1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The salient features of the reduction of the transformer and proposed power
converter are only two power electronic switches of the power converter are
operated at high switching frequency simultaneously (one is a dc–dc power
converter and the other is a dc–ac inverter), and the negative terminal of the solar
cell array is directly connected to the ground to solve the problems of TCO
corrosion and leakage current for some types of thin-film solar cell array. The
experimental results show that the proposed grid-connected power converter can
trace the maximum power point of the solar cell array, convert solar power to a
high quality ac power to inject into the utility, and reduce the leakage current of
the solar cell array.
1.1.1 REDUCTION OF TRANSFORMER OVERVIEW
Using an isolation transformer in the grid-connected inverter can solve the
problem of the leakage current caused by the earth parasitic capacitance in solar
modules. There are two types of grid-connected inverter with an isolation
transformer.

a) Line frequency transformer

b) High-frequency transformer.

The solar modules can be grounded directly and there is no current path for
leakage current because the line frequency transformer is isolated. This system
supplies no dc current to the grid and has the advantage of a simple control circuit.
However, the line frequency transformer’s disadvantages are large volume, high
weight, and high cost.
 2

1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR CELL OVERVIEW

The wide use of fossil fuels has resulted in the emission of greenhouse
gases and the cost of fossil-fuel energy has become higher and higher. Climate
change, caused by these greenhouse gases, has seriously damaged the
environment.
Because of the problems associated with climate change, interest in
renewable energy sources, such as solar power and wind power, has increased
Many materials can be used to manufacture solar cells, but polycrystalline Si and
mono crystalline Si is the most widely used. A thin-film solar cell can generate
power under conditions of low irradiation.
Therefore, the thin-film solar cell has the potential to generate electrical
power for a longer time than a crystalline Si solar cell. Since the thin-film cell can
be easily combined with glass, plastic, and metal, it can be incorporated in green
architecture. The use of thin-film solar cells has increased steadily and this trend is
set to continue in the future.
In general, an earth parasitic capacitance will be generated between solar
modules and their ground. This parasitic capacitance is about 50–150 nF/kW for a
glass-faced solar cell array. However, this capacitance is increased to 1 μF/kW if
the thin-film solar cell array is used.
Serious leakage current occurs if a high-frequency pulsating voltage is
applied between the thin-film solar modules and the ground. Corrosion damage in
thin-film modules, caused by a so-called transparent conductive oxide (TCO)
corrosion of cadmium telluride (Cd-Te) or amorphous silicon (A-Si), is observed
if the voltage of the negative terminal of a solar module is lower than that of the
ground.
The damage to the electrical conductivity of the inside of the glass cover
cannot be repaired and causes substantial power loss. Consequently, the life of
thin-film solar modules is shortened. However, TCO corrosion can be prevented
by the negative grounding of solar modules.
 3

1.3 DEVELOPMENT OF POWER CONVERTER OVERVIEW

The use of an isolation transformer in the grid-connected photovoltaic
generation system should be avoided due to cost, size, and efficiency. In general,
the bridge-type dc–ac inverter is used in the grid-connected photovoltaic
generation system. However, a conventional bridge-type dc–ac inverter, without
an isolation transformer, results in the problem of leakage current because it
cannot sustain the voltage of its negative terminal at a constant value. Recently,
many dc–ac inverter topologies have been proposed to solve the problem of
leakage current.
In a diode-clamped multilevel dc–ac inverter, two split capacitors are
connected to the dc bus of a dc–ac inverter and the middle point is connected to
the neutral line of the utility. The two voltage terminals on the dc bus of a dc–ac
inverter are clamped. No pulsating voltage is applied between the thin-film solar
modules and the ground. So, the leakage current is suppressed.
The proposed Cinergy neutral point clamped to simultaneously improve the
efficiency of a diode-clamped multilevel inverter and overcome the leakage
current problem. The proposed the dc–ac inverter, in which one or two switches
are combined with a full-bridge inverter to reduce the leakage current.
Although the aforementioned transformer less dc–ac inverter topologies can
solve the leakage current problem, the negative grounding required in Cd-Te and
A-Si thin-film solar cell array still cannot be solved. Boeke and van der Broeck
proposed a three-phase four-wire dc–ac inverter with a split-capacitor arm where
the middle point of the split-capacitor arm is connected to the neutral line of the
three-phase four-wire distribution power system.
A cuk converter is used to build up the negative bus voltage. A novel dc–dc
converter is applied to generate two dc capacitor voltages of the half-bridge dc–ac
inverter where a transformer (coupling inductor) is integrated in the dc–dc
converter to achieve the negative grounding of the solar cell array. The negative
terminal of the solar cell array of the aforementioned two topologies can be
 4

