NKLKFKM

L@Y@UKWKSKH ABWK BB

Lohs`p Ckh Ksumkh L`p`rkwktkh

L`p`rkwktkh
Lksus Ysblotbl G`fkhckhgkh

Cbsusuh Of`m1

;. Kyu Khbtk (;7;;;;407:)

(;7;;;;407:)
5. Ubslk Kprbkhb (;7;;;;4020)
(;7;;;;4020)
4. Khbsk Krrksy Tmbccb`qy (;7;;;;4027)
(;7;;;;4027)
3. Kyu F`stkrb (;7;;;;4:;5)
(;7;;;;4:;5)
0. Cwb U`slmb Hovbtmkskrb (;7;;;;4:44)
(;7;;;;4:44)
:. Kufbk Tkc`vk (;7;;;;4:47)
(;7;;;;4:47)
7. Yutrb Cwb Kyuhbhgrun (;7;;;;4:0:)
(;7;;;;4:0:)
=. Amocb Berkmbn (;7;;;;4:07)
(;7;;;;4:07)
2. Tbtb J`eryzk Bhcrk (;7;;;;4:0=)
(;7;;;;4:0=)
;9. U`zly Ubzkftb (;7;;;;4::9)
(;7;;;;4::9)

L`fonpol ;
K 59;7 4

Cos`h Y`nebnebhg1
Hs. Cbcb Lurhbkwkh, N.L`p.

JKLPFSKT L@Y@UKWKSKH
PHBZ@UTBSKT UBKP
Y@LKHEKUP
59;2

b
 LKSK Y@HGKHSKU

Yuab ckh syulur s`hkhtbksk p`hufbs udkplkh ktks l`mkcbrkt Kffkm TWS,
lkr`hk ktks lkruhbk ckh rkmnkt-Hyk p`hufbs ckpkt n`hy`f`skblkh nklkfkm bhb
t`pkt pkck wkltuhyk.
Nklkfkm bhb cbtuaulkh uhtul n`n`humb tugks nktk lufbkm L`p`rkwktkh
Abwk BB ckfkn tugks s`nbhkr l`fonpol. Ckh augk p`hufbs n`hgudkplkh
t`rbnklksbm l`pkck s`nuk pbmkl ykhg tbckl s`npkt p`hufbs s`eutlkh sktu-p`rsktu
ykhg turut n`nekhtu l`fkhdkrkh p`hyusuhkh nklkfkm bhb.
Ckfkn nklkfkm bhb cbskablkh ekmkskh t`htkhg Lohs`p Ckh Ksumkh
L`p`rkwktkh Lksus Ysblotbl G`fkhckhgkh. Y`hufbs n`hykckrb ekmwk nklkfkm bhb
nksbm ekhykl l`lurkhgkh ckh l`f`nkmkhyk, ekbl ckfkn bsb nkupuh
sbst`nktblkhyk. Of`m lkr`hk btu p`hufbs n`hgmkrkplkh lrbtbl ckh skrkh uhtul
n`hy`npurhklkh nklkfkm bhb.
Klmbr lktk p`hufbs n`hgmkrkplkh s`nogk nklkfkm bhb ckpkt e`rguhk ckh
n`ne`rblkh nkhjkkt lmusushyk nkmksbswk ckh ununhyk ekgb p`nekdk.

Y`lkhekru, ; T`pt`ne`r 59;2

Y`hufbs

b
 CKJSKU BTB

LKSK Y@HGKHSKU b
CKJSKU BTB bb

EKE B Y@HCKMPFPKH
K. Fktkr E`fklkhg ;
E. Uunuskh Nkskfkm 5
D. Suaukh Y`hufbskh 5
EKE BB FKHCKTKH S@OUB
K. C`jbhbsb G`fkhckhgkh Ysblotbl 4
E. A`hbs-A`hbs G`fkhckhgkh Ysblotbl 4
D. Y`hy`eke G`fkhckhgkh Ysblotbl 7
C. Fkykhkh Rkhg Cbeutumlkh Of`m G`fkhckhgkh Ysblotbl =
@. Y`hkhgkhkh G`fkhckhgkh Ysblotbl =
J. Fkhglkm-Fkhglkm U`mkebfbtksb Ykck G`fkhckhgkh Ysblotbl ;;
G. Ksumkh L`p`rkwktkh Ykck G`fkhckhgkh Ysblotbl ;:
EKE BBB Y@HPSPY
K. L`sbnpufkh 54
E. Tkrkh 53
CKJSKU YPTSKLK 50

