skills and mental health – is needed to
organizing global movements like for the Fourth Industrial Revolution; drive evidence-informed policy
“Fridays for the Future” for tackling ending gender-based violence, child and programme decisions for
climate change, and the “#MeToo marriage and FGM and ensuring adolescent girls and to further
movement” against sexual violence girls have accurate, timely and accountability.
and harassment, to call action to respectful health information and
where action is needed and show the services. Synergies must be built Additionally, to ensure all girls live
power behind girls as changemakers. and partnerships expanded between fulfilled lives, data must make
Girls’ voices are rising. Now, the adolescent girls’ skills development marginalized girls visible. This
global community needs to listen and and women’s economic participation includes girls living with disabilities,
develop the solutions with girls at to address persistent gender divides, in rural areas or in the poorest
the centre so all girls, including those in areas such as STEM. households, from ethnic minorities
most marginalized, can move from and indigenous groups, in fragile
dreaming to achieving. Finally, accountability for and conflict settings and those who
commitments to girls cannot may be marginalized due to sexual
First, the global community must be achieved without stronger orientation or gender identity.
look to girls. investment in data.
Endnotes
1. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision.
2. OECD, SIGI 2019 Global Report: Transforming Challenges into Opportunities, Social Institutions and Gender Index, Country
Profiles, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2019.
3. OECD, Aid to Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: An overview, OECD DAC Network On Gender Equality, 2018.
4. Wodon, Quentin T., et al., ‘Missed Opportunities: The high cost of not educating girls’, The Cost of Not Educating Girls Series,
World Bank Group, Washington, D.C., 2018.
5. Global Education Monitoring Report Team, Global Education Monitoring Report: Gender Review, UNESCO, Paris, 2018.
6. OECD, PISA 2018 Results (Volume II): Where all students can succeed, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2019.
7. Household chores may be considered hazardous, that is, potentially harmful to children’s physical, social, psychological or
educational development, when they are performed at least 21 hours per week. See: Dayıoğlu, Meltem, ‘Impact of Unpaid
Household Services on the Measurement of Child Labour’, MICS Methodological Papers, no. 2, Statistics and Monitoring
Section, Division of Policy and Strategy, United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, 2013.
8. Beghini, Valentina, Umberto Cattaneo and Emanuela Pozzan, A Quantum Leap for Gender Equality: A better future of work for all,
International Labour Organization, Geneva, 2019.
9. International Labour Organization estimates, 2019.
10. UNODC, Global Report on Trafficking in Persons, United Nations, 2018.
11. Guilmoto, Christophe Z., ‘The Sex Ratio Transition in Asia’, Population and Development Review, vol. 35, no. 3, 2009, pp. 519–549.
12. United Nations Children’s Fund, For Every Child, Every Right: The Convention on the Rights of the Child at a crossroads, UNICEF,
New York, 2019.
13. UN Women, Progress of the World’s Women 2019–2020: Families in a changing world, UN Women, New York, 2019.
14. United Nations Children’s Fund, Female Genital Mutilation: A New Generation Calls for Ending an Old Practice, UNICEF, New
York, 2020.
15. UNICEF global databases, 2019, based on DHS and MICS, 2005–2018.
16. United Nations Children’s Fund, A Familiar Face: Violence in the lives of children and adolescents, UNICEF, New York, 2017.
17. UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Stunting, March 2019, New York; UNICEF/
WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Wasting, March 2019, New York; UNICEF/WHO/ World
Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Overweight, March 2019, New York.
18. Kapungu, Chisina, et al., ‘Gendered Influences on Adolescent Mental Health in Low-income and Middle-income Countries:
Recommendations from an Expert Convening’, The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, vol. 2, no. 2, 1 February 2018, pp. 85-86.
19. World Health Organization, Global Health Estimates 2015: Deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000–2015,
WHO, Geneva, 2016.
20. United Nations Population Fund, Adolescent Girls in Disaster and Conflict: Interventions for Improving Access to Sexual and
Reproductive Health Services, UNFPA, New York, 2016.
21. United Nations Children’s Fund, The State of the World’s Children 2019. Children, Food and Nutrition: Growing well in a changing
world, UNICEF, New York, 2019.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. World Health Organization, Worldwide Prevalence of Anaemia 1993–2005: WHO global database on anaemia, edited by Bruno de
Benoist et al., WHO, Geneva, 2008.
25. UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 2019.
26. WHO, Global Health Estimates 2015.
27. The World Health Organization recommends a minimum of eight antenatal visits to reduce perinatal mortality and improve
women’s and adolescent girls’ experience of care. However, global, regional and comparable country-reported data are only
available for the previous recommendation, which was a minimum of four visits.
28. UNICEF global databases, 2019, based on nationally representative population-based surveys, including MICS, DHS and
AIS, 2012–2018.
Photography credits