Unit One Matching the Headings [ele ses bce Mel ELEN eT Mot hoc sinh da timg hoi giéo vien: “Khi lam d@ Heading, em khong hiéu, nhung tai sao luon c6 thé lam ding?” Khong biét cfc hgc sinh, ngudi doc Khe o6 thdy nhur thé khong. Gita “higu’ va “khong higu" dudng nhw rét ro rang. Khi cdn nhé tic hc tiéng Viet, chting ta khong nhang phai biét ¥ nghia, cach doc cia tt, ma com phai biét thit ty cde mau tu. Th6t quen hinh thanh, phuong phép sit dyng va ranb giéi gia “hiéu” va “khong hiéu” da khién ching ta bay gid khong 6 durgc cém giéc “hiéu" Khi hoc tiéng Anb. Vi vay, git “niu” va “khong hiéu” trong ting Anh c6 mOt khodng céch khong W6 rang, Hoc sinh 46 chéc chan hiéu, néu khong bai thi s® khOng c6 ty I¢ chinh xéc cao. Hoc sinh a6 néi "khong hiéu” la béi vi khong ¢6 duroc cim gidc *hiéu" nhu khi doc tiéng Viet. Khi doc ting Anh, khong nén tim kiém cém giéc “hiéu” nw khi doc tiéng Viet. New mudn dim bao xAc suat hiéu (hod xéc sudt chinh xéc khi lam bai) trén 95%, te 40 doc hdc chén sé gidm xudng, én mic khong thé hoan thanh bal doc trong thot gian quy dinh. 6c a9 doc’va xéc sudt hiéu luon mau thun nhau. Vi vay, phal hoc céch chap nhan xéc sudt hiéu khong cao ldm 4é nang cao t6c 40 doc len. Sau khi doc nhiéu, trong truyng hop t6e a ‘khong glém ma tham chi cdn nang len thi diéu d6 06 nghia la xéc sudt hiéu cong timg bute duye nang cao. : ‘Tré lal chu dé, Khi lam dang 4 Heading, cAn 6 ky nang nado khong? C6. 1. Gach bé Iva chon da ding trong example. Lya chon nay 4& ding réi, s® Khong ding lal nda, Khi gach bé, mat sé khong ding lal 6 lua chon nay nda, qua d6 lam tang t6c a0 dgc. 2. MOL khi doc xong mot doan, nhét dinh phat gach bé mot Iva chon. Nhir vay s® lam ting t6e dd doc luét cdc Iya chon Heading. Phan én céc thi sinh thi IELTS la nhing ngwéit mudn ra nue ngoal hoc tép, nghién cilu. Thong thudng, céc trudmg dai hoc & Anh, Uc, Canada v.v. ddt hdt nhdng ngudi xin vao hoc chuong trinh thec si phat 6 téng s6 aiém thi IELTS la 6.5, hon nda m6i mon déu khong duye dudi 6 diém. Diém mon doc va viet ciia hoc sinh Viet Nam cao hon mon noi va nghe. Vi thé, mudn ting sO diém dat 6.5 thi mon doc can at 7 hode trén 7 didm. Néu khong, tng s6 diém rét kh6 dat dugc 6.5. Bot vét céc thi sinh hhy vong mon doc dat 7 diém hod it nhét 18 6.5 thi nhét din phai c6 long tin vao phtrong php “doc mot doan, gach bé mgt Iva chon Heading”, 3. MOL mot Goan twong ting voi mot Ia chon Heading, Cau “You may use any of the headings more than once” trong phn huring dn la cai bay.Mot sf tal Neu ging day hodc lop luyén thi ra ste dy menh vigc ding “topic sentence” 44€ phn dodn dal ¥ cia doan vin. Qué that, trong mot s6 doan cé “topic sentence”, hon na hing cau nity s@ ld cau du hoje cau cudi ca doan van; nhime cing cé mot sO doan o6 cau Chi dé ndm dau 46 & gia dogn, tham chi Khong phai lA mot cdu don ma 1a hal cAu, 06 khi ba cau. Kiéu at “topic sentence” nay of 1€ s€ cé ich cho nhing thi sinh kha kém mén ting Anh, abt la nhdng ngudt Khong cb hy vong mon doc dat trén 5 diém, Nhumg di voi nhig tht sinh cn dat 6.5 diém ta lén thi né Khong c6 ¥ nghia thyc tf nhiéu lém. DOL vot nhting thi sinh nay, ‘néu. gip dé Heading kh thi cau chii 48 cia doan vin 46 chac chén khong phat la cau du hodic ‘cau cudi cia dogn. That ra, kiéu dat “topic sentence” nay 1a mot céch citu nguy chim hin hieu qua ma thi sinh 66 thé ding thér néu that sw khdng con céch nado khdc. ‘Ngoai ra, cOn co phuong phép, kf nang nao khac c6 ¥ nghla thyc té khong? Khong, chi con cach dya vao thyc hye. C6 nhimg doan chon tiew d& rét d8, c6 nhimg dogn rat kno. Mot s6 doan c6 hai hodc fren hai y. ¥ nao quan trong hon, tieu dé nao khdi qudt nhtng ¥ nay, t&t cd tay thude vao Kha nang doc, khong thé dua vao ky ning hodc meo vat a8 gidi quyét. Mot sé doan tw tudng trung tam rat kho nhan thay, hodc khong c6 ¥ nao néi ‘Dat, rat khé khdi quat bing mia cau hay mot cau. Chon tiéu 48 cho nhiing dogn vin nay nhw thé nao, cing chi cé thé dya vao kha naing doc, khong thé dya vao ky ning. ‘Tuy nhién, mudn mon doc dat duye 7 hodc 7.5 diém, khong can phai lam Ming tat ca. cdc cau. CO mot hai doan “bé tay” cng khong sao. Nen bé qua thi phal b8 qua, ¢6 sai sét cng khong sao, Diéu quan trong nhét la tim sy can bing gitta thoi gian va ty I¢ chinh xéc. Thi dy: The following reading passage has seven paragraphs A-G. Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers (ix) in the spaces provided. NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them. You may use any of the headings more than once.List of Headings Dangers of passive smoking EPA’s opinion of the lawsuit Activists’ opinion of the lawsuit Tobacco industry vs. the EPA Chances of developing lung cancer Stop the EPA Importance of cigarette warnings ‘A groundless report A report as good as any Example: Answer: Paragraph A iv Paragraph B Paragraph © Paragraph D Paragraph E Paragraph F Paragraph G a weene ‘Tobacco Industry Fumes over Passive Smoking A America’s tobacco industry has launched a fresh assault in its war against the anti-smoking movement. Six tobacco groups are sing the US Environmental Protection Agency, claiming that its recent report on the dangers of second-hand smoke is based on sloppy science and is unfairly damaging their trade. Anti-smoking groups say the lawsuit is a Canute-like attempt to stem a tide of anti-smoking legislation sweeping the US. B In January, the EPA released a long-awaited report on passive smoking. It considered more than 30 studies around the world that compared the incidence of lung cancer in non-smoking women whose husbands smoked with that in those whose husbands did not. ‘The report concluded that wives of smokers had a higher risk of developing lung cancer, and that the risk increased with the amount of smoke inhaled. Passive smoking causes 3,000 deaths a year from lung cancer in the US alone, it said. On the basis of this and other evidence — for instance, that smoke is clearly carcinogenic when inhaled directly — the EPA added environmental tobacco smoke to its list of known human carcinogens. The ONIGVaUstatistical test was relaxed from the usual 95 per cent Tigorous 90 per cent. They also accused the EPA ‘of ignoring several studies that contradict the agency's conclusions, Pee Eagan ea = D- On 22 June, the six groups — Philip RJ. Reynolds Tobacco and four groups representing growers and retailers — jointly sued the EPA to have the study declared ‘null and void, and to throw out human carcinogen classification, which they claim goes be- yond the EPA's legal mandate. “Unfortunately, it is the tobacco farmers, their families and their communities who — if the EPA is not stopped — will have to pay for this mis- guided actions,” says John Berry, a lawyer for the Council for BurleyTobacco of E. ‘The EPA stands by its report. ‘We've been hearing them for years,” says spokesman Dave Ryan. “We think the suit is frivolous.” Major medical groups also back the report. “This lawsuit is just another example of tobacco conglomerates blowing smoke in the faces of Americans,” says Lonnie Bristow, chair of the American Medical Association's Board of ‘Trustees. “An industry that kills 450,000 citizens every year cannot be trusted.” - F The charge of scientific manipulation is unfounded, says Morton Lippmann, a lung ‘expert from New York University who chaired an external review of the EPA report. The ‘90 per cent confidence limit is reasonable giyen the difficulties of studying second-hand smoke, he says, is the omission ‘of some recent studies. “You could wait forever for this study and the next study and the next study,” he says. In fact, the additional studies they're so anxious to include couldn't possibly change the conclusion. The omitted study ‘most often cited by the tobacco, industry found a 30 per cent increase in the risk of lung cancer in passive smokers exposed to the highest levels of smoke. Lippmann also notes that the EPA report, while the most complete, is not the first study to conclude that pas- sive smoking increases the risk of cancer. G _ Anti-smoking groups think the suit is a desperate attempt to stop the inevitable. ‘Athena Mueller of Action on Smoking and Health points out that more than 40 states now have at least some restrictions on smoking in public places. And if a bill now before Cali- fornia’s senate is passed, smoking at work could for the first time be banned across an entice state. Mueller doubts if the tobacco industry’s lawsuit holds water. “This is a entific finding,” she says. “You can no more sue the EPA for this than you could sue Fi stein for the theory of relativity.”Boan A: Dap an la Iv. Day la phén mé du cé bai van, gidi thigu khai quét v8 hai ben to tung va thal 49 chi yéu cia hai ben. Thong thudng, doan thit