MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Study details

The experimental area is located in between 23° 32' 30" (right above the tropic of cancer) and
24° 35' 0" N latitude and 87° 5' 25" and 88° 1' 40" E at an altitude of 58.9 m above MSL; in the
Birbhum region situated in West Bengal state of India. It is categorised under Agro ecological
sub region 15.1 12.3??? with alluvium derived soils and growing period of 210- 240 days
(Velayutham et al., 1999) having hot, sub- humid, sub-tropical climate. During summer, the
temperature can shoot well above 40° C and in winters it can drop to around 10° C. The annual
average rainfall is around 1500 mm which occurs mostly in the monsoon months i.e., June to
October (Mukhopadhyay, 2006). The experiment was initiated in 2013 and continued to 2015.

2. Cultivation details

Three crops were taken for the experiment purpose viz., baby corn, green gram and okra.

2.1. Baby corn

Baby corn (Zea mays) variety HM-4 was cultivated during Rabi season. It was sown in 12 th
October and harvested last time in 13th December. With row to row spacing of 55 cm and plant to
plant spacing of 25 cm, the seeds were sown directly in the field @ 20 kg/ ha. Three types of
treatments were evaluated in the experiment- control: no nutrients provided; organic: only
organic inputs applied; chemical: chemical agro inputs were used. The experiment was plotted in
Randomized Block Design (RBD) three replications each, each plot size being 12 sq.m.

2.1.1. Chemical Treatment details

Seed Treatment: Corn seeds were soaked in fungicide solution (Carbendazim @ 2gm/ kg seed)
prior to sowing.

Fertilizer application: N, P and K nutrients were applied in the form of Urea, Single Super
Phosphate and Muriate of Potash respectively @ 100:50:50 kg per ha. One third part of nitrogen
and full quantity of phosphorus and potassium were incorporated during final land preparation.
The rest of the nitrogen was top dressed at 30 DAS and then 45 DAS in equal parts.

Pest Management: No disease or pest infestation occurred during the cultivation period, hence no
pesticide was required.

Weed Management: Atrazine and 2,4-D were sprayed as pre and post emergence herbicides @
0.5 kg/ha and 1.5 kg/ ha respectively. The former being sprayed at 5 DAS and the latter twice at
25 and 40 DAS.

2.1.2. Organic Treatment details

Seed Treatment: The corn seeds were soaked in seed solution II @ 750 ml for 20 kg seed diluted
with 50 ltr. water. Seed solution II is the energized and potentized botanical extract of
Hyoscyamus niger and Solanum verbascifolium plants. After soaking the seeds for 1 hour, they
were spread out in a shade and air dried prior to sowing.

Compost application: Novcom Compost was prepared on field using water hyacinth as raw
material (details of the preparation process is given later). Compost was incorporated in the soil
@ 15 ton/ ha at the time of final land preparation (3 days before sowing); NPK- 210 kg. 3 days
before sowing. Nutrient content of the compost on dry weight basis was found to be: 1.82 % N,
0.63 % P and 0.9 % K along with moisture content of 58.21 %.

Compost application was immediately followed by spraying of CDS concoction on the field @
400 ltr./ ha which was prepared on farm as well (details given later).

Organic Plant Management: Some energized and potentized botanical extracts termed as Inhana
solutions were sprayed at different length of time during the cultivation for nurturing the crop.
Total 7 rounds of different Inhana solutions were sprayed; the spraying schedule is given in table
1.

Table 1: Spraying schedule of different solutions for organic plant management of baby corn.
Round
Solution Name Spraying Time Dosage
no.
1 IB (Ag)- 1 2-3 leaved stage 750 ml/ha
2 IB (Ag)- 4+ IB (Ag)- 7 7-10 days after 1st spray 750 ml/ha + 750 ml/ha
3 IB (Ag)- 2 7-10 days after 2nd spray 750 ml/ha
4 IB (Ag)- 6 + IB (Ag)- 7 7-10 days after 3rd spray 750 ml/ha+ 750 ml/ha
5 IB (Ag)- 5 7-10 days after 4th spray 750 ml/ha
6 IB (Ag)- 1 7-10 days after 5th spray 750 ml/ha
7 IB (Ag)- 2 7-10 days after 6th spray 750 ml/ha

Table 2: Details of role of the different Inhana solutions.

