Therapeutic Vertical landscapes

Submitted by
Aravind P Nair

Guide
Ar. Niranjan C W

B.Arch Dissertation
October-2015

C . A. T
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TRIV ANDRUM
Mulayara P.O, Thiruvananthapuram

This thesis is the property of the institution and the author, it should not be re-produced without prior permission
 C . A. T
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TRIV ANDRUM
Mulayara P.O, Thiruvananthapuram
___________________________________________________

Aravind P Nair
B.Arch Dissertation
Therapeutic Vertical Landscapes

Approval

The following study is hereby approved as a creditable work on the subject, carried
out and presented in a manner, sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as
B.Arch Dissertation, a pre-requisite to the B.Arch Degree program for which it has
been submitted.

It is to be understood that by this approval the undersigned do not necessarily

endorse or approve the statements made, opinions expressed or conclusions
drawn therein, but approve the study only for the purpose for which it has been
submitted and satisfies as to the requirement laid down in the academic
programme.

Guide Dissertation Coordinator Head of the Department

Niranjan C W Soumini Raja Bijey Narayan

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

Date: Date: Date:

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr Aravind P Nair has worked under my

supervision on ‘Therapeutic Vertical Landscapes’ towards the partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Architecture of the University of Kerala. This is his original work and can
be submitted as a B.Arch Dissertation.

Niranjan C W
Assistant Professor

Date:
DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Dissertation titled “Therapeutic Vertical

Landscapes” was carried out by me during the year 2014 in partial
fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Architecture of the University of Kerala. This dissertation is my own
effort and has not been submitted to any other University.

Thiruvananthapuram
October 2015 Aravind P Nair
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to my guide Ar. Niranjan C W for the constant support and
encouragement for completing the dissertation, and for his valuable sugessions, guidance
and timely help

I extend my sincere gratitude to the principal of the institution, prof. Jayakumar for
providing with all the necessary facilities to complete my research. I also would like to
extend my gratitude to Ar. Soumini Raja, Ar. Rajasree R for giving me additional help in
completing my research on time.

I would also like to extend my sincere gratitude to Prof. Koshi K C, Scientist at Jawaharlal
Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute for his sincere help in completing
my research.

I’m also obliged to my parents and friends for their relentless support and criticism provided
all throughout the project. I thank the Lord almighty for his blessings, strength and guidance
that helped in the timely completion of the research paper.
 ABSTRACT

There are mainly 2 types of landscaping depending on the planes horizontal

(normal landscapes) and the other vertical landscapes. In the vertical landscapes,
as the name suggests, the growing of flora is done in the vertical plane. A vertical
garden acts as a living wall, giving life to the otherwise dead walls. Such a vertical
landscape that doesn’t use soil as a medium for cultivation but uses nutrient
solutions for the growth and other mediums like air, water, felt, etc. The use of such
landscapes is not much seen in India due to several reasons like wind, rain, etc. But
considering the positive qualities of such landscapes, it is a promise for a better,
bright and greener future.
Ayurveda is the system of drugs that evolved in India with a logical foundation and it
survived as a definite entity from remote antiquity to the current day. Kerala is
famous for its Ayurveda tradition. Ayurveda uses the plants and other materials
found in nature to make medicines. The origin of Ayurveda is from the Veda book
called atharvaveda. It contains details about several disease and their medicines.
Therapeutic plants are an integral of Ayurveda. There are several shrubs and herbs
that have several therapeutic effects like air purification, noise control, healing
diseases, etc.
Kerala has tropical climate and the plants are constantly attracted by pests,
insects, and the moisture content in air is also pretty high. This makes the making
of a vertical landscape in this climate much harder. Solution to these problems is
the main challenge. This research aims at a detail on how a therapeutic vertical
landscape can be made in the tropical Kerala climate.
CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2

1.1 NEED FOR RESEARCH ........................................................................................... 2

1.2 Aim ................................................................................................................................ 2

1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 2

1.5 Scope............................................................................................................................ 2

1.6 Limitations .................................................................................................................... 3

2. WHAT ARE VERTICAL LANDSCAPES? ..................................................................... 5

2.1 About Vertical Landscapes ....................................................................................... 5

2.2 History of Vertical Landscapes ................................................................................. 6

2.3 Types Of Vertical Landscapes ................................................................................. 7

2.3.1 Green Facades ........................................................................................................ 8

2.3.1.1 With Flower Pots .................................................................................................. 8

2.3.1.1 Created With Rewind Wall ................................................................................. 8

2.3.2 Living Walls ............................................................................................................ 10

2.3.3 Folke Walls ............................................................................................................. 12

2.4 Process Of Creation ................................................................................................. 12

2.4 Mediums Used For Growth ..................................................................................... 13

2.5 Pros And Cons Of Vertical Landscapes ............................................................... 15

3. AYURVEDA AND KERALA........................................................................................... 24

3.1 Introduction To Ayurveda ........................................................................................ 24

3.2 History ........................................................................................................................ 24

4. VERTICAL LANDSCAPES AND THE URBAN CONTEXT ..................................... 27

4.1 Effects Of Vertical Landscpaes In The Urban Context ....................................... 27

5. STAGES OF VERTICAL LANDSCAPE CREATION ................................................ 31

5.1 Pre Execution Stage: Planning And Designing ................................................... 31

5.2 Execution ................................................................................................................... 37

5.3 Post Execution .......................................................................................................... 38

6. LITERATURE STUDY: PATRIc BLANC AND HIS WORKS ................................... 41

6.1 Patric Blanc................................................................................................................ 41

6.2 Sydney One Central Park, Downtown, Sydney ................................................... 41

6.3 Caxiaforum, Madrid, Spain ..................................................................................... 43

6.4 Athenaeum Hotel, Picadilly, london ....................................................................... 45

6.5 Sydney One Central Park, Downtown, Sydney ................................................... 47

7. PLANT STUDY................................................................................................................ 49

7.1: Plants in Blanc’s works ........................................................................................... 49

7.2: Analysis of plants in Blanc’s landscapes ............................................................. 52

8. CASE STUDY AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................... 55

8.1: Case Study at JNTBGRI, Palod ............................................................................ 55

8.1.1: Therapeutic plants derived after discussion .................................................... 57

8.1.2: Problems and solutions ....................................................................................... 63

9. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 66

REFERENCE ....................................................................................................................... 67
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1: Some examples of green facades.......................................................................... 8

Figure 2: Modular wall hung trellis (left), curved trellis (right) .......................................... 9
Figure 3: Grid and Wire-Rope Net Systems, MFO Park Switzerland ................................. 9
Figure 4: Living wall, Semiahmoo Library in South Surrey ............................................. 10
Figure 5: Landscape Walls................................................................................................. 10
Figure 6: Exterior view of caxiaforum, spain and Exterior view of Athenaem hotel ........ 11
Figure 7: Modular Living Wall Canada ............................................................................. 11
Figure 8: folke walls working ............................................................................................ 12
Figure 9: hydroponic system.............................................................................................. 14
Figure 10: aeroponic system .............................................................................................. 14
Figure 11: A bridge in France ............................................................................................ 15
Figure 12: Indoor Air Quality(left) and preventing dust with plants(right)....................... 16
Figure 13: Building protection and insulation ................................................................... 17
Figure 14: Urban Heat island Effect .................................................................................. 18
Figure 15: Urban Heat Island profile ................................................................................. 29
Figure 16: Wall mounted, modular three-dimensional panels, with standoff brackets(left)
and Proper soil volume, irrigation delivery and maintenance(right) ................................. 35
Figure 17: Patric Blanc ...................................................................................................... 41
Figure 18: Sydney One Central Park ................................................................................. 42
Figure 19: Vertical landscaping: One Central Park ........................................................... 43
Figure 20: Caxiaforum interior and exterioer View .......................................................... 44
Figure 21: Design sketch(left) and exterior view(right) .................................................... 45
Figure 22: Athenaem Hotel exterior view ......................................................................... 46
Figure 23: Athenaem Hotel exterior view ......................................................................... 46
Figure 24: Quai Branly Museum, Paris ............................................................................. 47
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1:LEED catagories with credits a green wall can earn...............................24

Table 2:Plants in Blanc’s Works ..........................................................................55
Table 3:Selected Herbal plants ...........................................................................62
Table 4:Selected Air purifying Plants ...................................................................63
Table 5:Selected sensory plants .........................................................................66
 Topic Title 1

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
2 Topic Title

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 NEED FOR RESEARCH

The trend of Vertical landscapes is an upcoming trend in India and has not been
used extensively. A research on Therapeutic Vertical landscapes which could be
more than just a normal landscape due to its medicinal effects would be helpful in
understanding and doing it in the future projects.

1.2 AIM
The aim of the research is to understand how a Vertical landscape that
has therapeutic value could be made in India especially Kerala, which all plants
could be used for the purpose and how to use them.