nhét dugc ding Iam thi dy dura ra dap dn. Thi sinh c6 thé tien tay gach bé thi dy trong khung céc Iya chon dé nang cao 6c d9 doe. oan B: Dap én Ia 1. Doan nay chi ra sy nguy hal cia vige hat thuéc bi dong trén mot 86 phuong dign: Vigc hiit thuéc bj dong sé lam tang xéc suat méc benh ung thu phéi, khéi ‘thude 14 din 4én ung thu, vigc hut thade bi dong sé lam cho bénh hen suyén va cdc benh vé dung hd hap nfng hon, lim cho tré em bj viem tal. Tle dé thit nam khong toan dign, khong phai lat tung trung tam cia ca doan, ma 1a mot phdn thong tin duoc truyén dat trong doan nay, Cau nay néu ding céch “topic sentence” thi khong én. Doan C: Bap én Ja vill. Shoddy va misleading 1a hai tir 66 giong rft manh, la sw chi trich “gay gt” bin béo céo nghien ctu cla EPA. Su chi trich nay con kém theo c&n ct: Dat chinh tr) len tren Khoa hoc, khong ti a0 tin cay; khong dua nhang két qua nghien citu khac ‘gay Dat Ioi cho Ket lugn vao trong ban béo co, Tw tung trung tam cyja ca doan 1a phan bac ban béo céo nay, ma Iya chon thit tém da thé hign chinh xéc thai d9 nay. Chi dua vao cau dau hod cau cudt thi khong thé hiéu chinh xéc thal a nay. Doan D; Dap én la vi. Boi voi céc cong ty thude 14, ban béo céo cia EPA sé lam mét ngudn toi ela ho, do vay bang moi gid phai ngdn chin n6. Céc cong ty thud lé kien EPA ra ta, yeu cdu EPA tuyen bé ban bao cdo nghien ciu vo hieu, cling ttc la ngin tr EPA. Doan E: Dap an 1a ll. Céc cau “We think the suit is frivolous”, “This lawsuit is .. ‘rong bai da thé hign céch nhin cla EPA doi vei vu kien nay. Doan F: Dap n la tx. Dogn nay 6 1€1€ doan kh6 nhdt trong bay doan. Cac cong ty thudc 14'cho ring ban béo céo iia’ BPA thigu tinh khoa hoc. Con EPA dap lal rang: “You could wait forever for this study and the next study and the next study,” ¥ nghia 1a chi can nghien ctu vigc hut thude bj dong thi ban béo céo nao cing déu.giéng nhau, két 1uan déu 1a vigc hut thude bi, dng oé hal cho sitc khde. Tu tuéng dién dat trong Iya chon thit chin “A report as good as any” chinh Ja “bin béo céo nao cing déu ging nhau", Cau nay da yao cach “topic sentence” cng khong én. Thudng la dya vao céc khé ning oo ban vé {iéng Anh: khong nhing phai hiéu chinh xé¢ doan yan, ma cdn phai biét ¥ nghia cla “A re- ort as good as any”. Khi lam nhgng cau nhu thé nay khong c6 during tét va bi quyét, phai {dgc ca dogn vin, hon na phat o6 kha nang hiéu rét tot. Doan G: Dap an Ia il, Doan nay n6i vé thal d0 d6i véi vu kien nay cia m9t s doan thé phan 461 viee het thudc. Tiéu dé thit ba “Activists’ opinion of the lawsuit” gan vét tu tuomg nay nhaCBSEEB In this exercise, you will read a passage and then answer the questions that follow. The sug. ‘gested time for reading the passage and answering the questions is 15 minutes. A Giant Step for Artificial Enzymes 1 Chemists in Britain have come a step nearer to building an “artificial enzyme” — a molecule which could speed up some reactions that are useful to industry. 2 Jeremy Sanders and his colleagues at the University of Cambridge have designed and synthesized a large cyclic “receptor” molecule, which makes one such reaction proceed al- most 60,000 times as fast as usual. ‘The receptor is similar to another built last year by the same team (New Scientist, Science, 1 February 1992). It consists of a ring of three porphyrin molecules linked by bridging chemical groups. Each porphyrin molecule contains a zincion at its centre. The central cavity of the new receptor is slightly smaller than before, and the re- ‘Searchers have also anchored pyridine groups to two of the zincions to act as bonding sites. 3 Sanders and his colleagues have used their receptor to speed up and control the prod- ucts of the so-called Diels-Alder reaction, a mainstay of chemical synthesis. The reaction occurs between two molecules — a “diene”, which has two carbon-carbon bonds separated by a single bond, and.a diene-seeking molecule, or “dienophile”. In the right conditions, these two molecules transfer the electrons involved in their double bonds from atom to atom to form new bonds that complete a ring of six carbon atoms with a single double bond. The creation of such six-membered rings is the crucial first step in making many pharmaceuticals and agrochemical. 