bb
 EKE B
Y@HCKMPFPKH

K. Fktkr E`fklkhg
Lktk g`fkhckhgkh ckfkn lknus e`skr Ekmksk Bhcoh`sbk n`nbfblb krtbkh
orkhg ykhg tbckl n`npuhykb p`l`rakkh ckh t`npkt tbhggkf ykhg t`tkp.
N`r`lk mbcup cbekwkm-ekwkm lofohg a`nektkh ckh n`r`lk nklkh ckrb
mksbf n`hg`nbs ktku n`hgkbs ckrb sbsk-sbsk sknpkm ykhg ebsk uhtul
cbnklkh. T`ckhglkh lktk psblotbl kckfkm gkhggukh abwk ykhg cbtkhckb
c`hgkh l`tbcklnknpukh bhcbvbcu n`hbfkb l`hyktkkh ykhg t`rakcb ckfkn
krtbkh s`s`orkhg t`rs`eut suckm tbckl ebsk n`ne`cklkh khtkrk l`hyktkkh
ckh mkykfkh.
G`fkhckhgkh psblotbl ckpkt n`nbfblb krtb s`s`orkhg ykhg mbcup ckfkn
l`kckkh ykhg tbckl s`sukb c`hgkh hornk l`mbcupkh ykhg fkykl ckfkn
nksykrklkt, n`npuhykb tbhglkm fklu ykhg kh`m, sulk e`rpbhckm-pbhckm ckh
n`hybnpkhg ckrb hornk-hornk ykhg kck ktku s`s`orkhg e`lks p`hc`rbtk
 p`hyklbt abwk ykhg t`fkm n`hckpktlkh p`fkykhkh n`cbs ktku ykhg s`ckhg
n`hckpktlkh p`fkykhkh n`cbs. T`mbhggk n`hy`ekelkh jkltor l`nbslbhkh.
L`nbslbhkh n`rupklkh nkskfkm ykhg runbt. C`nblkh p`fblhyk s`klkh-
klkh n`hakcb p`rsokfkh kekcb s`p`rtb s`eukm fbhglkrkh ykhg tbckl kck
uauhghyk ckh s`fkfu e`rputkr s`nklbh n`ne`skr s`rtk e`rcknpkl s`nklbh
fuks. Cknpkl ykhg cbtbneuflkh skhgkt e`rlkbtkh `rkt c`hgkh e`rekgkb ksp`l
l`mbcupkh, s`p`rtb ksp`l psblofogb, ksp`l sosbkf, euckyk, ksp`l mulun,
s`mbhggk s`rbhg cb lkbtlkh c`hgkh l`tbcklknkhkh ckh l`tbcklhyknkhkh
nksykrklkt. T`dkrk sosbkf `lohonb lohcbsb l`nbslbhkh ykhg n`hkmuh cb
c`sk nkupuh cb lotk c`hgkh s`gkfk s`eke ckh klbekthyk. T`ekehyk s`p`rtb
lurkhghyk fkpkhgkh p`l`rakkh, p`hgmksbfkh ykhg lurkhg n`hdulupb, fkmkh
ykhg s`nklbh n`hy`npbt, s`n`htkrk aunfkm p`hcucul c`sk t`rus
 e`rtknekm ykhg l`nucbkh n`hy`ekelkh s`ekgbkh p`hcucul c`sk n`nbfbm
uhtul e`rpbhckm n`huau l` lotk-lotk e`skr c`hgkh mkrkpkh n`hckpktlkh
 p`hgmbcupkh ykhg f`ebm fkykl.

;
E. Uunuskh Nkskfkm
E`rckskrlkh fktkr e`fklkhg nklkfkm t`rs`eut nklk p`runuskh
nkskfkmhyk kckfkm s`ekgkb e`rblut 1
;. Kpk ykhg cbnklsuc c`hgkh g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl?
5. Kpk skak a`hbs-a`hbs g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl?
4. Kpk ykhg n`hy`ekelkh g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl?
3. Kpk skak fkykhkh ykhg cbeutumlkh of`m g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl?
0. Ekgkbnkhk p`hkhgkhkh g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl?
:. Ekgkbnkhk fkhglkm-fkhglkm r`mkebfbtksb pkck g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl?
7. Ekgkbnkhk ksumkh l`p`rkwktkh pkck g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl?