directly connected to the ground, so the problems of leakage current and negative
grounding are solved simultaneously.
This project proposes a transformer less grid-connected power converter
with photovoltaic generation system. The proposed transformer less grid-
connected power converter simultaneously solves the problems of leakage current
and negative grounding as the topologies.
The negative grounding of the solar cell array in the proposed paper is
achieved by a boost dc–dc converter and select switches. Therefore, the problem
of TCO corrosion in Cd-Te or A-Si thin-film solar modules is also solved. Finally,
a prototype was developed and tested to verify the performance of the proposed
transformer less photovoltaic generation system.
1.4 NEED FOR A NEW TRANSFORMER LESS POWER CONVERTER

The existing lower segment with transformer power converter system and
its merits & de-merits has been discussed in this chapter.

1.4.1 THE EXISTING SYSTEM

Using an isolation transformer in the grid-connected inverter can solve the

Problem of the leakage current caused by the earth parasitic capacitance in solar
modules. There are two types of grid-connected inverter with an isolation
transformer.

a) Line frequency transformer

b) High-frequency transformer
1.4.2 LINE FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER

Fig. 1.1 shows a grid-connected photovoltaic generation system with a line

frequency transformer. The solar modules can be grounded directly and there is no
current path for leakage current because the line frequency transformer is isolated.
This system supplies no dc current to the grid and has the advantage of a simple
control circuit. However, the line frequency transformer’s disadvantages are large
volume, high weight, and high cost.
 5

Fig 1.1 Existing Grid-connected photovoltaic generation system with an isolation

transformer (Line frequency transformer)

1.4.3 HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER

Fig 1.2 Existing Grid-connected photovoltaic generation system with an isolation

transformer (High-frequency transformer)

Fig. 1.2 shows a grid-connected photovoltaic generation system with a high

frequency transformer. The transformer is incorporated in a dc–dc converter and is
operated at high frequency to reduce volume and cost. However, the control circuit
of this grid-connected photovoltaic generation system is complicated due to the
 6

use of a transformer-isolated dc–dc converter. Besides, the high-frequency

transformer is not placed at the output of the grid-connected photovoltaic
generation system, so it cannot prevent the dc current from injecting the grid.
The use of an isolation transformer in the grid-connected photovoltaic
generation system should be avoided due to cost, size, and efficiency. In general,
the bridge-type dc–ac inverter is used in the grid-connected photovoltaic
generation system. However, a conventional bridge-type dc–ac inverter, without
an isolation transformer, results in the problem of leakage current because it
cannot sustain the voltage of its negative terminal at a constant value. Recently,
many dc–ac inverter topologies have been proposed to solve the problem of
leakage current. This paper proposes a transformer less grid-connected power
converter with negative grounding for a photovoltaic generation system.
1.4.4 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM
 Efficiency of the system low.
 Output voltage not constant in utility side.
 Cost of the system increase
 Transformer losses also increase the total losses of the system
 Complex in circuit
 Modes of operation is high
1.5 OBJECTIVE
 To design the LUO Converter for photovoltaic generation using Fuzzy
logic controller based MPPT algorithm.
 To deliver constant voltage to the load using fuzzy logic control
 To implement solar energy based single phase voltage source inverter with
PI controller.
 7

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
TITLE:Comparative Study on Buck and Cuk DC-DC Converters for MPP
Tracking for Photovoltaic Power Systems [1]
AUTHOR:BarnamJyotiSaharia et all, Tezpur University (A Central University),
Assam.
 In this paper solar based buck boost converter with different MPPT
algorithm is proposed such as hills clamping MPPT method.
 The cuk converter can track the MPP with a reasonably higher efficiency in
all the subjected atmospheric conditions of insulation and temperature.
 It provides 93.82% efficiency at boost mode.
DRAW BACK:
 The author didn’t explained about for RL load, its only for DC application.
 In buck boost converter the input current is discontinuous so that it will
produce higher order ripple in Output voltage.
 Also not discussed about Partial shading condition in PV panel side, it is
the major drawback. The solar energy with this converter is not enough to
maintain power for whole day.

