DIGITAL SIGNAL

PROCESSING – An
Introduction

Dr. A. Sharmila Ph. D

SELECT, VIT, Vellore
asharmila@vit.ac.in
Venue:TT534
Organisation
o What is signal processing
o Need of Processing
o Catagories
o Advantages of Digital over analog
o Filters-Analog & Digital
o Comparison
o Digital filters-Types
o FIR &IIR
o Advantages-Disadvantages
o Applications of DSP
o Simple Illustrations
o Various types of DSPs
o Microprocessor & Signal processor
o Architecture
o Books &Web resources
What is Signal processing?

 Signal processing is the analysis,

interpretation, and manipulation of signals
like sound, images, time-varying
measurement values and sensor data etc…

 For example biological data such as

electrocardiograms, control system signals,
telecommunication transmission signals such
as radio signals, and many others.
 Need of Signal Processing

When a signal is transmitted from one point to

another there is every possibility of
contamination /deformation of the signal by
external noise. So to retrieve the original signal
at the receiver, suitable filters are to be used. i.e
the signal is processed to obtain the pure
signal.
Categories of signal
processing

 Analog signal processing — for signals that

have not been digitized, as in classical radio,
telephone, radar, and television systems.

 This involves linear electronic circuits such

as passive filters, active filters,
additive mixers, integrators and delay lines.
 It also involves non-linear circuits such as
comparators, multiplicators (frequency mixers and
voltage-controlled amplifiers), voltage-controlled
filters,voltage-controlled oscillators and phase-locked
loops.

 Digital signal processing — for signals that have

been digitized, processing is done by general-
purpose computers or by digital circuits such as
ASICs,field-programmable gate arrays or
specialized digital signal processors (DSP chips).
So the processing of the signal helps to estimate
characteristic parameters of the signal and also
to transform the signal in to the desired form.
 Analog signal processing

The analog signal processing is basically, filtering of

the signal. It can be denoted by the following
diagram.
 Digital signal processing-Block
diagram
The digital signal processor consists of anti-aliasing filter,
analog to digital converter (ADC), a digital filter
represented by the transfer function H(z), a digital to
analog converter and a reconstruction filter.
 Advantages of Digital over
analog signal processing
 Accuracy: The analog circuits are prone to
temperature and external effects, but the digital
filters have no such problems.

 Flexibility: Reconfiguration of analog filters is

very complex whereas the digital filters can be
reconfigured easily by changing the program
coefficients.
 Digital signals can be easily stored on any
magnetic media or optical media using
semiconductor chips.

 Easy operation: Even complex mathematical

operations can be performed easily using
computers, which is not the case with analog
processing.
 Multiplexing: Digital signal processing provides
the way for Integrated service digital network
(ISDN) where digitized signals can be
multiplexed with other digital data and
transmitted through the same channel.
Limitations
There are also certain limitations in DSP.
 Bandwidth restrictions

 Speed limitations

 Finite word length problems.

 Filters
Any one who observes the DSP block diagram
finds that the filter is the main component of
DSP.

Filters have two uses

d) Signal separation
e) Signal restoration
Signal separation is needed when a signal has
been contaminated with interference,
noise or other signals.

Signal restoration is used when a signal

has been distorted in some way or
other.

For example an audio recording made with

poor equipment may be filtered to get the
original sound.
Another example is deblurring of an image
occurred with an improperly focused lens or
a shaky camera.

So these problems can be solved with either

analog or digital filters.
 Analog filters
Analog filters take the analog signal as input
and process the signal and finally gives the
analog output.

An analog filter is constructed using resistors,

capacitors, active components etc…
A simple analog low pass filter is shown
below
Coming to advantages of Analog filters they are
cheap and have a large dynamic range in
both amplitude and frequency. But in terms
of performance they are not superior to
digital filters.
Digital filters
A digital filter processes and generates digital
data.

A digital filter constitutes elements like adder,

multiplier and delay units.

Digital filters are vastly superior in the level of

performance in comparison to analog filters.
A simple digital filter
Advantages :

There are many advantages with digital filters.

 Unlike analog filters ,the digital filter

performance is not influenced by component
ageing, temperature and power variations.
 A digital filter is highly immune to noise and
relatively stable.
 Digital filters afford a wide variety of shapes
for the amplitude and phase responses.
 Impedance matching problems are minimum.
 Transportation and reconfiguration is very
easy ,which is not true in the case of analog
filters.
 Multiple filtering is possible only in digital
filters.
 Computational problems are minimum.
Disadvantages:
There are few disadvantages also.
 Quantization error occurs due to finite word
length in the representation of signals and
parameters.
 Digital filters also suffer from Bandwidth
problems.
Differences between analog and
digital filters :
 An analog filter is constructed using active,
passive components like resistors, capacitors
and op amps etc..
A digital filter constitutes adder, multiplier and
delay elements
 An analog filter is denoted by a differential
equation.
A digital filter is denoted by a difference
equation.
 Laplace transform is used for the analysis of
analog filter.
Z transforms are used for the analysis of digital
filters.
 The frequency response of an analog filter can
be modified by changing the components.
The frequency response of digital filter can be
changed by changing the filter co-efficients.
Types of Digital filters
Broadly speaking ,two types of digital filters
exists.