D. Suaukh Y`hufbskh
E`rckskrlkh fktkr e`fklkhg ckh runuskh nkskfkm, p`hufbskh nklkfkm
bhb e`rtuaukh s`ekgkb e`rblut 1
;. Phtul n`hg`tkmub kpk c`jbhbsb ckrb g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl.
5. Phtul n`hg`tkmub a`hbs-a`hbs g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl.
4. Phtul n`hg`tkmub p`hy`eke g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl.
3. Phtul n`hg`tkmub fkykhkh ykhg cbeutumlkh of`m g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl.
0. Phtul n`hg`tkmub p`hkhgkhkh g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl.
:. Phtul n`hg`tkmub fkhglkm-fkhglkm r`mkebfbtksb pkck g`fkhckhgkh
 psblotbl.
7. Phtul n`hg`tkmub ksumkh l`p`rkwktkh pkck g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl.

5
 EKE BB
FKHCKTKH S@OUB

K. C`jbhbsb G`fkhckhgkh Ysblotbl

G`fkhckhgkh Ysblotbl Kckfkm s`s`orkhg ykhg mbcup ckfkn l`kckkh
tbckl s`sukb c`hgkh hornk l`mbcupkh ykhg fkykl ckfkn nksykrklkt,
n`npuhykb tbhglkm fklu kh`m/n`hybnpkhg ckrb hornk-hornk ykhg kck
ktku s`s`orkhg e`lks p`hc`rbtk p`hyklbt abwk, ykhg t`fkm n`hckpkt
 p`fkykhkh n`cbs ckh t`fkm n`hckpkt Turkt L`t`rkhgkh T`neum ckh tbckl
n`npuhykb l`fukrgk/lurkhg nknpu s`rtk p`rfu n`hckpkt ekhtukh uhtul
mbcup. Lrbt`rbk g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl1 mbcup n`hgg`fkhckhg cb t`npkt-
t`npkt unun t`rutknk cb lotk-lotk, l`mkcbrkhhyk tbckl cbt`rbnk l`fukrgk
ckh nksykrklkt s`lbtkrhyk, t`npkt tbhggkf tbckl t`tkp, s`p`rtb e`rkhck tolo,
cb lofohg a`nektkh, t`rnbhkf ckh fkbhhyk, s`rbhg n`hgknul ckh e`rebdkrk
s`hcbrb, p`hknpbfkhhyk cb ekwkm skckr ktku tbckl s`sukb c`hgkh hornk
ckfkn nksykrklkt, nbskfhyk tbckl n`hgguhklkh pklkbkh, n`nklkh
nklkhkh ckrb sbsk-sbsk cb t`npkt sknpkm, tbckl n`npuhykb p`l`rakkh
(Y`rn`hsos UB Ho. = tkmuh 59;5).

E. A`hbs G`fkhckhgkh Ysblotbl

E`rblut bhb a`hbs-a`hbs gkhggukh psblotbl n`hurut Lurt Tdmh`bc`r,
59;21
;. Tlbzojr`hbk
Tlbzojr`hbk n`rupklkh gkhggukh n`htkf ykhg cbtkhckb c`hgkh
gkhggukh pros`s pblbr ckh `nosb. Ykck ununhyk g`akfk ykhg nuhduf
kckfkm mkfusbhksb c`hgkr, pkrkhobc ktku wkmkn, dkrk e`rjblbr lkdku, ckh
cbs`rtkb cbsjuhgsb sosbkf. G`akfk ykhg nuhduf ebksk ckfkn usbk c`wksk
nuck, c`hgkh pr`vkf`hsb gfoekf 9,4 % sknpkb 9,7%. Cbkghosbs
cbt`gkllkh e`rckskrlkh p`hgknktkh p`rbfklu ckhp`hgkfknkh ykhg
cbfkporlkh.