1.3 OBJECTIVES
 Understand Vertical Landscapes.
 Importance of therapeutics in India.
 Procedures for making such a landscape.
 How to make a Landscape Therapeutic.
 Problems it could face and solutions.

1.4 METHODOLOGY
 History of vertical landscapes
 Types of vertical landscapes available.
 Pros and cons of these landscapes.
 The importance of Ayurveda in India
 Literature studies of existing works.
 Finding and listing out the Therapeutic plants that could be used and how.
 The problems it may face and solutions.
1.5 SCOPE
The modern cities and other urban spaces are places of intense effects of
pollution mainly due to the increased traffic and this has adverse effects on the
people living there. Landscaping in these areas is very limited mainly due to the
unavailability of sufficient area mainly due to the money value of the land. In a
 Topic Title 3

urban space the area of vertical surfaces is much higher than the horizontal
surfaces and most of these surfaces are left blank useless. Here comes the
scope of therapeutic vertical landscapes that can solve all these problems. It is
the promise of a better future.

1.6 LIMITATIONS
The plants chosen as fit for therapeutic vertical landscapes is limited to the ones I got
from the discussion with the professor and books given by him.
4 Topic Title

CHAPTER 2: WHAT ARE VERTICAL LANDSCAPES?

 Topic Title 5

2. WHAT ARE VERTICAL LANDSCAPES?

2.1 About Vertical Landscapes

The themes of ecology and sustainability started developing after the big energy
crisis and the establishment that holes are formed in the ozone layer during the
1980’s. In most of the discussions in the national and international level concepts
of sustainability became the key idea after the Brundtland Report (1987), Rio
‘Earth Summit (1992), Copenhagen Conference (2009), etc. The environment of
a building is the core reason behind almost 60% of the global emissions.
Sustainable or eco architecture which are new notions are attempts to reduce the
environmental impacts of housing and building industry, emission of CO2 and
other greenhouse gases and respond to the environmental problems. Integrating
landscapes in the design of a building is a major part of eco architecture and is
the future of sustainable buildings. These green walls are a cutting edge the
architectural and interior design trends.
About 70% of the world population would be living in cities in 2050 as per
forecast by United Nations. This will be due to a major shift of population from
rural and naturally vegetated areas to polluted, noisy and crowded concrete
forests of the modern cities due to various reasons including the want for a better
quality living, better access to modern technologies, etc. called urbanisation.
(Katia Perini1, 2011)Integrating nature into the over expanding cities are new and
innovative ways to prevent this lack of green area in the cities which intern
improve the building efficiency, ecology, and environmental benefits. It not only
brings buildings closer to nature but also it does it in way that makes it accessible
to everyone. (ARE GREEN WALLS AS “GREEN” AS THEY LOOK?, 2012)
There are mainly two types of landscapes
 Horizontal or Normal landscapes.
 Vertical landscapes
Horizontal or Normal landscapes
The landscapes that run on the horizontal plain are included in this type or simply
these are the normal landscapes that we see in our day to day landscapes.
These include the potted plants that we see in the garden, grass lawns, flower
6 Topic Title

gardens etc. In a city the amount of space left vacant enough to grow plants is
pretty scarce. The density of the cities are increasing day by day and this
increase the congestion in the city. So the growing of these landscapes gets
limited to very few area. Green roofing is a good method of landscaping as it
covers the roof from the direct heat and further reduces the temperature. But
compared to the vertical planes left blank in a building, it is pretty low. So vertical
landscaping is a better option for a sustainable building design than green
roofing. An even more efficient is combination of both these landscaping method.
Vertical landscapes
The landscapes that run on the vertical plane is called vertical landscapes. Or
simply a landscape that is projected against a vertical wall is called a vertical
landscape. These vertical landscapes are like a painting. The plants used in the
landscapes form the lines and curves in the painting. The patterns formed and
the combinations of colours used are the intelligence, talent and creativity of an
artist or the landscape designer. In landscapes the plants are grown in the soil,
but in vertical landscape the plants needn’t be grown in soil, it can grow on
geotextiles, absorbent mediums like felts and other mediums. The plants that
grow on soil attract lots of pests and insects but if other mediums like geotextiles
are used this could be reduces significantly. Each vertical landscapes is unique
and custom made
.
2.2 History of Vertical Landscapes
Even before the actual vertical landscape that we see existed there were vertical
landscapes in the nature. They were not grown by anyone but occurred naturally.
The waterfalls were great sources of moisture and the rocks adjacent to these
were also rich and this became the growing medium for many plants and other
organisms like lichen, moss etc. The uncontrolled growth in the forests allowed
the growth of climbers and formed vertical landscapes. Even though there is no
design or any pattern worked out, these are also vertical landscapes. Such
landscapes could be seen even now in some of the buildings that were
abandoned for many years.
Starting of vertical landscapes that we see now dates back to the 3000BC the
Mediterranean area. Grape vines are and continue to be the most popular food
 Topic Title 7

crop for people in the Mediterranean region. So these are grown throughout the
homes, gardens and fields. Grape wines being climbers were allowed to even
grow up on their walls this was the 1st known vertical landscape in the history.
The purpose of these landscapes were functional more than the aesthetical
purpose. They were used for shading buildings where growing plants was not an
option.(A History of Vertical Gardens from Simple Vines to Hydroponic Systems,
2014)
At the same time in Egypt a form of vertical landscapes were used. The different
compartments in the building were separated by plant covered walls. These
vertical landscapes were used as shading for the buildings to reduce the
temperature indoors. This helped them relive from the outside temperature.
(Ashmawy 2006, Hamilton 2009, Green roofs for healthy cities, 2008).
The use of vertical landscapes is further seen in the hanging gardens of
Babylonia about 2500 years ago. These landscapes were done to please the
wives due to their passion towards mountain surroundings. The plants where
cultivated on the terrace and they grew down from there forming kind of vertical
garden.
In 1920s Britannia and North America promoted the people to do trellis
structures and climbers on houses and gardens. North America is currently in the
middle of green wall revolution.
The first true green walls were invented in Europe about 40 years back. After
that the popularity of these landscapes grew steadily ever since. The stainless
steel cable system used for making green facades started being used in 1988.
The cable and wire-rope net systems and modular trellis panel systems came in
the early 1990s.
2.3 Types Of Vertical Landscapes
Green walls are of two types:
1. Green facades
1.1. Created with flower pots
1.2. Created with rewind wall
1.2.1. Modular trellis panel system
1.2.2. Grid system
1.2.3. Rope-net system
2. Living walls
2.1. Landscape walls
8 Topic Title

2.2. Vegetated mat walls

2.3. Modular living walls
3. Others
3.1 folke walls
2.3.1 Green Facades
It is a type green wall system that uses climbing plants and cascading plants.
This kind of vertical landscape is installed by anchoring it to the existing walls of a
building. (Gonchar 2009, Green roof organization 2008, Yeh 2012).

Figure 1: Some examples of green facades

Source: Thompson and Sorvig; 2000

2.3.1.1 With Flower Pots

In this system the plants are planted in separate flower pots and stacked
vertically with or without a proper structural framework. This is one of the
cheapest methods of making a vertical landscape.
2.3.1.1 Created With Rewind Wall

Modular trellis panel system

 Topic Title 9

Figure 2: Modular wall hung trellis (left), curved trellis (right)

Source: www.greenroof.com; 2013.

This modular trellis panel system is designed to hold a green facade off the wall
surface so that the plant materials do not attach to the building and remains as a
separate identity but looks as a part of the building wall. The mediums provides
multiple supports for the tendrils to grow thus not allowing it to affect the buildings
walls.
Grid and rope-net system

Figure 3: Grid and Wire-Rope Net Systems, MFO Park Switzerland

Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org; 2013,

http://christianbarnardblog.blogspot.com; 2013

In this system the materials used are metallic and non-metallic cables and wires.
Faster growing climbing plants with denser foliage are supported using grids
employed on normal building walls. When supporting slower growing plants wire
nets are used at closer intervals. Varieties and patterns could be accommodated
when using this system.
10 Topic Title

2.3.2 Living Walls

Figure 4: Living wall, Semiahmoo Library in South Surrey

Source: http://www.vancouversun.com; 2013

The other names of a living wall are bio-gardens or vertical landscape. These
living walls are composed of pre vegetated panels, expanded polystyrene, clay,
etc. There are mainly 3 parts: metal frame, a PVC layer and an air layer.
Landscape walls

Figure 5: Landscape Walls

Source: http://www.landscapeonline.com; 2013

 Topic Title 11

It is an evolution of landscape berms. These are sloped and not vertical. The
primary function of these walls are noise reduction and slope stabilisation.
Sometimes geosynthetic grids with space to grow plants are used for the growth
of these walls.
Vegetated mat walls

Figure 6: Exterior view of caxiaforum, spain and Exterior view of Athenaem hotel

photo credit: Juan Antonio Garcia

It is pioneered by Patric Blanc. It is composed of two layers of synthetic fabric
with pockets that physically support plants and growing media. It is supported by
a frame backed by a waterproof membrane due to the high moisture content.