TITLE:Comparison of Hill-Climbing and Artificial Neural Network

Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Modules. [2]
AUTHOR:Zarrad ONS and Jemaa AYMEN et all, L’ecoleNationaled’ingenieurs
de MonastirUniversite de MonastirMonastir, Tunisie.
 In this paper, HC and ANN maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
algorithms in a photovoltaic electrical energy generation system are
analyzed and compared.
 In ANN Mppt algorithm it does not need any internal parameters like
voltage and current reference. But in HC algorithm its needs different
reference parameters.
 8

 The ANN algorithm attains maximum power at very short duration

compared to HC algorithm.

DRAW BACK:
 In this paper also author didn’t control the partial shading effect, this will
produce high oscillations in the voltage.
 Real time applications are not shown, not discussed about energy
harvesting.

TITLE:Analysis of Modulation Strategy for the Minimization of Leakage

Current in the PV Grid Connected Cascaded Multi-Level Inverter [3]
AUTHOR:VenuSontiet all. North Carolina State University, Raleigh – 27695
(USA)
 In this paper PV based five level inverter is proposed to reduce the THD in
inverter output voltage.

 Further, this paper also presents the analysis for the terminal voltage across
the PV array and common mode voltage of the inverter based on switching
function.
 The output voltage is fed to the grid without using any transformer.

DRAW BACK:
 The MPPT algorithm didn’t make voltage as constant because of improper
MPPT algorithm. Its take much time to reach the maximum power.
 Its needs two isolated supply for this configuration so that two solar panel
and two dc to converters are necessary.
 Thd value is not clearly mentioned.
 9

TITLE:Design and Control Process of SEPIC Converter for Maximum

Power Extraction in Wind Energy Conversion Systems [4]
AUTHOR:JakeerHussain,et all. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai,
India
 In this paper Wind energy conversion system proposed with SEPIC
converter.
 This converter input current is continuous, also ripple factor is very less. So
that it makes voltage and current ripples were very less.
 Its voltage boost ratio is high so that system efficiency is high.
DRAW BACK:
 This paper is explained with standalone load. For variable drive system
efficiency is very less.
 In this SEPIC converter overcomes return current problem since back emf
problems not yet solved.

TITLE:Design and Development of MPPT Algorithm for High Efficient DC-

DC converter for Wind Energy System Connected to Grid [5]
AUTHOR:Sahebrao N. Patilet all
 In this paper wind DC-DC (Buck boost) converter which gives maximum
output voltage, power and maximum efficiency at any condition.
 The grid voltage and frequency is synchronized by using PLL techniques.
 Development of maximum tracking algorithm is presented and
implemented by using DSP processor which gives the maximum efficiency
of wind system.
DRAW BACK:
 Its efficiency is very less, since its only 91.1%. Due to buck boost converter
efficiency is very less.
 Not discussed about power factor correction.
 10

TITLE:A Multi-Port Converter Based Renewable Energy System for

Residential Consumers of Smart Grid [6]
AUTHOR: Mohammad Jafariet all, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation (CSIRO) PO Box 123, Broadway, Australia
 In this paper fuzzy based energy management unit (FBEMU) for a
renewable energy system (RES) is introduced.
 Its hybrid energy system so that energy harvesting problems will not come.
 The inverter output voltage is fed to the grid through suitable control
technique, so it can control the PQ problems in grid side.
DRAW BACK:
 Its needs number of dc to dc converters, so the pfc problem has introduced
due to switching losses.
 Not suitable for motor loads due to energy harvesting problem.
 11