4
  p`rbfklu tbckl t`rorgkhbsksb. Y`hy`eke gkhggukh sbhglkt bhb kck
mueuhgkhhyk c`hgkh jkltor str`ssor ykhg sbghbjblkh ebsk sktu ktku
 e`e`rkpk nbskfhyk trkunk e`hdkhk, l`mbfkhgkh orkhg ykh gcbskykhgb.
Gkhggukh bhb augk ebsk t`rakcb pkck sbhcron ekey efu`s ktku trkunk
s`t`fkm n`fkmbrlkh.
Y`hkhgkhkh gkhggukh psblotbl sbhglkt ykbtu n`fkfub psblot`rkpb
ckh nuhglbh n`n`rfulkh oekt oektkh p`h`lkh g`akfk. T`fkbh btu
culuhgkh l`fukrgk n`rupklkh jkltor p`htbhg uhtul p`hc`rbtk. T`t`fkm
jks` klut t`rktksb, orkhg orkhg cbs`lbtkr p`hc`rbtk ckpkt n`nekhtu
n`hgktksb str`s, n`hy`f`skblkh lohjfbl ckh augk n`hbhglktlkh mkrgk
cbrb ckh p`rdkyk cbrb ckrb p`hc`rbtk.
3. Gkhggukh Tlbzojr`hbjorn
Gkhggukh slbzojr`hbjorn n`rupklkh kckhyk gkhggukh ykhg
n`hy`ekelkh p`rbfklu kehornkf nbrbp slbzojr`hbk. Gkhggukh bhb
t`rakcb lurkhg ckrb `hkn eufkh ckh e`fun ckpkt cblkt`gorblkh s`ekgkb
slbzojr`hbk. Dbrb dbrb gkhggukh slbzojr`hbjorn bhb ykbtu pblbrkh kh`m,
l`tbcklnknpukh `nosb, pofk ebdkrk ykhg kehornkf, mkfusbhksb, c`fusb,
l`sufbtkh ckfkn n`nkmknb ckh e`rjblbr, tbckl nknpu n`hg`lspr`sblkh
 p`rkskkh ckh n`np`rtkmkhlkh mueuhgkh sosbkf.
Y`hy`ekehyk ebsk e`rnkdkn nkdkn nbskfhyk jkltor ebofogbs,
g`h`tblk ykbtu kckhyk l`turuhkh, ktku mueuhgkh c`hgkh fbhgluhgkh
sosbkf. Y`hkhgkhkhhyk ebsk c`hgkh t`rkpb psblofogbs, p`hgoektkh,
lohs`fbhg, ckh augk culuhgkh ckrb orkhg s`lbtkr klkh s`fkfu
cbeutumlkh.
0. Gkhggukh Tp`ltrun Tlbzojr`hbk
Gkhggukh sp`ltrun slbzojr`hbk n`rupklkh a`hbs gkhggukh
 psblotbl cbnkhk bhcbvbcu n`nbfblb gkhggukh nooc ykhg pkrkm ckh augk
dbrb s`p`rtb slbzojr`hbk. Bstbfkm bhb n`hdklup tbp` slbzojr`hbk ykhg
 e`rvkrbksb tbhlkt l`pkrkmkhhyk nufkb ckrb ykhg rbhgkh ykbtu tbp`
slbzotbpkf ckh sdmbzobc mbhggk gkhggukh l`prbekcbkh ykhg e`rkt s`p`rtb
slbzojr`hbk ckh slbzokj`ltbj.Y`re`ckkh slbhojr`hbk c`hgkh sp`dtrun
slbzojr`hbk c`hgkh pkck c`rkakt l`pkrkmkh ckrb pkck a`hbshyk.

:
 Dbrb gkhggukh sp`ltun slbzojr`hbk e`rdknpur,t`rnksul dbrb
 psblotbl mkfusbhksb,wkmkn,p`ruekmkh nooc,c`pr`sb,nkhbkl,l`sufbtkh
n`h`tkp ckh e`rkckptksb c`hgkh tuhtutkh fbhgluhgkh ktku l`mbcupkh.
A`hbs-a`hbs gkhggukh psblotbl n`nbfblb p`hy`eke ckh dkrk
 p`hkhgkhkhhyk nksbhg-nksbhg n`slbpuh s`dkrk unun g`akfkhyk ckh
 p`hkhgkhkhhyk mknp`r sknk.Gkhggukh psblotbl n`hbtbl e`rktlkh pkck
kckhyk l`kehornkfkh pkck loghbtbj ckh pofk pblbr,kj`ltbj,ckh
 prbfklu.Y`hybnpkhgkh t`rs`eut l`nucbkh n`hbneuflkh l`ruskakh
mueuhgkh sodbkf ckh n`rugblkh.Culuhgkh posbtbj ckrb orkhg t`rc`lkt
skhgkt cbeutumlkh uhtul n`hcknpbhgkh p`hc`rbtk n`hbhglktlkh
 p`rekblkh cbrb ckh n`hakcb kckptbj.Y`hkhgkh s`g`rk p`rfu cbfklulkh
kpkebfk khkck n`h`nulkh g`akfk-g`akfk cbkts pkck orkhg t`rc`lkt.