Solution Action of the solutions towards various

Extracts of plants
Name physiological functioning of the plants.

Seed Hyoscyamus niger and

Photosynthesis enhancement and increased uptake of
solution II Solanum
organic and inorganic solutes through roots.
verbascifolium
IB (Ag)- 1 Hyoscyamus niger, Organic growth promoter, activator and regulator:
Ficus benghalensis and Energizes and stimulates the plants system for best use
Dendrocalamus of inputs both applied and stored in the soil and
strictus regulates every stage of the Grand Growth Period.
IB (Ag)- 2 Ocimum sanctum, Silica induced immunity against Fungal Pathogens :
Calotropis procera and Activates plant’s host defense mechanism through
Cynodon dactylon Silica Management. It also stimulates plants Immune
System by activating the biosynthesis of phenolic
compounds and works as stress regulator.
IB (Ag)-4 Calotropis procera, Ensures biological absorption and utilization of
Dendrocalamus atmospheric-N by plant. It also balances the quantity
strictus and Bombax of nitrogen in the plant system at the right time and
malabaricum thereby prevents deleterious effect on the quality of
the produce. It also ensures gradual reduction in
chemical nitrogen application.
IB (Ag)-5 Cynodon dactylon and Energizes the various biochemical process of plant
Calotropis gigantea resulting in harmonious grand growth period.
Regulates and stimulates the cellular oxidation process
and energizes the phloemic function resulting in
encouraged translocation of organic solutes.
Stimulates the hydrolysis of starch to –D Glucose
units by enhancing the enzymatic activity.
IB (Ag)-6 Hyoscyamus niger and Energizes and activates respiration and photosynthesis
Solanum activity and plays complementary role of IB (Ag)-5. It
verbascifolium energizes respiration by activating the protoplasmic
factors and the concentration of respiratory substrate.
It also stimulates the rate of photosynthesis by quick
translocation of carbohydrates.
IB (Ag)- 7 Ocimum sanctum Stimulates root function, activates root growth and
penetration and energizes soil in the root zone thus
improving soil-plant relationship. It also helps to
develop CEC of the soil, energizes the production of
microflora and bioflora around the root zone,
improves the degree of base saturation to the desired
level, enhances the root cation exchange capacity and
stimulates root growth and penetration by activating
contact exchange capacity of the root.

Pest Management: Since there was no pest infestation observed, hence there was no need for pest
management either.

Weed Management: Manual weeding was done thrice at 15, 30 and 45 DAS.
Other intercultural operations including thinning and irrigation was done as and when required.
The cobs were harvested manually at 55, 59 and 62 DAS.

2.2. Green Gram

Green gram (Vigna radiata) variety Samrat (PDM -84-139) was cultivated during Rabi season. It
was sown in 5th January and harvested in 25th March. With row to row spacing of 20 cm and
plant to plant spacing of 10 cm, the seeds were sown directly in the field @ 30 kg/ ha. Three
types of treatments were evaluated in the experiment- control: no nutrients or pest management
provided; organic: only organic inputs applied; chemical: chemical agro inputs were used. The
experiment was plotted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) having three replications each, each
plot size being 12 sq.m.

2.2.1. Chemical Treatment details

Seed Treatment: Seeds were soaked in fungicide solution (Carbendazim @ 2gm/ kg seed) prior
to sowing.

Fertilizer application: N, P and K nutrients were applied in the form of Urea, Single Super
Phosphate and Muriate of Potash respectively @ 20: 40: 40 kg per ha. One third part of nitrogen
and full quantity of phosphorus and potassium were incorporated during final land preparation.
The rest of the nitrogen was top dressed at 30 DAS and then 45 DAS in equal parts.