4 Some Diels-Alder reactions are too slow to be useful industrially. The researchers, therefore, designed their receptor so that it would hold the diene and dienophile, via the pyridine (Py) groups, in the right positions to react quickly. According to Sanders, the recep- tor acts like a “molecular reaction vessel in which the effective concentration of reactants can be increased dramatically, so allowing a fast reaction”. 5 Normally, Diels-Alder reactions produce a mixture of two products. But because in the receptor the reactants are forced into a specific orientation relative to each other, only one of the two possible products can form, 6 Sanders hopes to modify the receptor to bring together in the cavity two molecules that do not normally react. This could lead to be the synthesis of compounds which everyday syn- thetic chemistry cannot make.7 The receptor differs from an enzyme or other catalyst in one important respect. Only a tiny amount of an enzyme is needed to make a reaction thousands of times faster, but large quantities of the receptor are needed to make a significant difference to the speed of a reac- tion. However, Sanders is confident that in the future his team will be able to increase the tumover or able to increase the turnover of reactants by designing new features into the re- ceptor. This would reduce the amount of receptor needed to speed up a reaction by a given amount. The researchers report further details of their results in the latest issue of Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (p. 458). Questions 1-6 Match the following headings with appropriate paragraphs. Note there are more headings than paragraphs, The first has been done as an example A. British chemists’ achievement (example) B. The creation of six-membered rings C. Products produced by Diels-Alder reactions D. The large receptor molecule designed by British chemists E. The drawback of the receptor F, The Diels-Alder reaction G, Fast reactions due to the receptor H. Further efforts to be made on the receptor Example: Answer: | Paragraph 1 A Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4 Paragraph 5 am Paragraph 6 Paragraph 7Questions 7-9 7. How fast can the receptor molecule make reactions proceed? 8. What is the mainstay of chemical synthesis? 9. What is crucial to making many pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals? CSREES In this exercise, you will read a passage and then answer the questions that Yollow. The sug gested time for reading the passage and answering the questions is 10 minutes Population Growth and Food Supply 1 About two thirds of the world’s population live in what are loosely called “developing countries”. Of course, strictly speaking, all countries are developing, but the term is used to describe those which are undeniably poor. Although the rich countries have only about 34% of the world’s population, they earn about 90% of the world’s income. They also possess about 90% of the world’s financial resources, and more than 80% of the world’s scientists and technicians. They produce 80% of the world’s protein — including 70% of its meat — and they eat it. 2 Thanks to an impressive succession of agricultural revolutions, man’s food-growing ca- pacity is now hundreds of times larger than it was at the turn of the century, and we are now feeding more people than at any time in history. Nonetheless, the number of hungry and ‘malnourished people is also larger than at any time in history. Admittedly, total food produc- tion has increased since 1961 in most parts of the world. Yet, per capita food production is little changed from the inadequate levels of the early 1960s. In short, world and regional pro- duction have barely kept up with population growth, as Fig. 1 shows. 3. There appear to be five food problems. First, there is the problem of quantity — of every human being getting enough calories to provide him with the energy to work and progress. Second, there is that of quality — of everyone getting enough protein, vitamins, and necessary minerals. Next, there is the matter of distribution: we have to find satisfactory ‘ways of transporting, storing and issuing food. Then there is the problem of poverty: manyer capita food production relative index (1952 - 66 = 100) 8 1948.1962 1955 1960 7985 1870) 1975 average year Fig 1 World Population and Food Production people in developing countries do not have money to buy food in sufficient quantity and of suf- ficient