D. Y`hy`ekeG`fkhckhgkh Ysblotbl
Ysblotbl ckpkt cbs`ekelkh of`m e`e`rkpk jkltor,ykbtu1

;. Nkskfkm l`s`mktkh n`htkf t`rt`htu,s`p`rtb slbzojr`hbk,ebpofkr,ckh

c`pr`sb e`rkt.
5. Lurkhg tbcur.
4. Y`hgkfknkh trkunktbs,t`rfkfu d`nks,ktku str`ss.
3. Y`hykfkm guhkkh oekt-oektkh ckh kflomof.
0. @j`l sknpbhg ckrb oekt t`rt`htu.
:. Lohcbsb jbsbl ktku p`hyklbt ykhg e`rmueuhgkh c`hgkh otkl,p`hyklbt
Ykrlbhsoh,tunor otkl,ckh s`ekgkbhyk.
7. E`e`rkpk tbp` c`n`hsbk ykhg cbs`ekelkh of`m p`hyklbt Kfzm`bn`r,
MBZ,sbjbfbs,e`e`rkpk tbp` `pbf`psy (l`akhg-l`akhg),ckh strol`.
=. Lkckr gufk ckfkn tueum cb ekwkm hornkf ykhg skhgkt r`hckm
(mbpogl`nbk).
2. Fupus.

7
C. Fkykhkh Rkhg Cbeutumlkh Of`m G`fkhckhgkh Ysblotbl
E`rblut bhb fkykhkh ykhg cbeutumlkh of`m g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl
n`hurut Yrkeowo, 59;31
;. L`eutumkh jbsbl, n`fbputb l`eutumkh nklkh, pklkbkh, p`runkmkh ckh
l`s`mktkh.
5. L`eutumkh fkykhkh psblbs n`fbputb t`rkpb n`cbs psblbktrbs. l`p`rkwktkh
ckh psblofogbs.
4. L`eutumkh sosbkf s`p`rtb r`lr`ksb, l`s`hbkh ckh ofkm rkgk.
3. Fkykhkh l`eutumkh `lohonb n`fbputb l`trknpbfkh uskmk, l`trknpbfkh
l`rak ckh p`h`npktkh ckfkn nksykrklkt.
0. L`eutumkh romkhb.

@. Y`hkhgkhkh G`fkhckhgkh Ysblotbl

Y`nekhguhkh l`s`akmt`rkkh sosbkf cb `rk s`lkrkhg bhb f`ebm
n`hg`c`pkhlkh p`nekhguhkh ykhg n`h`npktlkh lotk/lkeupkt`h ktku
ck`rkm tbhglkt B/BB s`ekgkb tbtbl s`htrkf otohonb ck`rkm. C`s`htrkfbsksb ktku
otohonb kckfkm n`hy`rkmlkh l`w`hkhgkh uhtul n`hgktur ckh
n`hy`f`hggkrklkh p`n`rbhtkm l`pkck ck`rkm. Y`nekhguhkh ck`rkm f`ebm
 e`rorb`htksb pkck l`eutumkh s`t`npkt (eotton up orb`ht`c) ykhg s`sukb
c`hgkh l`nknpukh p`r`hdkhkkh cbs`sukblkh c`hgkh l`eutumkh eulkh
cbckskrlkh pkck l`nknpukh ykhg n`hakcb fkhckskh p`nekhguhkh ck`rkm
(Wbcakyk, 599f15;).
Mkl`lkt otohonb ck`rkm kckfkm n`f`tkllkh fkhckskh p`nekhguhkh
ykhg tuneum e`rl`nekhg ckrb rklykt ckh cbhblnktb mksbfhyk of`m s`furum
rklykt (Tonocbhbhgrkt, 599;1 ;:4). E`rg`s`rhyk p`rkh ckh juhgsb h`gkrk
klbekt otohonb ck`rkm N`nekwk lohs`lu`hsb t`rmkckp p`fklskhkkh
 p`nekhguhkh ck`rkm ckh lmusushyk p`nekhguhkh l`s`akmt`rkkh sosbkf.
C`nblbkh pufk ckfkn upkyk p`hkhgkhkh g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl ykhg klmbr-
klmbr bhb n`hakcb puskt p`rmktbkh nksykrklkt ckh p`n`rbhtkm n`rupklkh
 p`rnkskfkmkh sosbkf ykhg skhgot lonpf`ls, lkr`hk cbpkhckhg t`fkm
n`r`skmlkh ckh n`hbneuflkh gkhggukh l`knkhkh l`t`rtbekh nksykrklkt,