Pest Management: No disease or pest infestation occurred during the cultivation period, hence no
pesticide was required.

Weed Management: Pendimethalin @ 3.3 ltr./ ha was sprayed at 3 DAS. A manual weeding was
done at 30DAS.

2.2.2. Organic Treatment details

Seed Treatment: The green gram seeds were soaked in seed solution II @ 750 ml for 30 kg seed
diluted with 60 ltr. water. Seed solution II is the energized and potentized botanical extract of
Hyoscyamus niger and Solanum verbascifolium plants. After soaking the seeds for 1 hour, they
were spread out in a shade and air dried prior to sowing.

Compost application: Novcom Compost was prepared on field using water hyacinth as raw
material (details of the preparation process is given later). Compost was incorporated in the soil
@ 7.5 ton/ ha at the time of final land preparation (3 days before sowing); NPK- 213 kg. Nutrient
content of the compost on dry weight basis was found to be: 1.91 % N, 0.56 % P and 1.16 % K
along with moisture content of 60.87 %.

Compost application was immediately followed by spraying of CDS concoction on the field @
400 ltr./ ha which was prepared on farm as well (details given later).
 Organic Plant Management: Some energized and potentized botanical extracts termed as Inhana
solutions were sprayed at different length of time during the cultivation for nurturing the crop.
Total 7 rounds of different Inhana solutions were sprayed; the spraying schedule is given in table
3.

Table 3: Spraying schedule of different solutions for organic plant management of green gram.

Round no. Solution Name Spraying Time Dosage

1 IB (Ag)- 1
2 IB (Ag)- 2
3 IB (Ag)- 4
4 IB (Ag)- 5 + IB (Ag)- 7
5 IB (Ag)- 3 + IB (Ag)- 7
6 IB (Ag)- 2
7 IB (Ag)- 1
2-3 leaved stage 750 ml/ha
7-10 days after 1st spray 750 ml/ha
7-10 days after 2nd spray 750 ml/ha
7-10 days after 3rd spray 750 ml/ha + 750 ml/ha
7-10 days after 4th spray 750 ml/ha + 750 ml/ha
7-10 days after 5th spray 750 ml/ha
7-10 days after 6th spray 750 ml/ha

Table 4: Details of role of the different Inhana solutions.

Solution Action of the solutions towards various

Extracts of plants
Name physiological functioning of the plants.

Seed Hyoscyamus niger and

Photosynthesis enhancement and increased uptake of
solution II Solanum
organic and inorganic solutes through roots.
verbascifolium
IB (Ag)- 1 Hyoscyamus niger, Organic growth promoter, activator and regulator:
Ficus benghalensis and Energizes and stimulates the plants system for best use
Dendrocalamus of inputs both applied and stored in the soil and
strictus regulates every stage of the Grand Growth Period.
IB (Ag)- 2 Ocimum sanctum, Silica induced immunity against Fungal Pathogens :
Calotropis procera and Activates plant’s host defense mechanism through
Cynodon dactylon Silica Management. It also stimulates plants Immune
System by activating the biosynthesis of phenolic
compounds and works as stress regulator.
IB (Ag)-3 Adhatoda vasica, Organic solution for potash absorption and utilization:
Zingiber officinale and Increases the efficiency of potash uptake through
Embelia ribes energized root capacity. It activates suction pressure
by influencing diffusion pressure deficit.
IB (Ag)-4 Calotropis procera, Ensures biological absorption and utilization of
Dendrocalamus atmospheric-N by plant. It also balances the quantity
strictus and Bombax of nitrogen in the plant system at the right time and
 malabaricum thereby prevents deleterious effect on the quality of
the produce. It also ensures gradual reduction in
chemical nitrogen application.
IB (Ag)-5 Cynodon dactylon and Energizes the various biochemical process of plant
Calotropis gigantea resulting in harmonious grand growth period.
Regulates and stimulates the cellular oxidation process
and energizes the phloemic function resulting in
encouraged translocation of organic solutes.
Stimulates the hydrolysis of starch to –D Glucose
units by enhancing the enzymatic activity.
IB (Ag)- 7 Ocimum sanctum Stimulates root function, activates root growth and
penetration and energizes soil in the root zone thus
improving soil-plant relationship. It also helps to
develop CEC of the soil, energizes the production of
microflora and bioflora around the root zone,
improves the degree of base saturation to the desired
level, enhances the root cation exchange capacity and
stimulates root growth and penetration by activating
contact exchange capacity of the root.