CHAPTER-3
DESIGN OF SOLAR PANEL
3.1 INTRODUCTION
In 1839, a French physicist Edmund Becquerel proposed that few materials
have the ability to produce electricity when exposed to sunlight. But Albert
Einstein explained the photoelectric effect and the nature of light in 1905.
Photoelectric effect state that when photons or sunlight strikes to a metal surface
flow of electrons will take place. Later photoelectric effect became the basic
principle for the technology of photovoltaic power generation. The first PV
module was manufactured by Bell laboratories in 1954.
3.1.1 PV CELL
Photovoltaic cell is the building block of the PV system and semiconductor
material such as silicon and germanium are the building block of PV cell. Silicon
is used for photovoltaic cell due to its advantages over germanium. When photons
hit the surface of solar cell, the electrons and holes are generated by breaking the
covalent bond inside the atom of semiconductor material and in response electric
field is generated by creating positive and negative terminals. When these
terminals are connected by a conductor an electric current will start flowing. This
electricity is used to power a load.

Fig.3.1 Structure of PV cell

 12

3.1.2 PV MODULE
A single cell generate very low voltage (around 0.4), so more than one PV
cells can be connected either in serial or in parallel or as a grid (both serial and
parallel) to form a PV module as shown in fig.3.3. When we need higher voltage,
we connect PV cell in series and if load demand is high current then we connect
PV cell in parallel. Usually there are 36 or 76 cells in general PV modules.
Module we are using having 54 cells. The front side of the module is transparent
usually buildup of low-iron and transparent glass material, and the PV cell is
encapsulated. The efficiency of a module is not as good as PV cell, because the
glass cover and frame reflects some amount of the incoming radiation.
3.1.3 PV ARRAY
A photovoltaic array is simply an interconnection of several PV modules in
serial and/or parallel. The power generated by individual modules may not be
sufficient to meet the requirement of trading applications, so the modules are
secured in a grid form or as an array to gratify the load demand. In an array, the
modules are connected like as that of cells connected in a module. While making a
PV array, generally the modules are initially connected in serial manner to obtain
the desired voltage, and then strings so obtained are connected in parallel in order
to produce more current based on the requirement.

Fig.3.2 Photovoltaic system

3.2 WORKING OF PV CELL
The basic theory involved in working of an individual PV cell is the
Photoelectric effect according to which, when a photon particle hits a PV cell,
after receiving energy from sunbeam the electrons of the semiconductor get
 13

excited and hop to the conduction band from the valence band and become free to
move. Movement of electrons create positive and negative terminal and also create
potential difference across these two terminals. When an external circuit is
connected between these terminals an electric current start flowing through the
circuit.

Fig 3.3 Working of PV cell

3.3 MODELING OF PV CELL

The photovoltaic system converts sunlight directly to electricity without
having any disastrous effect on our environment. The basic segment of PV array is
PV cell, which is just a simple p-n junction device. The fig.3.4 manifests the
equivalent circuit of PV cell . Equivalent circuit has a current source
(photocurrent), a diode parallel to it, a resistor in series describing an internal
resistance to the flow of current and a shunt resistance which expresses a leakage
current. The current supplied to the load can be given as.

Where
IPV–Photocurrent current,
IO–diode’s Reverse saturation current,
V–Voltage across the diode,
a– Ideality factor
 14

VT –Thermal voltage
Rs– Series resistance
Rp–Shunt resistance

Fig 3.4 Equivalent circuit of Single diode modal of a solar cell

PV cell photocurrent, which depends on the radiation and temperature, can
be expressed as.

Where
KI– cell’s short circuit current temperature coefficient
G–solar irradiation in W/m3
GSTC–nominal solar irradiation in W/m3
IPV_STC– Light generated current under standard test condition
The reverse saturation current varies as a cubic function of temperature,
which is represented as

Where
I0_STC– Nominal saturation current
 15

Eg– Energy band gap of semiconductor

TSTC–temperature at standard test condition
q – Charge of electrons
The reverse saturation current can be further improved as a function of
temperature as follows