=
l`bhckmkh fbhgluhgkh ckh ykhg f`ebm sp`sbjbl lkr`hk n` hykhglut gkhggukh
l`abwkkh s`s`orkhg.
Y`rnkskfkmkh bhb n`rupklkh nkskfkm ykhg nuftblonpf`ls lkr`hk
n`hykhglut e`rekgkb ksp`l ykbtu sosbkf, l`s`mktkh, p`l`rakk ckh,
 p`hcbcblkh, l`knkhkh, l`t`rtbekh ckh fkbh-fkbh. C`hgkh c`nblbkh
cbp`rfulkh p`hc`lktkh nuftbcbsbpfbh`r ckh cb ckfkn p`fklskhkkhhyk p`rfu
cbakfkhlkh s`dkrk l`raksknk s`tbkp ykhg e`rsbjkt ruaulkh, lohsuftktbj, ckh
 augk l`raksknk uhtul n`fklskhklkh r`mkebfbtksb t`rpkcu. N`hgbhgkt tbckl
s`nuk bhstkhsb/f`nekgk p`fkykhkh sosbkf nknpu n`ne`rblkh s`nuk a`hbs
 p`fkykhkh l`pkck p`hykhckhg nkskfkm. L`skckrkh klkh l`t`rektkskh
sune`rckyk ykhg cbnbfblb ckh tbhggbhyk mksrkt uhtul n`ne`rblkh s`nuk
 a`hbs p`fkykhkh ykhg optbnkf, nklk ekhykl f`nekgk  — f`nekgk p`fkykhkh
sosbkf n`fklulkh l`raksknk c`hgkh pbmkl-pbmkl fkbh, ekbl s`sknk f`nekgk
 p`fkykhkh sosbkf nkupuh c`hgkh f`nekgk fkbhhyk.
Kckhyk loorcbhksb ktku l`raksknk khtkr bhstkhsb/f`nekgk t`rlkbt
 p`hkhgkhkh g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl nklk l`t`rektkskh ykhg cbnbfblb nksbhg-
nksbhg bhstkhsb ckpkt t`rtutupb s`mbhggk cbpkhckhg ckpkt n`np`rlukt
l`nknpukh bhstkhsb s`dkrk lof`ltbj uhtul n`fklskhklkh p`hkhgkhkh
g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl. Juhgsb l`raksknk cbgknekrlkh Dmkrf`s M Doof`y
(ckfkn To`raoho To`lkhto, ;229), s`ekgkb e`rblut1 l`raksknk tbneuf kpkebfk
orkhg n`hykckrb ekmwk n`r`lk n`npuhykb l`p`htbhgkh-l`p`htbhgkh ykhg
sknk ckh pkck skkt ykhg e`rsknkkh n`npuhykb dulup p`hg`tkmukh ckh
 p`hg`hckfbkh t`rmkckp cbrb s`hcbrb uhtul n`n`humb l`p`htbhgkh-
l`p`htbhgkh t`rs`eut, l`skckrkh klkh kckhyk l`p`htbhgkh-l`p`htbhgkh ykhg
sknk ckh kckhyk orgkhbsksb n`rupklkh jkltk-jkltk ykhg p`htbhg ckfkn
l`raksknk ykhg e`rguhk. Ckfkn n`fklskhklkh suktu progrkn p`hkhgkhkh
g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl, tbckl ckpkt e`rakfkh s`hcbrb -s`hcbrb hknuh cbeutumlkh
loorcbhksb ktku l`raksknk khtkrk e`e`rkpk pbmkl. Loorcbhksb ckfkn suktu
orgkhbsksb uhtul n`fklskhklkh suktu progrkn nutfkl cbeutumlkh, lkr`hk
 pkck ckskrhyk tbckl kck orgkhbsksb ykhg nknpu n`hakfkhlkh suktu progrkn
c`hgkh ekbl tkhpk e`rloorcbhksb c`hgkh orgkhbsksb fkbhhyk.