Modular living walls

Figure 7: Modular Living Wall Canada

Source: http://www.greenthinkers.org 2013, http://blog.phyllisodessey.com 2013

12 Topic Title

This system of modular living walls consists of rectangular and square panels
which does the job of supporting the planting material.
Structural systems used in vertical landscapes. (Karaca, 2014)
2.3.3 Folke Walls
This is a type of permaculture. Permaculture is the construction of ecosystems
that are mature, with human beings as the supportive members. That is the
plants depends on the humans for their survival. In this type of walls the drainage
from residences and other buildings are used for irrigating plants and provide the
necessary nutrients.

Figure 8: folke walls working

The advantage of growing plants ina porous wall is that we get more effective
space and also purifies the water percolating through it.
For cleaning the water flowing through it the hollow space is filled with gravel,
stones and other inert materials like pebbles, vermlite,etc. The water percolates
zigzag through the wall. This provides the necessary irrigation as well as purifies
the water as the bacterias in the porous aterials braks down the organic matter in
the water. The nutrients released by the bacteria is further taken by the plants.
2.4 Process Of Creation
The process of creation of a modular vertical landscape has mainly 5 stages
 Topic Title 13

1. Consultation
The different dimensions necessary for the installation of the structure are
measured. The preferences and ideas of the clients are taken into consideration
and the preliminary plan of the drainage, irrigation systems and lighting systems
are made.
2. Design
Once the client gives a go ahead symbol, the design of the structure to fit in the
desired position and also the pattern to make and the plants to be used in order
to make the pattern is designed and finalised. The clients opinions are heard at
different stages and the desired changes are made.
3. Manufacture
After designing the whole thing, the manufacture and assembling of the green
modules, fabrication of the steel structure, and other custom equipment. The
irrigation systems and all are tested and ensured that the wall is ready for
installation.
4. Installation
The manufactured and assembled landscape is disassembled and taken to the
location. This allows easy installation and with minimum impact.
5. Maintenance
The automatic irrigation system takes care of the watering and clients should
make sure that the system is not turned off. Most of the companies that does the
construction does the maintenance in routine for payment. (Justin (n.d))

2.4 Mediums Used For Growth

The vertical landscapes need a material for its growth. Many materials are used
to form the bas en which the plant grows. The cheapest medium to use is soil
itself and this has many issued like attraction of pest and other insects. Other
mediums used for the cultivation of plants in the vertical landscapes are water
(hydroponics), moist air (aeroponics), sand, gravel, rock wool, etc.
In mediums that doesn’t use soil as its medium, the necessary growth nutrients
are provided as nutrient solutions. These nutrient solutions are sprayed or
applied on the mediums like rock wool, felt, etc. So when using these mediums,
constant supply of the necessary nutrients should be made sure. Thus these
14 Topic Title

landscapes need frequent maintenance and care. Usually automatic machine

controlled nutrient supply system is used for the growth of the plants. Thus these
type of vertical landscapes are pretty costly comparing to the normal vertical
landscapes that use soil. But in commercial centres in the cities where there is no
one to take care of these landscapes these systems are effective and is the best
method to be used.
The nutrients that are mainly mixed in the solution with water are: calcium,
magnesium, potassium, nitrate, sulphate, dihydrogen phosphate,etc.
Hydroponics
There are mainly two types of hydroponics. They are
solution culture and medium culture. The solution
culture is further divide into static solution,
continuous flow solution aeropoinics. The continuous
flow system sir much easier to automate than the
static solution. Nutrient film technique is one of the
methods used in continuous flow solutions. In the
medium culture these need a solid medium for the
holding up of the root systems of the plants. The
plants are grown on these mediums and the nutrient

Figure 9: hydroponic solutions is directly allowed to enter the medium and

system from there to the plants.

Aeroponics
An environment saturated with fine drops of nutrient solutions is allowed to
continuously or non-continuously is made and the plants roots are kept in this
medium. The roots absorb the nutrients directly from the moist nutrient solution in
air. The major advantage of aeroponics is that the roots get the correct wanted
percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide from the air medium. A drawback of
such a landscape is the high cost of the machineries require and costly
maintenance.

Some other mediums that are

used as mediums in

Figure 10: aeroponic system

 Topic Title 15

hydroponical gardens are expanded clay aggregate, grow stones, coir, rice husk,
perlite, vermiculite, pumice, sand, gravel, wood fibre, sheep wool, etc.
(hydroponics,2012)

2.5 Pros And Cons Of Vertical Landscapes

Pros
1. Beauty, health and wellness

A Vertical Landscape is a public display of beauty, and a living, breathing work of

art, adding life and a distinctive style to contemporary architecture.The green
facades acts as a tonic that can ease stress and fatigue and also these green
walls make a substantial and spiritual connection with the nature which is lacking
in the modern concrete jungles.
Human eye can distinctively detect 2000 shades of the green colour (Eidson,
2007). So we feel a lot more comfortable around green areas. According to a
study carried out at the Washington state University, indoor spaces with green
areas proved to make the workers more productive (12% quicker reaction time),
creative, idea generative more problem solving capabilities and feel less
stressed(lower blood pressure).(lohr, Pearson Mims and Goodwin, 1996)

Figure 11: A bridge in France

Source: http://pixpeedia.blogspot.com 2013, http://twistedsifter.com; 2013

2. Save space

Vertical Landscapes allow the planting of gardens in apartments, foyers,

16 Topic Title

terraces and other places where floor space is limited. These landscapes
require very little floor space as compared to the normal landscapes.

3. Outdoor and indoor Air quality improvement

Figure 12: Indoor Air Quality(left) and preventing dust with plants(right)

Source: http://www.greenecowalls.com; 2013, Johnson and Newton; 2004

Vertical Landscapes absorb gaseous pollutants and breathe in carbon-dioxide

through photosynthesis, while trapping airborne particulate matter. The plants
breathe oxygen into the air leading to reduced air-conditioning requirements and
reduced greenhouse gases, thereby lowering your carbon footprint. In the cities
where the pollution is very high the use of vertical landscapes could be very
useful in purifying the air we breathe, thus creating a good healthy environment.
Modern scientific researches shows that the indoor air might be 10 times more
polluted than the outdoor air leading to what is known as the “Sick Building
Syndrome”.(B.wolvertone,1996) According to the environmental protection
agency, “people working in buildings of manmade materials inhale over 300
contaminants every day.”(EPA, 2009) Vertical landscapes help in reducing this
indoor air pollution to a great extent.
4. Building protection and insulation
 Topic Title 17

Figure 13: Building protection and insulation

Source: http://www.dezeen.com 2013

Vertical Landscapes insulate buildings against noise, vibrations and outside

temperature changes, leading to significant air-conditioning savings and
extension of the building envelope life. These vertical landscapes also help in
absorbing the echo bouncing off the buildings, dampening the loud sounds found
in modern cities.
Studies have shown that the plant leaves attenuate sound by reflection, refraction
and absorbing acoustical energy by small amounts. (Martens and Michelsen,
1981).
Vertical Landscapes shield buildings from ultra-violet rays and acidic rain.

5. Ecological benefits

Before the cities or agricultural lands where developed, what existed was a
diverse ecosystem that had multitude of plant and animal species. Modern cities
reduced this biodiversity severely.
The green walls can be viewed as an ecosystem that has huge multitudes of
plant and animal species like butterflies, bees, ladybugs, humming birds, etc.
(Green over Grey, 2009)
18 Topic Title

6. Reduction of heat island effect and Energy Saving

Figure 14: Urban Heat island Effect

Source: Ottele, 2010

Construction of urban centres involves removal of existing vegetation and

replacement of these with typical urban surfaces, this creates a phenomenon
called urban heat island effect (UHIE), an elevation in temperature relative to the
surrounding rural and natural areas.
The reason for this effect is that the solar radiations that reach earth’s surface is
absorbed by the dark surfaces and reradiated as long wave radiation or heat.
There is a threshold temperature and above this temperature every single degree
rise cause 5% rise in electricity consumption due to increasing use of air
conditioning and cooling. (Bass and Baskaran, 2001)Studies have found up to
12% rise in temperature in urban areas compared to the temperatures in nearby
area. (luvall, et al. 1997)
Covering a building with foliage can reduce the amount of heat radiated inward.
Studies show that green walls can cut the electricity bills by up to 30% (Conseil
national de recherché du Canada, 2002)

7. Increased property value

The growing of vertical landscapes effective in rectifying the negative perceptions

 Topic Title 19

of an area. This enhances the public profile of the building and significantly
improves the economic and social conditions of the city.
(http://www.greenology.sg 2013, Peck et al, 1999). This increases the property
value by 6-15%.