Where,
ISC_STC– short circuit current at standard test condition
VOC_STC– short circuit voltage at standard test condition
KV– temperature coefficient of open circuit voltage
Many authors proposed more developed models for better accuracy and for
different purposes. In some of the models, the effect of the recombination of
carriers is represented by an extra diode. Some authors also used three diode
models which included influences of some other effects that are not considered in
previous models. But due to simplicity we use single diode model for our work.
Efficiency of a PV cell does not depend on the variation in the shunt resistance Rp
of the cell but efficiency of a PV cell greatly depends on the variation in series
resistance Rs. As Rp of the cell is inversely proportional to the shunt leakage
current to ground so it can be assumed to be very large value for a very small
leakage current to ground.
As the total power generated by a single PV cell is very low, we used a
combination of PV cells to fulfill our desired requirement. This grid of PV cells is
knows as PV array. The equations of the PV array can be represented as
 16

NS– Number of series cells

NP– Number of parallel cells

Fig.3.5 Representation of PV module

A small change in series resistance can affect more on the efficiency of a
PV cells but variation in shunt resistance does not affect more. For very small
leakage current to ground, shunt resistance assumed to be infinity and can be
treated as open. After considering shunt resistance infinity, the mathematical
equation of the model can be expressed as.

I-V and P-V characteristics of PV module are shown in figures 3.7 and 3.8
respectively.
 17

Fig. 3.6 IV characteristics Fig. 3.7 PV characteristics

The two key parameters which are used to relate the electrical performance
are the open-circuit voltage of the cell VOC and short-circuit current of the cell Isc.
The maximum power can be stated as

3.4. SHADING EFFECT

When a module or a part of it is shaded it starts generating less voltage or
current as compared to unshaded one. When modules are connected in series,
same current will flow in entire circuit but shaded portion cannot able to generate
same current but have to allow the same current to flow, so shaded portion starts
behaving like load and starts consuming power. When shaded portion starts to act
as load this condition is known as hot-spot problem. Without appropriate
protection, problem of hot-spot may arise and, in severe cases, the system may get
damaged. To reduce the damage in this condition we generally use a bypass diode
. Block diagram of PV array in shaded condition is shown below.
 18

Fig 3.8 PV Array in Shaded condition

Due to partial shading or total shading PV characteristic become more non-
linear, having more than one maximum power point. So for this condition tracking
of the maximum power point become very tedious. We can easily see the effect of
shading on PV characteristics in the fig shown below.

Fig. 3.9 Effect of partial shading on I-V & P-V characteristics

 19

3.5 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

Maximum power point tracing (MPPT) system is an electronic control
system that can be able to coerce the maximum power from a PV system. It does
not involve a single mechanical component that results in the movement of the
modules changing their direction and make them face straight towards the sun.
MPPT control system is a completely electronic system which can deliver
maximum allowable power by varying the operating point of the modules
electrically.
3.5.1 NECESSITY OF MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
In the Power Vs Voltage characteristic of a PV module shown in fig 3.9 we
can observe that there exist single maxima i.e. a maximum power point associated
with a specific voltage and current that are supplied. The overall efficiency of a
module is very low around 13%. So it is necessary to operate it at the crest power
point so that the maximum power can be provided to the load irrespective of
continuously changing environmental conditions. This increased power makes it
better for the use of the solar PV module. A DC/DC converter which is placed
next to the PV module extracts maximum power by matching the impedance of
the circuit to the impedance of the PV module and transfers it to the load.
Impedance matching can be done by varying the duty cycle of the switching
elements.
3.5.2. MPPT ALGORITHM
There are many algorithms which help in tracing the maximum power point of the
PV module. They are following:
a. P&O algorithm
b. IC algorithm
c. Parasitic capacitance
d. Voltage based peak power tracking
e. Current Based peak power tracking
 20

CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SYSTEM

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 4.1 Block Diagram of Proposed System

4.2 TOPOLOGY OF CASCADED CUK MULTILEVEL PV INVERTER

The presented PV inverter topology is a regulated cascaded H-bridge
multilevel inverter followed by a centralized unregulated AC Boost converter, as
shown in Fig. 4.1(a). In this topology, each PV panel is connected to an H-bridge
inverter, and each DC link voltage is regulated by the corresponding Hbridge. The
centralized unregulated AC Boost converter provides the voltage-boosting
function for the inverter.
This PV inverter topology significantly enlarges the input voltage range due
to the additional AC Boost. This topology is not a simple combination of the
cascaded H-bridge and the AC Boost. It is not easy to make this topology work
appropriately when combing the two topologies. Since the cascaded H-bridge
should be responsible for the control of all the individual PV panel voltages, the
 21