 FIR Filters(Finite impulse response filters)

 IIR Filters (Infinite Impulse response filters)
FIR Filters
The digital filter whose impulse response is of finite
duration is known as Finite impulse response filter.
The response of the FIR filter depends only on the
present and past input samples.

These FIR filters are also called non recursive filters.

So, in FIR the impulse response sequence is of finite

duration, i.e. it has a finite number of non-zero terms.
The system with the impulse response
2 n4
h(n)  
0 otherwise

denotes an FIR system.

Ex: The following difference equation
denotes the finite impulse response filter.
N 1
y(n)   bi x (n i)
i0

For i<0, y(n)=0 i.e. the impulse response is

finite and it exists only for n>0
Advantages of FIR Filters
 FIR filters can be designed with exact linear
phase. These linear phase filters are
important for applications where frequency
dispersion due to non-linear phase is
hazardous. (For example speech processing
and data transmission)
 FIR filters are stable
 Round off noise can be eliminated in FIR
filters
 FIR filters can be efficiently implemented in
multirate DSP systems
 FIR filters reduce the computation complexity
Disadvantages
 As large number of impulse response
samples are required to properly
approximate sharp cutoff FIR filters, the
processing will become complex due to slow
convolution.
 The delay of linear phase FIR filters can
sometimes create problems in some DSP
applications.
 IIR Filters
The digital filter whose impulse response is of infinite
duration is known as Infinite impulse response filter.

The response of an IIR filter is a function of current

and past input signal samples and past output signal
samples. It is also called recursive filter.
L K
y(n) Al x (x l) Bk y (n k)
l0 k1
Advantages of IIR filters

2. An IIR filter has lesser number of side

lobes in the stop-band than an FIR filter
with the same number of parameters.
3. Also the implementation of an IIR filter
involves fewer parameters, less
memory requirements and lower
computational complexity.
Disadvantages
 IIR filters do not have linear phase and
also they are not very stable.
 Realization of IIR filters is not very easy
as compared to FIR filters
 As it is a recursive filter the number of
coefficients is very large and the memory
requirements are also high
Applications of DSP
Digital signal processing has variety of
applications in diverse fields like
 Digital filtering

 Spectral analysis

 Speech processing

 Image processing

 Radar and sonar processing

 Disk and robot control
 Telecommunication
 Consumer electronics
 Biomedical engineering
 Military applications
Various DSP Processors
Texas DSP Processors

16-bit Fixed point arithmetic processors

 TMS320C1X
 TMS320C2X
 TMS320C5X
 TMS320C8X

32-bit floating point arithmetic processors

 TMS320C3X
 TMS320C4X
Analog devices DSP Processors

 Blackfin
 SHARC
 TigerSHARC
 ADSP-21XX – 16 bit fixed point processor
 ADSP-210XX- 32 bit floating point processor
Differences between microprocessor
and Digital signal processor

 A microprocessor with its limited speed

is meant for low speed applications
whereas the DSP is meant for fast real
time applications.
 Generally microprocessors use Van-
nuemann architecture whereas most of
the DSP processors use a modified
Harvard architecture with two or three
memory buses.
 More optimized DSP processors
General purpose processors

Bus

OR

Early DSP processors

Simple architecture of DSP
processor
The books which have helped
me to understand DSP
1. Oppenheim, A.V. and Schefar, Digital
signal processing, PHI
2. Oppenheim, Applications of digital
signal processing, PHI
3. Rabir and Gold, Theory of digital
signal processing, PHI
4. Proakis and Manolakis, Digital
signal processing, Pearson
publishers
5. Antoniou, A. Digital filters analysis, design
applications, McGraw Hill
6. Johnson, J.R. Introduction to digital signal
processing , PHI
7. Vanvalkenburg.M.V. Analog filter design,
Sanders publishers
8. Vinay K. Ingle, Proakis, Digital signal
processing using MATLAB, Bookware series
9. Sajeeth K. Mithra, Digital signal processing,
TMH
10. V.K. Khanna, Digital signal processing,
telecommunication, multimedia technology,
Wheeler publishers
11. P. Rameshbabu, Digital signal processing,
Scitech publishers.
12. Salivana, Digital signal processing, TMH
13. Ifeachor and Jervis, Digital signal
processing-a practical approach, Addison
Wesley publishers
14. Sarkar N. Elements of digital signal
processing, Kanna publishers
15. Defetta D.J. Digital signal processing, John
Wieley publishers
16. Lyons R.G. Understanding digital signal
processing,Addition Wesley
17. B. Venkataramani, Digital signal
processors, TMH
18. Chapman J. Stephen, MATLAB
Programming for engineers, Bookware
Series
19. Ramachandran.B. Digital signal processing,
Anuradha publishers
20. Bose N.K. Digital filters-Theory and applications,
Elsevier publishers
21.The Scientist and Engineer's and Guide to Digital Signal
Processing by Steven W. Smith.(On line text)
Web References
 www.ti.com
 www.analog.com
 www.dspguru.com
 www.mathworks.com
 www.dsptutor.freeuk.com
 www.dspguide.com
 www.elsevier.com/locate/dsp (On line journal)
 dsp.rice.edu (rice university)
 www.youtube.com (lecture on DSP)