Pest Management: Since there was no pest infestation observed, hence there was no need for pest
management either.

Weed Management: Manual weeding was done twice at 30 and 55 DAS.

Other intercultural operations including thinning and irrigation was done as and when required.
The crops were harvested manually at 80 DAS.

2.3. Okra

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) variety Shakti (F1 hybrid) was cultivated during Zaid season. It
was sown in 10th April and last harvested in 13th June. With row to row spacing of 60 cm and
plant to plant spacing of 30 cm as well, the seeds were sown directly in the field @ 8 kg/ ha.
Three types of treatments were evaluated in the experiment- control: no nutrients provided;
organic: only organic inputs applied; chemical: chemical agro inputs were used. The experiment
was plotted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) having three replications each, each plot size
being 12 sq.m.

2.3.1. Chemical Treatment details

Seed Treatment: Seeds were soaked in fungicide solution (Carbendazim @ 2gm/ kg seed) prior
to sowing.

Fertilizer application: N, P and K nutrients were applied in the form of Urea, Single Super
Phosphate and Muriate of Potash respectively @ 100: 50: 50 kg per ha. 50 % dose of nitrogen
and potassium along with full quantity of phosphorus were incorporated during final land
preparation. The rest of the nitrogen and potash were top dressed at 21 DAS and then 40 DAS in
equal parts.

Nitrobenzene @ 3ml/ltr. water was sprayed as growth regulator before flower bud initiation
stage.

Pest Management: One round of pesticide (combination of Propanophos and acephate) was
applied @ 1.5 ml/ltr. to counter mild infestation of stem borer and sucking pest at 45 DAS.

Weed Management: Fluchloralin @ 2 ltr./ ha was sprayed at 3 DAS. A manual weeding was
done at 45 DAS.

2.3.2. Organic Treatment details

Seed Treatment: The okra seeds were soaked in seed solution I @ 750 ml for 8 kg seed diluted
with 20 ltr. water. Seed solution I is the energized and potentized botanical extract of Cynadon
dactylon and Calotropis gigantea plants. After soaking the seeds for 1 hour, they were spread out
in a shade and air dried prior to sowing.

Compost application: Novcom Compost was prepared on field using water hyacinth as raw
material (details of the preparation process is given later). Compost was incorporated in the soil
@ 7.5 ton/ ha at the time of final land preparation (3 days before sowing); NPK- 213 kg. Nutrient
content of the compost on dry weight basis was found to be: 1.91 % N, 0.56 % P and 1.16 % K
along with moisture content of 60.87 %.

Compost application was immediately followed by spraying of CDS concoction on the field @
400 ltr./ ha which was prepared on farm as well (details given later).

Organic Plant Management: Some energized and potentized botanical extracts termed as Inhana
solutions were sprayed at different length of time during the cultivation for nurturing the crop.
Total 8 rounds of different Inhana solutions were sprayed; the spraying schedule is given in table
5.

Table 5: Spraying schedule of different solutions for organic plant management of okra.