8. Green building credits

The installation of Vertical Landscapes can earn property developers green

building credits. (Justin (n.d))

Sustainable Sites Credit 3: Integrated Pest Management, Erosion Control ~

and Landscape Management Plan (1 point)
Credit 5: Site Development: Protect or Restore Open +
Habitat (1 point)
Credit 6: Stormwater Quantity Control (1 point) •
Credit 7.1: Heat Island Reduction: Non-Roof (1 point) •
Credit 8: Light Pollution Reduction (1 point) ~
Water Efficiency Credit 3: Water Efficient Landscaping (1–5 points) +
Energy & Credit 1: Optimize Energy Efficiency Performance (1–18 +
Atmosphere points)
Materials & Credit 3: Sustainable Purchasing: Facility Alterations ~
Resources and Additions (1 point)
Indoor Credit 1.4: IAQ Best Management Practices: Reduce +
Environmental Particulates in Air Distribution
Quality (1 point)
Credit 2.1: Occupant Comfort: Occupant Survey (1 +
point)
Credit 3.6: Green Cleaning: Indoor Integrated Pest ~
Management (1 point)
Innovation in Credit 1: Innovation in Operations (1–4 points) +
Operations
Table 1:LEED categories with credit that a green wall can help earn
20 Topic Title

• Qualifies for LEED® credit

+ positively effects LEED® qualification
~ No negative effect on LEED® credit
Used courtesy of greenovergrey.com

8. Plant disease elimination

Since most of the techniques dot use soil as the medium for cultivation, the attack
of diseases is scarce and so proves to be a good method of landscaping.

9. No pesticide or herbicides

Since the attack of insects and other creature is very less, there is almost no
need for the application of pesticides and insecticides. And so the products would
be free from these harmful poisons.

10. Storm water management and less water consumption.

Sine these landscapes are not connected to the soil there is no water loss by
percolating to the bottom soils. This allows usage of minimum water for
cultivation and so is one of the most efficient methods of landscaping in terms of
resource usage.
The integration of reservoirs retention ponds or rainwater harvesting techniques
increase the onsite infiltration. Making the storm water system percolate through
green wall systems can result in near total elimination of pollution before being
released into the soil.

11. Better nutritional and tasty

The vertically produced products have better nutritional value due the correct
timely given nutrition and due to this the products are also better in their taste.
Due to this reason vertically produced fruits and all are of high value than normal
fruits.
 Topic Title 21

Cons
Setup cost

The cost of setting up the plant structure for a vertical landscape id much more
than that of a normal landscape. This is the main reason behind this not being
done quiet often.

Frequent maintenance

Vertical landscapes need correct amount of nutrients and that too frequently and
so these landscapes need frequent maintenance too. The maintenance is also
costly when compared to normal landscapes.

Plant limitations

Not all plants cannot be used in making a vertical landscapes. Some plants
attract pest and insects, some grow without control, some require large quantities
of water, etc. So the no of plants that could be used for making these landscapes
is limited.

More training necessary

The growth of these vertical landscapes need high technological knowhow and
knowledge than normal landscaping.

Plants dry out rapidly in absence of water

Since the plants depend entirely on the water and nutrient solution that are used
in the growth medium, plants will dry out and die when watering system fails.
Less profit in return
22 Topic Title

The products got from the vertical landscapes are not commercially viable as the
cost of setup, the maintenance, etc. is very high.
Plant uniqueness minimized

Since equal amount of water and necessary nutrients are provided to the plants,
all of them would look the same.
 Topic Title 23

CHAPTER 3: AYURVEDA AND KERALA

24 Topic Title

3. AYURVEDA AND KERALA

3.1 Introduction To Ayurveda

Ayurveda Is a holistic system of healing that is 5000 years old. A unique
individual is made up of five primary elements in Ayurveda. These elements are
space, air, fire, water, earth. According to Ayurveda, all these elements is the
sole reason for many of the principles that make the human body active.In
Ayurveda there are 8 branches and Ayurvedic physicians who is proficient in all
the eight branches are called “ashtavaidyans”. “ashta” means 8 and “vaidyan”
means physician. Nature is the main source of all ayurvedic medicines.
Kerala the state at the southernmost part of India is a main source of medicinal
plants and herbs mainly due to the large availability of rainfall, abundant sunshine
and rich fertile soil. So Kerala has a long history of folk medicines that was used
by healers in all the levels of society. (Ayurveda Acharya, 2013)
3.2 History
The history says that in 6th and 7th century Vagbhata; and ayurvedic physician
from the Sind region came searching in Kerala for many rare and valuable
medicinal plants. A new dynamic medical culture was triggered as part of his
arrival in Kerala. “Ashtangahrdayam” a work done by him was adopted by many
of the healers in Kerala as foundation for their system of medicine. These healers
became the Ashtavaidyans. This culture of Ashtavaidyans flourished between the
13th and 17th centuries along with generous royal patronage and this nurtured
scientific research and scholarship in medicine. The number of Ashtavaidya
families counts to 18. Specialised treatment procedures were there for each
family and these techniques were passed down from one generation to the next.
The training procedures for becoming an Ashtavaidyan was a rigorous process.
These Ashtavaidyans accepted disciples from outside their families and long
periods of intense studies were involved under an accomplished master.
Memorising 7120 verses of Ashtavaidyam were one among those intense study
processes. The whole process of study involved 15 years. 5 years for studying
texts, 5 years learning about medicinal plants and then rest five years
apprenticeship under the guru.
 Topic Title 25

These physicians were sages and rishis and the knowledge all of them were
incorporated into the four great Vedas which were the cornerstones of the Hindu
philosophy. The sage veda Vyasa is the author of these Vedas and the first
among them was the Atharva Veda. The Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were also
the cradles of Ayurveda concluded from many of the excavated ruins of those
cities. They were skilled therapists and treated many wide varieties of diseases.
Around 1500BC Ayurveda evolved into two schools- School of physicians and the
school of surgeons. After this the Ayurveda spread all over the state. When the
sea trade and all started, it spread to other countries like Egypt, Greece, Rome,
etc. Ayurveda spread to the east too during the 1st century AD through Buddhism
and many of the Buddhist monks were skilled ayurvedic physicians. Ayurveda is
a gift from the Gods that is a legacy for all time.
“A physician who fails to enter the body of a patient with the lamp of knowledge
and understanding can never treat diseases. He should first study all the factors,
including environment, which influence a patient’s disease, and then prescribe
treatment. It is more important to prevent the occurrence of disease than to seek
a cure” (charaka).Today more than 12,300 Ayurvedic doctors keep Ayurveda
dynamically alive in kerala.
(Ayurveda Acharya, 2013)
26 Topic Title

CHAPTER 4: VERTICAL LANDSCAPES AND THE URBAN

CONTEXT
 Topic Title 27

4. VERTICAL LANDSCAPES AND THE URBAN CONTEXT

Vertical landscapes are most useful in the urban context. Urban areas have more
of multi-storey buildings and the ground area left free is little and most of this free
area is used as perking or pathways. So the percent of green areas in the city id
very low. In an urban area the total area of the vertical surfaces is more than the
total area of horizontal areas. So the use of vertical landscapes in the urban
context proved to be very useful. Due to this very reason most of the vertical
landscapes that were done by eminent landscape architects or botanists are in
the urban context. In a building the use of vertical landscapes need not be limited
to the exteriors. Some kind of plants that need very low or no moisture and
sunlight could be grown indoor. Vertical landscapes that are designed using
these plants alone could be used in the interiors of buildings. The use of these
landscapes are rarely seen but could be the future of green buildings.

4.1 Effects Of Vertical Landscpaes In The Urban Context

The urban spaces are characterised generally by the grey concrete buildings
everywhere and these otherwise dull cities could be converted into beautiful lush
green area areas that are soothing, hygienic and improves the vista. Vertical
landscapes could play a major powerful role in this conversion process as the
major area id vertical plane compared to normal horizontal landscapes. The
reason for this conversion having these effects on humans is that the human eye
can detect 6000 shades of the green colour alone and thereby making them feel
a lot more comfortable. (Eidson, 2007).
The urban areas is where the cities majority population come up and work. It is
the hub of all business, commercial and other works. So the density of population
in these cities are much high compared to normal villages and towns. This rise in
density causes congestion in all ways throughout the city. This rise in density
causes rise in pollution rate throughout the city. The work quality of the workers
are adversely affected by these factors. The productivity of the workers reduces,
they lack in ideas, creativity and would have low problem solving capabilities. The
vertical landscapes have good effect on these problems and could be said as one
among the only solutions to these problems. According to a study carried out at
the Washington state University, indoor spaces with green areas proved to make
28 Topic Title