quality. And last, we must find ways of avoiding ecological side-effects. In other words, ‘we must be able to grow enough food without further degrading our land, water and air. 4 A number of proposals have been made to improve food quantity and quality. An obvi- ous and very necessary one is to limit population growth. Another is to increase the amount of land under cultivation by clearing forests and by irrigating arid land. Furthermore, the ‘ocean (comprising 70% of the Earth's surface) is a potential source of more food, and there have been developments recently in the use of nonconventional proteins and synthetic foods. And last, various attempts are being made to increase the yield per hectare by devel- coping or selecting new genetic hybrids of plants (the “Green Revolution”), by increasing the use of fertilizers, water, pesticides and herbicides, and by using modern agricultural and management techniques in poorer countries. 5 But the basic facts remain, which are that the world’s population is increasing at a rate of about 3% p.a.. If food production can also be increased by 3% p.a., this will provide for hu- ‘man needs only at the present inadequate level. Something better is needed. Yet many coun- tries are already failing to increase their rate of food production by 3% annually. The situ- ation is particularly disturbing because population increase and inadequate food production are both worse in the very countries that are already short of food. ONIGVAYU6 Are we, then, doomed to massive famines in coming decades? There is no easy an- ‘swer to this controversial question. The introduction of new high-yield wheat and rice in wea eet con Fig. 2 Green Revolution Countries parts of Asia and Africa since 1967 created a wave of optimism. But by 1973, bad weather plus a realization of the limitations of this increase in yield caused a return to pessimism. ‘Some experts point out that we are already experiencing the greatest famine in the history of mankind, with somewhere between 5 and 20 million human beings dying from starvation, ‘malnutrition and malnutrition-caused diseases each year. Half are children under five. Questions 1-6 Choose a suitable heading for each paragraph of the passage from the list below. Note there are more headings than paragraphs. Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4 Paragraph 5 Paragraph 6 ovenFood production must grow faster Developing countries vs. rich countries ‘The Green Revolution Avoiding ecological side-effects Increasing the yield per hectare What's our future? Food problems Food production growth vs. population growth Consumption of resources in rich countries Improving quantity and quality Semommgoe> Questions 7-10 7. Choose a suitable title for the passage from the list below by,circling an appropriate letter. " ‘A. Improve Food Quantity and Quality B. Feeding the World CC. Problems Concerning Food Production D. The Success of the Green Revolution 8. When was the per capita food production the highest? 9, Name two food problems. 10. Name two attempts made to increase the yield per hectare. Questions 11-13 Name one country that has had a “Green Revolution” in the following crop(s): 11. wheat 12. rice 13. wheat and corn ONIGVAYCES In this exercise, you will read a passage and answer the questions that precede the passage. The suggested time for reading the passage and answering the questions is 10 minutes, Questions 1-6 The following reading passage has seven paragraphs A-G. Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers (iis) in the spaces provided. NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them. You moy use any of the headings more than once. | @ | Gi) ii) | wy @) 1 wi) (i) (viii) @ — (Baye List of Headings The spreading tea | ‘The history of tea growing | ‘Changes of tastes for drinks | Reducing cancer risks | ‘The plant Camellia sinensis | ‘A woman’s opinion of tea Where to find it | ‘Japanese tea | ‘More varieties to choose from | Paragraph A iff Paragraph B Paragraph C Paragraph D Paragraph E Paragraph F Paragraph GMore Than Sympathy Tea now brews up health benefits and gourmet appeal ‘A Americans are far more sophisticated about beverages than they were 20 years ago. Witness the Starbucks revolution and you'll know where the trend goes. Now, spurred on by recent studies suggesting that