Positive mental attitude (PMA) is a concept first

introduced in 1937 by Napoleon Hill in the

book Think and Grow Rich. The book never
actually uses the term, but discusses about the
importance of positive thinking as a contributing
factor of success.[1] Napoleon, along with W.
Clement Stone, founder of Combined Insurance,
later wrote Success Through a Positive Mental
Attitude, defines positive mental attitude as
comprising the 'plus' characteristics represented
by words as faith, integrity, hope, optimism,
courage, initiative, generosity, tolerance, tact,
kindliness and good common sense.[2][3]
Positive mental attitude is that philosophy which
asserts that having an optimistic disposition in
every situation in one's life attracts positive
changes and increases achievement.[4] Adherents
employ a state of mind that continues to seek, find
and execute ways to win, or find a desirable
outcome, regardless of the circumstances. This
concept is the opposite of negativity, defeatism
and hopelessness. Optimism and hope are vital to
the development of PMA.[5]
Positive mental attitude (PMA) is the philosophy of
finding greater joy in small joys, to live without
hesitation or holding back our most cherished,
held in high esteem, and highest personal virtues
and values
Psychology[edit]
PMA is under the umbrella of positive psychology. In
positive psychology, high self-efficacy can help in
gaining learned optimism which ultimately leads to
PMA. PMA is considered an internal focus of control
that influences external factors. Research has shown
that through emotional intelligence training and positive
psychology therapy, a person's attitudes and perceptions
can be modified to improve one's personal and
professional life.[6]
Sports[edit]
A study of Major League Baseball players indicated
that a key component that separates major league
players from the minor leagues and all other levels is
their ability to develop mental characteristics and
mental skills. Among them were mental toughness,
confidence, maintaining a positive attitude, dealing with
failure, expectations, and positive self-talk.[7]
Health[edit]
Cancer specifically has received a lot of attention since
Lance Armstrong, along with other survivors, have
given their stories. Many studies have been done
regarding PMA and its effects on health, specifically
with people of serious illnesses such as cancer and
kidney disease. People with PMA have a significantly
higher chance of survival and recovery.[8] A study
comparing people with chronic kidney disease with
people kidney disease free showed that there was a
significant difference between the groups. The kidney
disease free group rated much higher in PMA. There
was no difference found in spirituality and females with
chronic kidney disease were found to be significantly
more superstitious.[9] A study done with HIV-positive
individuals found that a high health self-efficacy, a
task-oriented coping style, and a positive mental
attitude were strong predictors for a health-promoting
lifestyle which has a significant effect on overall health
(coping and surviving).[10]