Round no. Solution Name Spraying Time Dosage

1 IB (Ag)- 1 2-3 leaved stage 750 ml/ha
2 IB (Ag)- 2 + IB (Ag)- 7 7-10 days after 1st spray 750 ml/ha + 750 ml/ha
3 IB (Ag)- 4 7-10 days after 2nd spray 750 ml/ha
 4 IB (Ag)- 3
5 IB (Ag)- 13
6 IB (Ag)- 1 + IB (Ag)- 7
7 IB (Ag)- 6 + IB (Ag)- 7
8 IB (Ag)- 10
7-10 days after 3rd spray 750 ml/ha+ 750 ml/ha
7-10 days after 4th spray 750 ml/ha
7-10 days after 5th spray 750 ml/ha + 750 ml/ha
7-10 days after 6th spray 750 ml/ha + 750 ml/ha
7-10 days after 7th spray 750 ml/ha

Table 6: Details of role of the different Inhana solutions.

Solution Action of the solutions towards various

Extracts of plants
Name physiological functioning of the plants.

Seed Cynodon dactylon and Increases the respiration rate of embryo – both aerobic
solution -I Calotropis gigantea and anaerobic.
IB (Ag)- 1 Hyoscyamus niger, Organic growth promoter, activator and regulator:
Ficus benghalensis and Energizes and stimulates the plants system for best use
Dendrocalamus of inputs both applied and stored in the soil and
strictus. regulates every stage of the Grand Growth Period.
IB (Ag)- 2 Ocimum sanctum, Silica induced immunity against Fungal Pathogens :
Calotropis procera and Activates plant’s host defense mechanism through
Cynodon dactylon Silica Management. It also stimulates plants Immune
System by activating the biosynthesis of phenolic
compounds and works as stress regulator.
IB (Ag)-3 Adhatoda vasica, Organic solution for potash absorption and utilization:
Zingiber officinale and Increases the efficiency of potash uptake through
Embelia ribes energized root capacity. It activates suction pressure
by influencing diffusion pressure deficit.
IB (Ag)-4 Calotropis procera, Ensures biological absorption and utilization of
Dendrocalamus atmospheric-N by plant. It also balances the quantity
strictus and Bombax of nitrogen in the plant system at the right time and
malabaricum thereby prevents deleterious effect on the quality of
the produce. It also ensures gradual reduction in
chemical nitrogen application.
IB (Ag)-6 Hyoscyamus niger and Energizes and activates respiration and photosynthesis
Solanum activity. It energizes respiration by activating the
verbascifolium protoplasmic factors and the concentration of
respiratory substrate. It also stimulates the rate of
photosynthesis by quick translocation of
carbohydrates.
IB (Ag)- 7 Ocimum sanctum Stimulates root function, activates root growth and
penetration and energizes soil in the root zone thus
improving soil-plant relationship. It also helps to
develop CEC of the soil, energizes the production of
microflora and bioflora around the root zone,
improves the degree of base saturation to the desired
level, enhances the root cation exchange capacity and
stimulates root growth and penetration by activating
contact exchange capacity of the root.
IB (Ag)-10 Costus speciocus and Energizes the various biochemical process of the plant
Tylophora indica by regulating & stimulating the cellular oxidation
process. It also energizes the phloemic function
resulting in encouraged translocation of organic
solutes. Stimulates the hydrolysis of starch to –D-
Glucose units by enhancing the enzymatic activity.  
IB (Ag)-13 Ficus racemosa and Activates plant’s host defense mechanism through
Calotropis procera Silica Management against fungal pathogens. It also
stimulates plants Immune System by activating the
biosynthesis of phenolic compound

Pest Management: Due to mild infestation of stem borer and sucking pest, neem oil solution
(1500 ppm azadirachtin) was sprayed @ 3ml/ltr. water.

Weed Management: Manual weeding was done thrice at 20, 45 and 55 DAS.

Other intercultural operations including thinning and irrigation was done as and when required.
The crops were harvested manually at 45, 55 and 65 DAS.