it can cut the risk of cancer and heart disease and retard the aging process, tea is enjoying a similar jolt. Enough chic tea salons are springing up to make even die-hard coffee drinkers consider switching beverages. B Tea is available in more places than ever. “Tea was one of the most prolific beverage categories in 1999,” with 24 per cent more products offered over the previous year, reports ‘Tom Vierhile of Marketing Intelligence Service, which tracks food and beverage trends. And the Tea Association of the United States reports that from 1990 to 1999, annual sales of the drink grew to $4.6 billion from $1.8 billion. “Green tea is seen by consumers as a ‘functional food’ — delivering health benefits beyond sustenance,” says Vierhile. C Recently published studies point out that not all brews are created equal. Only teas that come from the leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis — which, in their raw state are brewed to make green tea, and, with curing, can be tured into oolong and black tea leaves — have been shown to contain health benefits. Other herbal teas and infusions may taste ‘good, yet they do little more than warm up the drinker. But for Camellia sinensis, the evi- dence is powerful. In a 1998 study, Harvard University researchers found that drinking one cup of black tea a day lowered the risk of heart attack by as much as 44 per cent compared with non-tea drinkers, and other studies have suggested that the antioxidants in these so-called real teas can also prevent cancer. D__ One such antioxidant in green tea is ECGC, a compound 20 times as powerful as vitamin E and 200 times as powerful as vitamin C, “When people ask me for something good and cheap they can do to reduce their cancer risk, I tell them drink real tea,” says Mitchell Gaynor, director of medical oncology at New York City's Strang-Comnell Cancer Prevention Center. E Among those inspired to become a green-tea drinker is Tess Ghilage, a New York writer who took it up after consulting a nutritionist six years ago. “I've never been a coffee drinker,” says Ghilaga, she told me to start drinking green tea for the antioxidant properties.” Now Ghilaga and her husband routinely brew tea — they order theirs from InPursuitofTea.com, an Internet tea company. And although tea contains about half the amount of caffeine in a cup of coffee, “you still get a nice buzz from it,” says Ghilaga. oONTavayF Restaurants and coffee bars are also getting in on the act. “In restaurants nowadays, you're a lot less likely to be offered a pitcher of hot water and a tea bag if you order tea after a meal,” says Sebastian Beckwith of InPursuitoffea.com. At a Los Angeles coffee bar Urth Caffé, customers can select from 65 varieties of tea, coming from countries as diverse as China, Japan, India, and Iran, and enjoy a pot of tea for about the price of a gourmet coffee — $2.50 for a small pot and $3.50 for a large. “The tea experience is the exact opposite of the coffee experience,” says Urth Caflé co-founder Shallom Berkman, explaining the beverage’s newfound popularity. “Coffee jars you with its caffeine; tea is more nurturing and soothing, and people seem to be looking for that now.” That could add up to lots of green for those who make their living in tea. G —_wwwalitea.com. Along with green, black, and oolong teas, this company sells a wide variety of herbal teas — and offers a “Tea of the Month” club. www.teasofgreen.com. This site sells higher-end green, black, and oolong teas and has 004 tips on proper storage and preparation of tea ‘www.tea.com. Tea drinkers can find links to sites offering tea lore, such as articles about tea ceremonies in foreign lands. An exhaustive “frequently asked questions” file rounds out the site. In this exercise, you will rend a passage and answer the questions that accompany the pas- sage. Some of the questions will come before the passage; others will come after the passoge. The suggested time for reading the passage and answering the questions is 20 minutes, Questions 1-8 The following reading passage has nine paragraphs A-I. Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-I from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers (i-t) in the spaces provided. NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them. You may use any of the headings more than once.