the workers more productive (12% quicker reaction time), creative, idea
generative more problem solving capabilities and feel less stressed(lower blood
pressure).(lohr, Pearson Mims and Goodwin, 1996).
The main reason for the absence of landscapes in the urban areas are the lack if
floor area to provide for this purpose. The price value of land is high and so
lesser the wastage of available buildable area, better economical is the building.
The areas that vertical landscapes need for its assembly and growth is limited
small base area. So the usage of vertical landscapes reduces the built-up area
required for providing landscapes. So this has an adverse effect on life in urban
areas.
The most important factor without which it is impossible to live on is atmosphere.
The amount of pollutants in the urban areas are on the increase due to the ever
increasing population and vehicular density in the urban areas. The green plants
absorbs in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. Other than these normal uses,
some plants have the capability to filter in the air passing through it. Some of the
other harmful polluting gases include benzene, formaldehyde,
Trichloroethylene, xylene and ammonia. Modern scientific researches shows that
the indoor air might be 10 times more polluted than the outdoor air leading to
what is known as the “Sick Building Syndrome”.(B.wolvertone,1996) According to
the environmental protection agency, “people working in buildings of manmade
materials inhale over 300 contaminants every day.”(EPA, 2009). So the use
vertical landscapes would be extremely useful in the urban context.
The increasing population density further causes crowding of streets and high
traffic density. The honking of horns, construction works, the people talking, etc.
all create noise pollutions. The buildings in this context should be insulated
effectively from these noises, vibrations and the high density of traffic. The
vertical landscapes have the capability to protect the interiors of buildings from
them. They are good insulators. Studies have shown that the plant leaves
attenuate sound by reflection, refraction and absorbing acoustical energy by
small amounts. (Martens and Michelsen, 1981).Vertical Landscapes shield
buildings from ultra-violet rays and acidic rain.
Construction of urban centres involves removal of existing vegetation and
replacement of these with typical urban surfaces, this creates a phenomenon
 Topic Title 29

called urban heat island effect (UHIE), an elevation in temperature relative to the
surrounding rural and natural areas.
The reason for this effect is that the solar radiations that reach earth’s surface is
absorbed by the dark surfaces and reradiated as long wave radiation or heat.
There is a threshold temperature and above this temperature every single degree
rise cause 5% rise in electricity consumption due to increasing use of air
conditioning and cooling. (Bass and Baskaran, 2001)Studies have found up to
12% rise in temperature in urban areas compared to the temperatures in nearby
area. (luvall, et al. 1997). Covering a building with foliage can reduce the amount
of heat radiated inward. Studies show that green walls can cut the electricity bills
by up to 30% (Conseil national de recherché du Canada, 2002)

Figure 15: Urban Heat Island profile

Source: Natural resources canada,2007

30 Topic Title

CHAPTER 5: STAGES OF VERTICAL LANDSCAPE

CREATION
 Topic Title 31

5. STAGES OF VERTICAL LANDSCAPE CREATION

5.1 Pre Execution Stage: Planning And Designing

The designing stage in the most vital stage in the set of procedures for the
construction of a vertical landscape. This determines how a vertical landscape
looks and performs. The designing and planning stages of the vertical
landscapes are mostly done by botanists. The designing could also be done by
anyone but should have a profound knowledge of the plants to be used and all.
This includes preparation of the drawings as to how the plants should be grown
to the final selection of the plants and ordering then beforehand.
SELECTION OF THE SYSTEM
At first the designer needs to fix the type of vertical landscape system he is going
to use and the components associated with it. There are basically 2 type of
structural systems: two dimensional and three dimensional
Two dimensional consists of vertical, horizontal cables, grids, rods or nets and
the material used for the purpose varies. These 2D systems are held in tension
and connected directly to the building structure. The size of these structures vary
according to the area of installation and may require some engineers help in case
of overloading. These systems are basically used when the plants to be grown
are climbers and this is one of the cheapest methods as the material costs are
pretty low compared to 3D systems.
Three dimensional structures have unique design capabilities. There are
numerous methods of using a 3D system. It consists of 3D grids of nets or wires
and is better compared to 2D system when the growth of plants if considered. But
this system is costlier than the 2d system and cannot be afforded by all. In these
structures the plants used does not limit to climbers. It could use wide varieties
of plants. The dimensions of the structure required vary according to the
dimensions of the plain on which it is attached and other factors like openings,
projections etc. distinctive advantage of these 3D systems is that these provide
additional support for plant material support and reduce the maintenance.
If the plants used are climbers simple mesh systems like modular trellis system,
grid system, wire rope and net system, et. Should be used. This is the easiest
32 Topic Title

method of making a vertical landscape and require less maintenance compared

to the other. But if the plants are not climbers then mat systems that have
pouches made of polymer felts for holding the soil for plant growth or some
modern methods like hydroponic or aeroponic systems should be used.
While making decisions on this the botanist or landscape architect should consult
with the architect, engineer and other persons involved in the buildings
construction. This is because a design consideration from an architect can affect
the landscape architect, horticulturist, contractor, maintenance contractor and
ultimately the client.
Factor to be considered during selection process:
 Scale
It is a critical factor when doing a vertical landscape. The scale may vary
from small vignettes to entire building facade area. When large area is
done it is better to use 3D panel systems and 2D systems for medium and
small scales as 3D panel systems are structurally better than 2D.
 Budget
The budget of the landscape is also a major factor in deciding the system
to be used. If the client is not a very wealthy person its best to provide 2 d
systems as the cost of construction is lesser. But when a wealthy client
like MNC is considered the cost of making is not that much a factor. So 3D
systems could be considered.
 Concept consideration
If the system chosen should be supporting the concept behind the design.
If the concept is covering the whole area green, it is best to choose a 2D
panel system with climbers are most of the climbers are easy to grow and
grows faster. Giving more soil volume for the climbers and they would
grow faster.
 Architectural and engineering considerations
The plane of the façade on which the landscape is attached affects the
components chosen for the system. Stucco facade and normal masonry
walls have different fixture components. The fixing of the landscapes
cannot be done on glazed surfaces. And moreover the fixtures should not
disturb the aesthetics of the building. Dead and live loads like snow load,
 Topic Title 33

wind load, etc. needs to be verified by a structural engineer before

proceeding.
 Site considerations
Soil volumes, sun direction, drainage, water availability, microclimate, etc.
Are some of the site considerations that need to be taken up. This
determines the plant material to be chosen because plants do not respond
to all materials equally. Soil tests would reveal the nutrient distributions.
Considerations for events like snow and rain should be also taken up in
areas that have them.
(Considerations For Advanced Green Facade Design, September 2015)
THE LIVING COMPONENT
Plant considerations: For a vertical landscape to become a grant success
appropriate plant selection is a critical step. To assess the appropriateness for
each system, some minimum requirements should be determined. For example
twining and vining plants are attracted to net systems and so these are best
grown using 2D systems while those climbers that have suckers and tendrils are
best grown in 3D systems. Not all plants could be grown everywhere. It’s always
best to grow the native plants of the region because they are easily available,
grow better and would be cheap. They would be resistant to pest and insects and
would last more.
It’s always better to do mixed planting designs using several species of plants
than the usage of a single plant throughout the system. This mixing of plants
requires the knowledge of an expert probably a good botanist. Not all plants
could be grown alongside due to their properties. Another positive effect of mixed
design is that at some climate one plant might not grow well and may get worn
out and using plants that grow well during that climate alongside would allow it to
take the place of the plant. In this way changing patterns or designs could be
developed in the landscape.
The number of plants that are to be grown in a system should also be given
proper attention. Typical cable system requires one plant per every vertical cube
but when using a 3d system multiple plants could be used. In a 3D system the
gap between plants depends on the size of plant material and expected mature
size.
34 Topic Title

The height at which each plants are grown in a system varies. Usually the plants
that need maximum sunlight are positioned at the top region, those with partial
sunlight need are positioned in the middle and the one that grows only in the
shade are grown at the extreme bottom regions. Some plants do not grow at
great heights. Such plants should be planned to be positioned accordingly. This
issue comes into play when designing vertical landscapes for the facades of
skyscrapers.

Irrigation considerations: Anything that grows needs irrigation and so do the

vertical landscapes. These considerations are important for the good growth of
the plants and so is the vertical landscape. When doing irrigation its best to do it
at the root level. When doing vertical landscapes in an urban areas most of the
buildings would be commercials, institutional or high-rise apartments where there
is almost no time for watering or caring the plants. So it’s best to install an
automatic watering systems probably a root level irrigation one so that there is no
or very low quantum of watering or other cares necessary. But for low rise
residential units or small buildings its best to avoid automatic systems as the cost
would be unbearable or not commercially viable.
Sometimes these irrigation systems could be made better by using the treated
grey water from the buildings which makes the landscapes even more
sustainable and reduces the need for any extra fertilisers.
Maintenance considerations: A good or well-designed vertical landscape
should be no or low maintenance requirements. Some initial installation costs
may be more compared to normal landscapes, but this could reduce the
possibility of future maintenance needs. Its always better for the designer of the
vertical landscape to take necessary considerations for maintenance in the
designing stage like the space for maintenance personnel to reach plant material,
irrigation systems, etc. by giving sufficient space in-between the wall and the
landscape structure, ladders, scissor lifts, and maybe even bucket tracks. It’s
advised to provide a minimum of 18 inches between the wall and the landscape
structure for the maintenance jobs.
 Topic Title 35