3. Compost preparation

The on farm production of compost was carried out using a novel composting method known as
‘Novcom Composting Method’. The raw materials of water hyacinth and cow dung were used in
the ratio of 80: 20. Energized and potentized botanical extract of Cynadon dactylon, Sida
cordifolia and Ocimum basilicum coined as Novcom solution is used while composting. Straight
heaps are constructed at first, then they are pulled down and reconstructed twice on 7 th and 14th
day respectively and by 21st day the compost is matured and ready to be used. The plus points of
this composting method are: no infrastructural requirement, ready within short time span, easy to
do and above all high level of ‘self- generated micro flora’ of the order 10 16 which was possible
because of a congenial environment created inside the compost heap. The details of the method
are described by Seal et al, 2012, Bera et al, 2016 and Seal et al, 2016.

4. Preparation of cow dung slurry (CDS) concoction

CDS concoction was prepared for applying in the field prior to sowing of the crop. 20 kg fresh
cow dung, 50 ml of IB 15 (biologically energized and potentised solution of root and stem part
of Vernonia cineria and Solanum verbascifolium), 10 litre fresh cow urine, 500 g jaggery and
100 litre water were mixed together in a wide opened mouthed tank. The prepared concoction
was stirred for 20 minutes twice daily for the next 72 hours, after which it is rendered to be
ready. Before spraying in the soil, the concoction should be stained so that the nozzle of the
sprayer does not get clogged.

5. Inhana Rational Farming Technology

Inhana Rational Farming (IRF) Technology is a comprehensive organic Package of Practices

aimed towards farming rationally in harmony with nature through nurture of the crop right from
when it is a seed till its harvesting. This technology was developed by an Indian scientist, Dr. P.
Das Biswas, who had been associated with organic research activities for 15 years and this
technology has been the fruit of his toiling; focusing towards an integrated approach to all the
components of the ecosystem as a whole i.e. soil system, plant system and their interrelated
and integrated relationships that go on to ensure sustainable agriculture. It focuses on soil
quality restoration, strengthening of plant physiological functioning, subsequently leading to
healthier plant; falling lesser victim to pest/ disease attack through strengthened intrinsic defense
system (Bera et al, 2014). It does so through (i) Energization of the Soil System i.e., enabling the
soil to function naturally pertaining to being the best growth medium for plants and (ii)
Energization of the Plant System i.e., buttressing better metabolic activities of the plants leading
to optimum imbibition of nutrients as well as stronger biochemical and structural build up for
enhanced host- defense mechanism. IRF recommends various in-house solutions for this
purpose which comprises of energized and potentized extracts of various technology specific
plants that store the energy of the five basic elements as well as five basic life forces, extracted
following Element Energy Activation Principle (E.E.A.) and in accordance with parameters
related to sunset, seasons and other factors. These solutions are applied time to time; individually
or in combination under scheduled package of practices and act upon in an integrated manner
towards the goal (Barik et al, 2014).

6. Laboratory Analysis

6.1. Compost Analysis

5 samples were collected from different layers of the prepared, matured Novcom compost heap
to have them analyzed for quality, stability, etc. The physicochemical properties were tested
following the procedure of Trautmann and Krasny (1997) while the fertility characteristics were
analysed as described by Jackson (1973). Estimation of biological activities was performed
according to procedure outlined by Black (1965). Tests for evaluating stability and phytotoxicity
(if any) in the compost were also done as per the methodology of Trautmann and Krasny (1997).

6.2. Soil Analysis

Surface soil samples (0 – 25 cm) were collected before and after the experiment tenure to analyse
the impact of management practices on the soil. For this, physico-chemical properties, nutrient
content and biological properties were estimated following standard methodologies as elaborated
by Black, 1965 and Jackson, 1973.