cascaded H-bridge must always be a regulated stage. This paper proposes to make
the AC Boost work as an unregulated stage, which can be regarded as a
“transformer”.
Making the AC Boost work without regulation significantly simplifies the
control structure when combining the two stages. With the interleaving
modulation for the cascaded H-bridge, the output voltage vAB of the cascaded H-
bridge is still a multilevel waveform, and the inductor current ripple frequency is
still much higher than the switching frequency of each Hbridge. Depending on the
grid voltage vg and the averaged output voltage VAB of the cascaded H-bridge,
there are two operation modes for this inverter: Buck mode and Cuk mode. To
avoid the saturations of the H-Bridge duty-cycles, to achieve the smooth transition
between the two modes, and to reduce the switching loss of the AC Boost, a dual-
mode sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is introduced.
In Buck mode, AC Boost duty-cycle is zero, and the AC Boost is bypassed.
Thus, in Buck mode, there are no switching losses on the devices of the AC Boost,
and this inverter works just like the conventional cascaded H-bridge inverter. In
Cuk mode, both the cascaded H-bridge inverter and the AC Boost switch at high
frequency, and the AC Boost operates with a nonzero feed forward duty-cycle. In
Cuk mode, the unregulated AC Boost works like a step-up transformer. The details
of the dual-mode operation principles and the modulations will be explained in the
following sections
 22

Figure. 4.2. The dual-mode cascaded multilevel Cuk PV inverter topology: (a)
cascaded H-bridge inverter connected to a central AC/AC Boost converter; and (b)
cascaded H-bridge inverters connected to a central dual-phase interleaved AC/AC
Boost converter

4.3 OPERATION MODES AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

The conventional dual-mode Cuk inverters, such as the active Cuk inverter
are centralized inverters with single DC input source. Since the single DC voltage
can be regulated by either the Buck stage or the Boost stage, these centralized
dual-mode inverters can work in Buck mode or Boost mode. In Buck mode, the
Boost is bypassed, and the Buck controls the DC voltage. In Boost mode, the Buck
is bypassed, and the Boost controls the DC voltage.
 23

However, the presented cascaded Cuk multilevel inverter has multiple

independent DC input sources, and the AC Boost is a centralized stage and shared
by multiple H-bridges. Thus, the DC link PV voltages must always be controlled
by the cascaded H-bridge. In other words, to maintain the controllability for all the
DC link PV voltages, the cascaded H-bridge cannot be bypassed, and hence there
is no Boost mode for this inverter.

This inverter can work in Buck mode or Cuk mode. In Buck mode, the AC
Boost is bypassed, while the cascaded H-bridge switches and controls all the DC
link PV voltages. In Cuk mode, the AC Boost switches with feed forward duty-
cycles and without regulation, while the cascaded H-bridge still switches and
controls all the DC link PV voltages. This dual-mode operation can realize the
control of the multiple DC link PV voltages and reduce the switching loss of the
AC Boost.

The operation principles, analysis and equivalent circuits are discussed in

this section. To simplify the analysis, the inverter with a single AC Boost (Fig.
4(a)) is discussed in this section. To achieve high utilization of the main inductor,
unipolar SPWM is utilized for the cascaded H-bridge. Moreover, to minimize the
switching loss of the cascaded H-bridge, only one half-bridge (Sj1 and Sj2,
j=1…n) of each H-bridge works with high frequency. The other half-bridge (Sj3
and Sj4, j=1…n) of each H-bridge works with line frequency. For each H-bridge,
the individual H-bridge modulation signal vmj (j=1…n) is from -1 to 1 . The
averaged output voltage VAB of the cascaded H-bridge is calculated as

Where Vpvj (j=1…n) is the output voltage of the jth PV panel. Based on the
unipolar SPWM, the individual H-bridge duty cycle dj is derived as
 24

Wheredj (j=1…n) is from 0 to 1, and vg is the grid voltage.