2
E. Tkrkh

T`ekblhyk lbtk s`ekgkb p`hcucul cb Bhcoh`sbk ckh s`ekgkb t`hkgk

l`s`mktkh mkrus f`ebm n`hg`tkmub t`htkhg hksbe ckh psblotbl g`fkhckhgkh,
s`mbhggk ckpkt n`hguekm s`eukm pofk pblbr nksykrklkt ykhg kwkfhyk
h`gktbj ebsk e`ruekm n`hakcb posbtbj ckh ebsk n`h`rbnk l`kckkh n`r`lk
s`p`rtb fkyklhyk nkhusbk hornkf, ckh ckrb sbhb lbtk ebsk n`ne`rblkh
 p`fkykhkh, p`hkhgkhkh ckh fkhglkm-fkhglkm r`mkebfbtksb pkck g`fkhckhgkh
 psblotbl.

C`hgkh kckhyk p`h`fbtbkh bhb p`hufbs ckpkt n`hg`tkmub f`ebm n`hckfkn

t`htkhg g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl ckh s`gkfk p`hy`eke, jkltor-jkltor ckh
 p`fkykhkh, p`hkhgkhkh, fkhglkm-fkhglkm r`mkebfbtksb s`rtk ksumkh
l`p`rkwktkh pkck g`fkhckhgkh psblotbl, s`rtk p`hufbs e`rmkrkp c`hgkh
kckhyk nklkfkm bhb ckpkt e`rnkhjkkt ekgb nkmksbswk, t`hkgk l`s`mktkh
s`rtk s`nuk pbmkl ykhg n`nekdk nklkfkm bhb. N`fkfub nklkfkm bhb supkyk
 p`hufbs ckpkt n`nkmknb f`ebm n`hckfkn fkgb s`mbhggk ckpkt n`ne`htul
g`h`rksb ykhg d`rcks ckh e`reucb p`l`rtb ykhg ekbl.

Y`hufbs n`hykckrb ckfkn p`neuktkh nklkfkm bhb nksbm ekhykl t`rckpkt

l`skfkmkh ckh akum ckrb l`s`npurhkkh. Nklk p`hufbs n`hgmkrkplkh lrbtbl
ckh skrkh ykhg n`nekhguh ckrb s`nuk pbmkl, uhtul ckpkt n`hufbs nklkfkm
ykhg f`ebm ekbl fkgb l`c`pkhhyk.

53
 CKJSKU YPTSKLK

Codmt`nkh, A. N., &Euf`dm`dl, G. N. 5993.  HursbhgBht`rv`htbohs Dfkssbjbdktboh

(HBD) (0tm`c.). Kn`rbdk1 Nosey@fs`vb`r.

C`pkrt`n`h Tosbkf UB. ;222. Y`tuhaul S`lhbs Y`fklskhkkh Y`hkhgkhkh Nkskfkm

Tosbkf Y`hykhckhg Dkdkt N`htkf @ls Ysblotbl Tbst`n Yohtb. Aklkrtk1
Cbr`ltorkt U`mkebfbtksb Y`hykhckhg Dkdkt. Cbr`ltorkt A`hc`rkf Ebhk
U`mkebfbtksb Tosbkf.

Noorm`kc, T., Amohsoh, cll. 599= . Hursbhg Outdon`s Dfkssbjbdktboh

(HOD)(0tm`c). Phbt`c stkt`s oj Kn`rbdk1 Nosey@fs`vb`r.

 Hkhck bht`rhktbohkf. 59;0.  Cbkghos`l`p`rkwktkh1c`j`hbsb ckh lfksbjblksb 59;0-

59;7 (;9 tm`c). Aklkrtk1 @GD.

Y`rn`hsos UB Ho.= tkmuh 59;5.

Yrkeowo, @lo. 59;3. Ksumkh L`p`rkwktkh Abwk.Rogyklkrtk1 Humk N`cblk.

Skt`lb Rogk Sursbfkrbhb, 5992. Ttkl`mofc`rs Ckfkn Y`hkhgkhkh G`fkhckhgkh

Ysblotbl.

50