7. Nutrient Use Efficiency

Nutrient use efficiency of the crop under differing management can be expressed in terms of
indices like agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity. They were computed by the
below mentioned formulae:

Yield of the treatment –

Agronomic Use Efficiency of applied nutrient (NPK) = Yield of control (kg/ha) (Cassman et al,
NPK applied (kg/ha) 1996)

Yield of the treatment

Partial Factor Productivity of applied nutrient (NPK) = (kg/ha) (Yadav, 2003)
NPK applied (kg/ha)
8. Energy Use Audit

Total energy input and output were calculated by substituting with energy equivalent of each
operation; sourced from Khan and Hossain (2007); Mittal et al, 1985; Panesar 202; Binning et al,
1983; (Mohammadi et al 2008); Zangeneh et al. (2010) and Zahedi et al. (2014). Energy use
efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy, energy intensiveness and net energy were
calculated as per the methodology of Banaeian et al. (2010) and Ghorbani et al. (2011). Non-
renewable energy consumed included diesel, chemical fertilizers, herbicides; pesticides,
fungicides and machinery, and renewable energy consisted of human labour, compost, seed and
water for irrigation (Mohammadi et al 2008); which were calculated for each treatment.

9. Rice Equivalent Yield

The productivity of crops was compared together by calculating their economic rice equivalent
yield (REY) using formula given by Ahlawat and Sharma (1993), which is as follows:

REY (kg ha-1) = Grain yield of test crop (kg ha-1) × unit price of test crop (Rs. kg-1)
Price of rice grain (Rs. kg-1)

10. GHG emission potential

Agricultural activities have been responsible for about 10% of the total global greenhouse gas
(GHG) emission. In order to calculate the potential of greenhouse gas emission, Cool Farm Tool
was used which is a GHG calculator is developed by Christof Walter and now maintained by
Cool Farm Alliance (Tarnovska, 2016).

11. Statistical analysis

By means of the statistical package SPSS 11.5 and Minitab 17, statistical interpretation viz.
standard error, significance were calculated.
Table :

BABY CORN GREEN GRAM OKRA

Control Organic Chemical Control Organic Chemical Control Organic Chemical

Yield (kg ha-1) 875 1700 1333 454 699 665 6005 7793 6860
Energy Use Efficiency 1.84 2.66 1.93 1.29 1.19 1.10 1.42 1.08 0.72
Energy Productivity (kg MJ-1) 0.06 0.35 0.24 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.75 0.57 0.38
Specific Energy (MJ kg-1) 15.75 2.84 4.18 11.37 12.34 13.35 1.34 1.77 2.64
Net Energy (MJ ha-1) 11540.73 26655.39 20931.04 1512.80 1646.41 897.70 3355.83 1035.51 -5088.67
Energy intensiveness (MJ Re-1) 0.23 0.16 0.27 0.14 0.15 0.17 0.05 0.07 0.11
Gross income (Rs. ha-1) 60000 102000 84000 36320 55947 53227 150000 195000 171000
Net income (Rs. ha-1) 16950 52500 33387 ??? ??? ??? 114000 132000 119000
Renewable Energy Use (MJ
ha-1)
6334.80 8621.97 6475.20 3156.60 6624.58 3375.00 4414.80 10133.01 4633.20
Non-Renewable Energy Use
(MJ ha-1)
7431.33 7431.33 16101.03 2004.40 2004.40 5262.80 3638.87 3638.87 12769.47
Agronomic Use Efficiency 3.93 2.29 1.15 2.11 8.39 4.28
Partial Factor Productivity 8.10 6.67 3.28 6.65 36.58 34.30
Rice equivalent yield (kg ha-1) 3088.24 6000.00 4704.71 2136.47 3289.41 3129.41 7064.71 9168.24 8070.59
REFERENCE

Mukhopadhyay, Malay, Birbhum Jelar Bhougolik Parichiti, Paschim Banga, Birbhum Special
issue (in Bengali), February 2006, pp. 29–32

Velayutham M, Mandal DK, Mandal C, Sehgal J. 1999. Agro-Ecological Subregions of India for
Planning and Development. NBSS and LUP, Publ. No. 35, Nagpur, India. pp: 372.

Seal A, Datta A, Saha S, Roy Chowdhury R, Chatterjee AK, Barik AK, Mazumdar D, Bera R.
2016. Evaluation of Compost Quality under Novcom Composting Method using Wheat Flour
Mill Waste as Raw Material. Research & Reviews: Journal of Crop Science and Technology
5(2): 1-6.