Fig. 4.3. Equivalent circuits: (a) Buck mode; and (b) Cuk mode.
 25

A. Buck Mode: In Buck mode, the cascaded H-bridge stage switches at high

frequency. The AC Boost converter is bypassed by keeping the high side switches
S2a and S2b on, while the low side switches, S1a and S1b, are always off. There is
no switching loss on the AC Boost. In Buck mode, the following equation can be
obtained as

The equivalent circuit of this inverter in Buck mode is shown in Fig. 4.5(a). Since
the AC Boost is bypassed, the AC Boost is equivalent to a transformer with a
turn’s ratio of 1:1. B. Cuk Mode: In Cuk mode, both the cascaded H-bridge and

the AC Boost operate at high switching frequencies. In this mode, the following
equation can be obtained as

Where dBoost is the duty-cycle of the AC Boost. The AC Boost duty-cycle

dBoost, generated by a feed forward method, will be discussed in the next section.
The equivalent circuit of this inverter in Cuk mode is shown in Fig. 4.5(b). Since
the AC Boost switches at high frequency, the AC Boost is equivalent to a step-up
transformer with a turn’s ratio of (1- dBoost):1.
 26

CHAPTER 5

SIMULATION RESULTS

The proposed work is implemented using the Matlab simulation.

5.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM SIMULINK

The Figure 6.1 shows the proposed matlab simulation work using six switches
for shunt active power filter with harmonics current elimination.

Figure 5.1Proposed system Simulink

 27

Figure 5.2Proposed system Simulink with MLI

Figure 5.3 Proposed system Simulink with PWM generation

 28

Figure 5.4 Proposed system Simulink source ac voltage output and current

The Figure 5.4 shows the three phase input source voltage and current
waveform to the nonlinear load. Due to the nonlinear load, source current gets
affected by current harmonics.
 29

Figure 5.5 Proposed systems Simulink reactive power

The Figure 5.5 shows the real and reactive of the system. Initially real power is
very less and reactive power is high. After the injection of multi-level inverter voltage
the reactive power comes down.
 30

Figure 5.6 Proposed systems Simulink MLI output voltage

The Figure 5.6 shows the multi-level inverter voltage only using six switches.
This concept has very less harmonics and control technique also very easy to
implement.
 31

Figure 5.7 Proposed systems voltage and current Simulink before fuzzy logic
control scheme

The Figure 5.7 shows the source voltage and current before injecting the inverter
voltage.Its not in phase with current, this is the reason for power factor reduction.

Figure 5.8 Proposed systems voltage and current Simulink after Fuzzy logic
control

The Figure 5.8 shows the proposed result. This is in phase the voltage and current.
 32

Figure 5.9 THD result of the input source current

Figure 5.9 shows the THD waveform, its comes under IEEE standard. In existing
system the THD is too high, but in proposed system the THD is very less due to fuzzy
logic control and multi-level inverter.
 33

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSIONS

This project introduces a high-efficiency and high-density single-phase

dual-mode cascaded Cuk multilevel transformer less PV inverter for residential
application. This inverter has a regulated cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter
followed by a centralized unregulated AC Boost converter. Compared with the
conventional cascaded H-bridge inverter, the additional AC Boost enlarges the
input voltage operation range. Compared with the conventional active Cuk
inverter, the cascaded Cuk multilevel inverter has the individual MPPT capability.

By combining the cascaded H-bridge and the AC Boost, this PV inverter

achieves all the following major features which are highly desirable for a
residential PV inverter: the panel-based structure, the elimination of the high
voltage DC arc fault, the high efficiency, the high power density, and the high
flexibility of the number of PV panels. The traditional dual-mode active Cuk
inverter has Buck mode and Boost mode.

For the presented cascaded Cuk multilevel inverter, this paper introduces a
different dual-mode operation, Buck mode and Cuk mode, since the cascaded H-
bridge must always switch to control all the DC link voltages whenever the AC
Boost switches or not. In the traditional dual-mode SPWM, the duty cycle of the
H-bridge is saturated to 1 when the AC Boost switches.

However, for the presented cascaded Cuk multilevel inverter, this paper
introduces a different dual-mode modulation based on a minimized AC Boost feed
forward duty cycle generation, to avoid the saturations of the H-bridge duty
cycles, to achieve smooth mode transition, and to improve the system efficiency.
 34

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