Figure 16: Wall mounted, modular three-dimensional panels, with standoff

brackets(left) and Proper soil volume, irrigation delivery and maintenance(right)

Life cycle and sustainability considerations: Well-maintained systems can

last minimum 20 years or more. So the designer of the landscape system should
take into consideration extended lifecycle time frame and landscape renovation
and alterations.
Specifications: Each vertical landscape type has its own specifications and
these specifications are written to satisfy the application or use of the vertical
landscape. When designing a vertical landscape, the design should be for the
application or use.
Expectations and survivability: the most important thing for a vertical
landscape to become a grand success is including disciplines in the design
process as possible. The most important consideration while designing a vertical
landscape is finding out the lifecycle of the landscape that is expected. Not all
landscapes are designed for long lasting. Some are designed just for some
period of time and some are designed to get maintained for decades. So this is a
very valid and important consideration. Short term projects are designed as
design for deconstruction. In legacy projects that are designed to last for decades
mostly very long lasting plants that need comparatively lesser or no maintenance
are used.in such systems that doesn’t need frequent attention could be used like
36 Topic Title

using automatic root level irrigation system that also deals with the nutrition
needs of the plant as well.
(Considerations For Advanced Green Facade Design, September 2015)
THE STRUCTURE
The structural system used for a vertical landscape depends on:
 The type of vertical landscape chosen.
Each type of vertical landscape have its own structural systems and each
one differs in its own way. The structural systems necessary for a rope
system is not the one necessary for a 3d system. Each of these structural
systems should follow the standard specifications for the better success of
the landscape structure. Some structural systems are cheaper than the
other. So selecting the required system can save a lot money.
 The characteristics of the building.
As the height of the building varies the structural systems used also varies.
As the height increases more forces come to action like the wind load and
all and these must also be taken into considerations while designing the
structure.
Some kind of vertical landscapes could be directly attached to the
building’s façade because the roots of these plants area not powerful
enough to break in through the walls. But if the walls have textures like
stucco textures, the plants might destroy this and so must not be directly
attached to the façade area.
The openings of the buildings is also a very important factor. The patterns
in the structure used for making the landscape should be such that it
leaves sufficient space for the window, door and other openings in the
plane where the landscape is about to be located.
 The weather conditions.
The main factor of the structure that is affected by the weather conditions
are material used for making the structure. In areas with very little rain only
iron is necessary but when it comes to Kerala and other states with
abundance of moisture in air, steel is the best material to be used for
making the structural components,
(Considerations For Advanced Green Facade Design, September 2015)
 Topic Title 37

For some vertical landscape structures there can be some needs to

introduce some elements like shade and all to the design to protect the
structure from the harmful effects of weather conditions like heavy rain.
 The system of irrigation used.
The designed structure should integrate all the requirements of the
landscape including the irrigation systems. Mostly these irrigation systems
are attached to the structure and the design requirements depend on the
type of system used.
 The client.
The client also is a major factor when designing the structure. Not all
clients could afford costly structural systems. For low budget systems its
better to use systems like rope systems and all that cost very less but
have limitations in the plants that could be used.
 The design of the vertical landscape.
The structure should complement the design and should not destroy the
design. It is always best to make the structure not visible by the people
who view it so that it doesn’t disturb the view.
(Considerations For Advanced Green Facade Design, September 2015)

5.2 Execution

Immediately before an execution it’s always better to make an installation

checklist. This is a list of all the processes that are occurring during the execution
of the landscape in an ordered manner for optimum results.it also includes the
considerations that need to be taken during the several stages. Some of the
items that could be included in the list are:
Scopes and contractors: The type of work, the complexity all determines the
contractor that is to be chosen for the activity. Complex works should be awarded
to highly experienced contractors in the field. Simple wall mounted and fence
type installations could be given to smaller less experienced contractors.
Contractor qualifications: contractor chosen should be well familiar with
installation cost estimations of green façade systems, know the scope of work
and able to complete the work on time and at the necessary quality.
38 Topic Title

Training and experience: the contractor that have prior experiences in this field
should be given more priority.
Kit of parts: the contractor and the designer should be well aware of the different
components of the green façade systems
Punch out: the understanding of what all to lookout when doing a punch out
process is vital for the project’s success. The attachment systems should be
examined to determine whether adherence to the installation specifications are
met like proper clip placement, panel connections, etc. water proofing integrity
should be checked in areas where the attachment systems penetrate the wall.
The irrigation systems used in the landscape should be verified to ensure proper
coverage. Plant materials also should be verified whether they are of the
specified standards.
Warranties: the landscape contractor should provide the warranties for the plant
material and the plant varieties chosen are responsibility of the contractor for a
year.
(Considerations for Advanced Green Facade Design, September 2015)

5.3 Post Execution

Maintenance procedures that are needed after the execution of the system is
what comes under the post execution stage.
The various steps that comes under the maintenance stage are:
 Bed clean up application
This process involves the cleaning up of the planting bed, raised planters
or any others areas where the plant materials are installed. All weeds,
trash, debris on the plant material should be completely removed in this
procedure.
 Mulch application
Mulch is responsible for the retention of moisture in the soil, control soil
temperature, slowing the surface runoff and supressing weeds. Stone,
hardwood, gravel, etc. are some of the commonly used materials. Organic
mulches are better than the others because, it adds to the organic
conditioning of surrounding soil through decomposition and they lasts
longer.
 Pruning application
 Topic Title 39

This maintenance procedure involves the plant growth control like

overgrowth and plant extending towards the walls. Pruning of the plants
helps in making the plants become healthier and grow faster. Pruning also
enhances the beauty of the landscape by shaping it up.
 Fertilisation application
All plant materials should be provided with sufficient fertilizers to
encourage plant growth. The amount varies from plant to plant and should
be done accordingly. For larger systems, it is recommended to provide
automatic systems because the area of care needed is much more.
 Irrigation check
All components of the irrigation system should be run through visual
inspection and also physically. This test is critical when the irrigation
system used is drip irrigation. Broken or damaged parts of the systems
should be replaced or repaired as necessary. Sometimes changes need to
be made in the irrigation systems as the plants become mature. Such
changes should also be undertaken in this process.
 Plant replacement
The plants should be checked regularly for diseases, or any other
problems and replaced before it affects the other plants also.
(Considerations For Advanced Green Facade Design, September 2015)
40 Topic Title

CHAPTER 6: LITERATURE STUDY: PATRIC BLANC AND

HIS WORKS
 Topic Title 41

6. LITERATURE STUDY: PATRIc BLANC AND HIS WORKS

6.1 Patric Blanc

Patric Blanc is a French botanist and is known as

the father of vertical landscapes. He is the person
behind the rise of the modern day vertical
landscapes as we see it now. Most of his famous
works are in Europe. Blanc became interested in
vertical landscapes at the age of 19 when he saw
plants growing naturally up tree trunks and rocks in
the forests of Thailand.

Figure 17: Patric Blanc According to him maintenance of a wall is a

simple thing. According to him, he merely starts
the process of plant growth and allows plants to take over the growth. The bottom
of the landscape is for shade loving plants and the top portion is for the plants
that need more sunlight for its growth. His genius lies in the vast knowledge of
the individual plant species and how these plants can be fit within a really
challenging urban landscape to make a green tapestry that has great aesthetic
power. Blanc is a scholar and a research scientist who has perfected the vertical
landscapes that can self-sustain. He has created vertical landscapes that lasted
for 20 years and demonstrated another dimension to city life.

6.2 Sydney One Central Park, Downtown, Sydney

Sydney one central park is located at downtown, Sydney and is part of the
master plan. It was done by the architect Ateliers Jean Nouvel, PTW architects
and the famous French botanist Patric Blanc. The planning of the building intends
to have high standards of sustainable residential design which goes under the
Australian green star rating system. It provides the people a vision of an
environmentally responsive future.
42 Topic Title

Figure 18: Sydney One Central Park

Photo Credits: Simon Wood

The building has plants growing all over it and provides organic shading and the
glass façade allows in ample amount of sunlight yearlong for heating and lighting.
The building consists of 2 residential blocks located above a 5 storey central
shopping mall. (Lan, 16th July 2015)
It has the tallest vertical landscape until now. It is 116 m tall. The vertical
landscape in the building consists of 21 plant covered panels and also consists of
35 different species of plants. The vertical landscapes are planted plateaus in the
form of a puzzle in random patterns all over the facade. It is arranged such that
each apartment gets not only a balcony but also a piece of park. When looking at
an overall scale it is a green urban sculpture. The organic shades reduce the
energy consumption for cooling and purify the air. These green planes are less
reflective than the glass facades in the cities and so is a highly sustainable
method. The irrigation is done using recycled grey and black water from the
building itself. These vertical landscapes reduces the thermal impact of the
building by up to 30% and the energy consumption by up to 25%. (Lan, 16th July
2015)
 Topic Title 43

Figure 19: Vertical landscaping: One Central Park

Source: fine gardens, design and consultancy

The type of vertical landscape used is hydroponic vertical landscapes. This type
of a landscape uses water as a medium for irrigation and uses nutrient solutions
dissolved in the water for providing plants with the necessary needs. This
maintains the structural integrity of the landscape structure. The systems of
irrigation are automatic and does according to the needs of the plants. This
prevents wastage of water and is also very efficient. The total area of vertical
landscape alone in the building comes to around 1200 m.sq and is the largest en-
mass vertical garden in the world. (Lan, 16th July 2015)
The building displays an unsentimental intention to keep nature and building in
dialogue. The green presence on the buildings bought about by 18000 plants is a
universal sign of life on earth. It could be a model for future building designs of
similar scale, location and program.(CTBUH journal issue 4, 2014 )
“Landscape is architecture. Here we have created a continuity so the facades
extend the park into the sky.” Jean Nouvel.