Bera R, Seal A, Datta A, Saha S, Dolui AK., Sarkar RK., Chatterjee AK., Barik AK., De GC.
and Mazumdar D. 2016. Self-generated microbial population or cultured microflora –an
important criterion toward development of an effective and economically viable road map for
organic soil management. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, DOI:
10.1080/03650340.2016.1228882.

Seal, A., Bera, R., Chatterjee, A.K., Dolui, A.K. (2012). Evaluation of a new composting method
in terms of its biodegradation pathway and assessment of compost quality, maturity and stability.
Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 58(9), 995-1012.

Bera R, Seal A, Datta A, Sengupta K. Evaluation of Inhana Rational Farming Technology as an

Organic Package of Practice for Effective and Economic Vegetable Cultivation in Farmers’
Field. J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour., 2014; 4 (3):82-91.

Barik AK, Chatterjee AK, Datta A, Bera R, Seal A. Evaluation of Inhana Rational Farming (IRF)
technology as an effective organic package of practice- a case study from state horticultural
research and development station, Krishnagar, Nadia, West Bengal. Central European Journal of
Experimental Biology. 2014; 3(3) : 1-15.

Black CA. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1 and 2, American Society of Agronomy Inc. Madison,
Wisconsin, USA, 1965.

Trautmann NM, Krasny ME. Composting in the classroom.

http://www.cfe.cornell.edu/compost/schools.html, 1997 (accessed 27.04. 16).

Jackson ML. Soil chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1973.

M. A. Khan and S. M. A. Hossain. Study on Energy Input, Output and Energy Use Efficiency of
Major Jute Based Cropping Pattern. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(2), 195-202, 2007.
Mittal, V.K., Mittal, J.P., Dhawan, K.C., 1985. In: Research digest on energy requirements in
agricultural sector, Coordinated Cell, AICRP on energy requirements in agricultural sector.
Punjab Agricultural University.

Binning, A.S., B. S. Pathak, and Panesar. 1983. The energy audit of crop production system
research report. School of energy studies for agriculture, Panjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana, Panjab (India).

Panesar, B.S. 2002. Energy morm for input and output for agricultural sector. Faculty training
program on energy inproduction agriculture and alternative energy sources, March 6-26.

Ghorbani, R., Mondani, F., Amirmoradi, S., Feizi, H., Khorramdel, S., Teimouri, M., Sanjani,
S., Aghel H. (2011). A case study of energy use and economical analysis of irrigated and
dryland wheat production systems. Applied Energy, 88, 283-288.

Banaeian, N., Omid, M., Ahmadi, H. (2011). Energy and economic analysis of greenhouse
strawberry production in Tehran province of Iran. Energy Conversion and Management, 52(2),
1020–1025.

Zahedi M, Eshghizadeh H R, Mondani F. 2014. Energy Use Efficiency and Economical Analysis
in Cotton Production System in an Arid Region: A Case Study for Isfahan Province, Iran.
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 4(1): 43-52.

Zangeneh, M., Omid, M., Akram, A. (2010). A comparative study on energy use and cost
analysis of potato production under different farming technologies in Hamadan province of Iran.
Energy, 35(7), 2927–33.

Cassman, K.G., G.C. Gines, M.A. Dizon, M.I. Samson and J.M. Alcantar. (1996).
Nitrogen use efficiency in tropical lowland rice systems: contribution from indigenous and
applied nitrogen. Field Crop Research 47:1 -12.

Yadav, R.L (2003). Assessing on-farm efficiency and economics of fertilizer N, P and K in rice
wheat systems of India. Field Crops Research 18: 39-51.

Tarnovska D. 2016. The Cool Farm Tool. The journal of the Institute of Food Science and
Technology. Available at: http://fstjournal.org/features/30-1/GHG-calculator

Ahlawat, I. P. S. and Sharma, R. P. 1993.Agronomic terminology. 3 rd ed. New Delhi: Indian

Society of Agronomy.