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!

" #$# %

& '

• ( %

• %

)
) << ! %
% *

% % *
% $ + , -

&
* φ =/- + & =/
= ! − & 0 -
!1 , % 2 &

&

# 3 4 -
# % % -
# 5 6 6-

7 ,

) -
) 8 -
5 8 8 -
5 8 9

: * = * = πε /

6 = * = ;< * = / * % 8 -

& 6

* % % -
) = ! − = = πε / &
! 8
& −
&

% & − = -

&
. -

)
#
#
#1 % ! ε / → ε /ε > ε /

) =− &
= ! − & * =− &
= ! − &

+ = −! &
+ &
=! + ! − &
= − & = ! − &
8 % 6 $
% -

. ?

) =− &
= ! − &
* =− &
= ! − &

&
= *

+ =− &
+ &
= − &
= − &

* @ 8 % *
% *
&
=− *

+ = − &

? = + -

' % ≤ ! *

>
#) 6 ! 9
# * % -
5
= −∇ = -

∇⋅ = /* =/-
σ
+ =
ε/
&
#) ⋅ = − &

σ
= −
ε/
&

ε/
? = ! − &

ε/
=

. %

&

@ % * % -
= ! = ! 8 A
πε / &

&
) ⋅ = − &

&
= − * − = −
πε / πε /
& & &
&

= πε / &

& −

' %
π &
? << & − * = ε/ = ε/ 6
@ %

) 6 -
@ 6 6 6 * %
! @ %
= ! =
&π - ε /
&
) ⋅ = − &

& &πε /
= − * = ! −
&π ε /
& &
&

&πε /
= &

? & = + 6 << *

&
= + ≈

&π - ε/
= ε/ =

C %


D$* @ 6 * ϕ !
%

B
) % * " #$# %
% F 6 -
= * % D
$ 6 α
π
& * 6 % 6
- @ 8 6 * &*
@ 8 -

) = −∇ = − θ = θ θ
θ
−σ
θ ! * π& = !σ
ε/
) @ *
/* $ θ !θ > α

!) 8 *

) * 8 8 A
σ ! × &π - -
− θ ! *θ × &π - θ- =
ε/
!5
−σ !
θ ! *θ =
ε/ θ

&
⋅ = − &
&
? θ - θ= − &

σ! × & θ
= −
ε/ θ
&

[ ( )]
π
θ &
& α

−σ ! ×
− = ! α
ε/
& &

− ε/ ! −
? σ! = &
×
! α&
− ε/! −
) = σ ! × &π - = &
× &π -
/ ! α&
− &πε /
=
! α&
! >/ α < π&

E
& 1 &

) * & F -

∇& = /
= θ = π&
= & θ =α
7* D @ * ϕ !
%
) 6
! * θ = α ! β !θ
) 6 6 α= * %
8 -

. ' %
6 6 * % -
* -

σ =σ * +σ *

σ & = σ &* + σ &*



) = *

− &


ρ
∇⋅ = * ∇∧ =/
ε /ε
, % 6 2 ε/ ε /ε
) $
! ε /ε -

& '

6 * * , 8 * -)
% , 6 σ
ε

G
* = /
* & =− /

) * -
• ?
) 6 ) ! =σ
• %
# % -
#) = ! *
# 8 8 A *
× π- &
= ! %
ε /ε
ε
= ! $ %
πε /ε &

' :
• (
& ! !
− = ⋅ = − =
πε /ε
&
&

• 7
!
= ⋅ = σ ⋅ =σ ⋅ =σ
ε /ε
• '
) − & =
ε /ε ε /ε
= * - =
σ- σ
% $ % -

>

= − &

) = * = ! − & = - =−

− I
) =− * = /
0 6
ε /ε
τ= -
σ

H
%

@ * % -
* % #θ % -
= !θ

&

) = −∇ = − θ =− !θ θ
θ
( 8 A

θ
) % $ 6 6
σ
δφ = ! * θ =
ε/
σ
! *θ =
ε/
σ
!θ = !=
ε/

>

−σ
) =
θ ε/
σ ε/
− = α* σ = ! − &
ε/ α
&

ε/ ε
= σ = ! − & = / ! −
α α
&

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