6.3 Caxiaforum, Madrid, Spain

Caxiaforum, is a Post-modern art gallery designed by the Swiss architects
Herzog and de meuron. It is located next to Prado museum, Madrid, Spain. The
vertical landscape showcased on the facade of the building is to reflect the Royal
Botanical Garden. The various activities in Caxiaforum Madrid include Exhibitions
of contemporary, modern and ancient art poetry festivals and music, multimedia
44 Topic Title

art, social seminars, debates on contemporary issues, educational and family-

oriented workshops, etc. An old forgotten power plant in Madrid was transformed
into the Caxiaforum and the brick façade was restored.

Figure 20: Caxiaforum interior and exterioer View

photo credit: Juan Antonio Garcia

The exterior of the Caxiaforum had a unique accent bought about by the vertical
landscape designed by the French botanist Patric Blanc. This vertical landscape
was the first one to be made in the whole of Spain and is also the largest
implemented to date on a building façade without any gaps in between. It has a
planted surface area of 460m.sq. This natural tapestry formed by the vertical
landscape has 15000 plants and of 250 different species transformed the area
into a surprising garden.
 Topic Title 45

Figure 21: Design sketch(left) and exterior view(right)

photo credit: Juan Antonio Garcia

The type of vertical landscape used is hydroponic vertical landscapes. This type
of a landscape uses water as a medium for irrigation and uses nutrient solutions
dissolved in the water for providing plants with the necessary needs. This
maintains the structural integrity of the landscape structure. The systems of
irrigation are automatic and does according to the needs of the plants. This
prevents wastage of water and is also very efficient. (Juan Antonio Garcia, 2014)

6.4 Athenaeum Hotel, Picadilly, london

The hotel was an art deco apartment and was a renovation of a hope house built
in 1950. Then it was converted into a hotel in 1971 after 2 year refurbishment.
The exterior of the hotel is dressed up with a vertical landscape as strip staring
from base of the building till the roof. Patric Blanc is the creator of this
magnificent piece of art. This art work is 8 storey tall and is made up of 12000
plants which includes 260 species including both native and tropical. The bottom
46 Topic Title

region has mainly Asian nettles due to the good shade from above. ( Jenny
Agee-Aldrich,6th may 2011)

Figure 22: Athenaem Hotel exterior view

A kind of techno trellis is used for the underlying structure. The is made of aluminium
and the medium used is synthetic felt. Custom irrigation system is provided that keeps
felt moist. The nutrient solutions necessery for the plants growth are also automatically
mixed with the water used for irrigation.

Figure 23: Athenaem Hotel exterior view

 Topic Title 47

6.5 Sydney One Central Park, Downtown, Sydney

The museum is located at Paris on the banks of river Seine. The museum is
designed by the architect je an nouvel. The verdent wall of the museum became one of
the most photographed facades of Paris in recent times. The vertical landscape
measures 800 sq.m. The height of the museum comes to arount 40 feet and about 650
feet long stretch. It was created by the french botanist Patric Blanc. It has approximately
15000 plants of 150 different plant species from Japan, China, USA and central europe.
The material used as the medium for the growth was prepared beforehand for producing
similar conditions to those of the orginal habitat. There are about 20 plants per sq.m.
In this work 2 layers of polyamide felt was stapled 1cm thick plates made of
expanded PVC. Then the whole thing was affixed on a metal frame work which was
made such that it leaves an airspace between it and the wall. This ensured good
insulation to the walls. This felt layer acts as the medium for the growth of these plants
because of the stong capilliary and water-retaining capacities . A drip irrigation system at
the top of the wall ensures a continious supply of necessary fertilizers, nutrients and
water.

Figure 24: Quai Branly Museum, Paris

48 Topic Title

CHAPTER 7: PLANT STUDY

 Topic Title 49

7. PLANT STUDY
7.1: Plants in Blanc’s works
50 Topic Title
Topic Title 51
52 Topic Title

7.2: Analysis of plants in Blanc’s landscapes

Thw plants used in the vertical landscapes done by patric blank are mainly
plants that are local to the place and so is adaptable to the climate. For that he
went searching for plants in the forests and found out some plants. The
arrangement of the plants is also very interesting. This arrangement is the core
for the success of the landscape. The arrangement of the plants is done
considering the water requiremnt and also the amound of sunlight necessary.
The plants that need more moisture are placed at the bottom. Drip irrigation is
the type of irrigation used and is done at the root level. When watered the
remaining excess water flows from the top to the blow powches and so the
pouches at the bottom recieves the maximum amount of water. So it is always
better to place the plants that need more water at the bottom and the plants that
need the least at the top.The plants that need more sunlight are positioned at the
top and the ones that need shade are positioned at the bottom . The plants at
the top would receive the maximum sunligt as they are exposed direcly to the
sun and the plants that are at the bottom are shaded by the plants above it and
these plants should better be the ones that live well and survive in the shades.
So it is always better to plant the shade loving plants at the bottom, the ones that
need high amount of sunlight at the top and the ones that need partial shade at
the middle region.
The height of the plants chosen is also a major factor to consider. The plants that
reach more than 1m height are vulnerable to falling and may need very frequent
pruning. Added to this is the problem overweight as larger the size more would
be the weight.the structure may not be able to stand this much weight.So its
always better to use plants that grow to less than 1m heightand maximum 1.5 m
height.
The plants chosen also depends on the colours used in the design. Some plants
are green while others have flowers and show colours.its always best to use mix
of plants that flower at different seasons rather than one because the landscape
would appear different at different climates and seasons. If not , the landscape
might look plain and unattractive during certain seasons.
 Topic Title 53

In blancs works, most of the plants he used where those that need average to
low water requirement because the location of his landscapes where in arid or
regions where water is scarse. This helped in reducing the cost of irrigation and
also made it a better landscape as it was site specific.he used very less
flowering plants as it is hard to remove the rotten flowers that fall from the thick
landscape. Most of his plants are decorative and he hasn’t tried building a
vertical landscape that has something even beetter to do like air purification and
all.
54 Topic Title

CHAPTER 8: CASE STUDY AND ANALYSIS

 Topic Title 55

8. CASE STUDY AND ANALYSIS

8.1: Case Study at JNTBGRI, Palod

The case study at Javaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden and Research
Institute was by meeting and talking with a current scientist in the institution who
has profound knowledge in growing vertical landscapes throughout kerala.the
scientist is
Prof. Koshi K C ; Scientist E2 and Head of Plant Genetic resource Division;
Javaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute , Palod;
Trivandrum; kerala.
The discussions with him was about the therapeutic plants that could be
effectively grown on a vertical landscape in india and mainly kerala. He helped
me out in the selection process of the therapeutic plants and also solving the
several problems that it may facein the indian context.
Therapeutic plants when it coes to vertical landscapes doesn’t include plants
whose roots or any other parts are the source of medicine because its quite
difficult to remove one from the landscape when compared to normal landsapes
and also the beauty of the landscape would be lost when harvesting necessary
plants. Such plants could be used in places where the aim is to make a
landscape that could be used for making medicines and not ornamental in value.
The plants that are chosen mostly include air purifying plants, aromatic plants,
colourful plants and sensory plants.
Air purifying plants: The main toxic agents that exists in the air we breathe are :
benzene, formaldihyde trychloroethylene, xylene, toulouene, ammonia.the
sources of all thse pollutants are mainlt vehicles, smokes from tobacco,
factories, industries,etc.these pollutants are really harmful to our health and
should be purified especially in places where people stay for a long period of
time like house, ofices,etc.
Sensory plants: This includes allplants that could tickle the sences and make a
freshness in the mind and body. These plants stimulates the sences of smell,
touch, taste and sound.sensory plants are an important part of therapeutic
landscape..
56 Topic Title

The list of plants includes all plants that could be grown in kerala and have
certain therapeutic properties and could be used in making a therapeutic vertical
landscape. Some plants cannot be grown everywhere, the plants to choose from
also depends on the altitude of the place where the landscape is to be made.
 Topic Title 57

8.1.1: Therapeutic plants derived after discussion

58 Topic Title
Topic Title 59
60 Topic Title
Topic Title 61
62 Topic Title
 Topic Title 63

8.1.2: Problems and solutions

The problems that are faced when coming to India are
 Heavy rain in the tropics
 Dry arid regions have lack of adequate humidity.
 Wind speed in certain areas
 Earthquake and other hazard prone areas.
 Lack of experienced labourers
 Just started getting popularity.
 Cost of construction and maintenance.

Solutions:
 The problem of rain can be solved to a great extent by choosing the plants
that as local to the place. Using of mediums that does not use soil is a
good method as this prevents rotting of the roots due to high moisture
content. Here comes the benefit when using a hydroponic vertical
landscape for growing the plants.
Using shading on the top end of the landscape can prevent the effects of
the rain on small landscapes but it is useless when making a high
landscape probably above 6’.

 In dry regions its best to use succulent plants and other plants that need
no or very less amount of moisture for growth. Succulent plants are
available in great varieties and has be successfully used in many areas
outside India. Using folke walls is also an efficient method. Using folke
walls can help in decreasing need to use fresh water sources.
In dry regions it is advised to provide root level irrigation systems to
optimise the water usage for irrigation. But the problem is that it would cost
more and the client should be able to afford it and its maintenance.

 The best to do thing is change the plants to be used in the landscape and
use varieties than could resists wind speeds in areas where the wind
speed is high mainly in high altitudes.
Changing the orientation and position of the landscape is a good measure
to prevent damage to the landscape from strong winds. The direction of
wind changes from one location to the other and in some sites
microclimate may develop which may not be the same as the nominal
wind direction. So the location should be done after checking those.

 The structure has to be made more strong and able to pass through
earthquakes or other disasters without damage. This could be done by
employing a well experienced structural engineer in designing the
structure for the landscape.
The location of the landscape can also have an effect on the structure. If
the location is near sea, there is great chance of the structure getting rust.
So necessary measures need to be taken.
64 Topic Title

 Basic trainings could be given to labourers and employing 1 well

experienced person could help train other workers in making the vertical
landscape and slowly the other labourers also would get experienced.
Compromising the workers considering the high cost of experienced
labour would be foolish and can result in failure of the project.

 The use of vertical landscapes in public buildings and those areas that are
exposed to large amount of people is one method to gain popularity. The
people who pass through would naturally notice the new landscaping
method and willingly or unwillingly the news would spread and more
people would be ready to try them out.

 The cost of construction and maintenance is a major factor that restricts

the use of these landscapes everywhere. The people should be aware of
low cost methods of making a vertical landscapes. Not all vertical
landscapes are costly. 2D landscape systems like rope system are
comparatively cost-efficient compare to 3D landscapes. Some other
alternatives like folke walls could also be used which are cheaper
alternatives and are efficient.
 Topic Title 65

CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION
66 Topic Title

9. CONCLUSION

In India the concept of vertical landscape is now starting to get popularity and
Kerala is almost near to unaware of its existence and would soon be a major part
of the landscape industry in India. The plants that have been listed down in the
previous pages are some of the plants that could be used to make a vertical
landscape that could do something even more than a usual normal landscape.
This could be a solution for the increasing pollution in the modern cities. This
along with reducing pollution also converts the rather ugly concrete walls in a
living berating wall and increase the buildings beauty in all sense.
The problems that they face in the Kerala context is not that much of a problem
compared to its positive qualities. The problems that these landscapes could face
when it comes to the tropical Kerala context could be effectively solved by the
solutions that are said in the previous pages.
The use of the plants that are listed down in the tables in the previous pages
depends on the location of the site and should be done accordingly. If all the
considerations that were explained are taken into consideration throughout all
stages of the landscape construction, the project would be a grand success.
Thus these therapeutic Vertical Landscapes could pave the way for a better,
greener, sustainable future with removing the so called plain urban grey walls into
vertical landscapes. If one landscape could reduce the energy usage this much
amounts (as per previous analysis), consider the effect it would have when it is
done all over the city in a large scale. It could change the face of urban areas.
 Topic Title 67

REFERENCE
1 A History of Vertical Gardens from Simple Vines to Hydroponic
Systems,(August 21 2014). http://land8.com/profiles/blogs/vertical-
gardens-through-the-ages
2 Bass, Brad, and Bas Baskaran. Evaluating Rooftop and Vertical Gardens
as an Adaptation Strategy for Urban Areas. Ottawa: National Research
Council Canada, 2001.
3 Benefits of vertical landscapes. (n.d).
http://www.verticallandscapes.co.za/benefits.php .
4 Case Study : One Central Park, Sydney(2014); CTBUH Research journal
Issue 4,2014
5 Caxia Forum Madrid and the last vertical garden of Patric Blanc (2014);
https://zeleno.bg/en/articles/385-caixa-forum-madrid-and-the-last-vertical-
garden-of-patrick-blanc.html
6 Climatological uses of plants for solar control and the effects on the
Thermal Environment of a building. (1998). Energy and Buildings
11(1998).pg: 181-199
7 Conseil national de recherché du Canada. Les toits verts et les mur
vegetal. Ottawa: Conseil national de recherché du Canada, 2002.
8 Cooling Effect of Ivy on a Wall. (1999). Experimental Heat Transfer 12(3).
pg: 235-245
9 Creating a modular green wall. (n.d).
http://www.verticallandscapes.co.za/creating-a-modular-green-wall.php .
10 Eidson, Stacey. “Research shows plants can help reduce stress, improve
indoor air.” Bradenton Herald. June 14, 2007.
http://www.bradenton.com/business/16912231.html(accessed September
25, 2009)
11 Elisa cobos-Indoor vertical garden;
12 EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Washington: US
Environmental Protection Agency, 2009.
13 Evaluating rooftop and vertical gardens as an adaptation strategy for
urban areas. (2008). National Research Council of Canada NRCC-46737.
14 Gonchar, J. 2009. Vertical and verdant, living wall systems sprout on two
buildings, in Paris and Vancouver, Architectural Record, McGraw-Hill
Construction.
15 Green roofs for healthy cities. 2008. Introduction to green walls
technology, bene fits and design. Retrieved from
http://www.greenscreen.com/Resources/download_it/IntroductionGreenW
alls.pdf.
16 Green walls; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/greenwalls
17 Greening the building envelope, facade greening and living wall systems.
(June 2011)
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=5146&#abstr
act
http://www.behance.net/gallery/Indoor-Vertical-Garden/7589329;
68 Topic Title

18 Hydroponics. (June 2012). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics .

19 Katia Perini1, Marc Ottelé. (2011)Greening the building envelope, façade
greening and living wall systems.
20 Kerala- home of Ayurveda. (2013).
http://homeofayurveda.org/category/history/
21 Lohr, Virginia I., Caroline H. Pearson-Mims, and Georgia
K. Goodwin. Interior plants may improve worker productivity and reduce
stress in a windowless environment. Pullman: Journal of Environmental
Horticulture, 1996
22 Luvall, J, and H Holbo. Measurements of short term thermal responses of
coniferous forest canopies using thermal scanner data. Environ, 27, 1–10.
Portland: Remote Sensing of Environment, 1989.
23 ONE CENTRAL PARK BRINGS nature back to Sydney( 6th July 2015);
http://landarchs.com/one-central-park-brings-nature-back-to-sydney/
24 Vertical gardens take root(6th may 2011);
http://www.totallandscapecare.com/design-build/
25 Heat Island Effect, http://www.epa.gov/hiri/mitigation/trees.htm
26 http://www.sustainablesites.org/
27
http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/cityplanning/completeprojectslist/greenfactor/w
hatwhy/
28 http://www.flwstobay.org/gsdesignguide
29 Significant reduction in pollution achieved by creating green walls,
http://news.lancs.ac.uk/Web/News/Pages/Signifiant-Reduction-in-
Pollution-Achieved-by-creating-Green-Walls.aspx
30 http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/expert_assessment/
31 http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxiousDriver
32 The Sustainable Sites Initiative (SITES™) Credit Contribution Review;
http://greenscreen.com/resources/education/LEED® V4 Credit
Contribution Review
33 Guidelines for Green Facade Plant Selection;
http://greenscreen.com/docs/Education/Guidelines for Green Facade Plant
Selection
34 Green screen guidelines for plant selection;
http://greenscreen.com/docs/Plants/greenscreen_
Guidelines%20for%20Plant%20 Selection.pdf
35 Guidelines for Green Facade Plant Installation
http://greenscreen.com/plants/planting-installation/
36 Guidelines for Green Facade Plant Maintenance
http://greenscreen.com/plants/plant-maintenance/
37 Introduction to Green Walls: Technology, Benefis, and Design (2008)
http://greenscreen.com/docs/Education/greenscreen_Introduction%20to%
20Green%20Walls.pdf
 Topic Title 69

38 Considerations For Advanced Green Facade Design CEU

http://greenscreen.com/docs/Education/greenscreen_Advanced%20Green
%20Facade%20Design_CEU.pdf
39