Special Report CONTENTS Toward a Soin ft Consistent Design of 2 The Breaees 8 end Fege - Structural Concrete |. General Design Procedure and Modelling a 31 Scope '3.2Gomnmants.on the Overall Analysis 3. Modeling fini: nd Regions ‘Dmensioning he Stats, Tes and Nodes o 441 Detrtons ana General Ru 42SnqulerNodes 45 Seared Nodes 44 Concrte Compression Stu — Sess iad {45Goncete Tense Tos — Stress Fats, 48 Reinorcad Tes, 47 Sericeapiy: Cracks and Detematens £3 Ganaucng Remarce 5. Bxamplos ot Aptcations 0 51 The Regions 52SemeD-Fesiens Jorg Schilaich, ‘Kurt Schafer, Mattias Jennewein, SS heared Core Beto Sete Dotring ease ee eee eros = oe eee eer Fefoeree 18 Aspens —Netton 19 ‘This repr nc being considered by Comité Euro“ntamatonal dy Baton Inconnocton wth terevcon ! te Mooi Code representa lst ad ‘ost autotatve femionnfrmusing sane cesign approach for Foinlorced and pressed contoesructutes 4 POI.CURRALA 7 is. : 1. INTRODUCTION — THE STRUT-AND-TIE-MODEL “The tus model today coded ‘heron and appa ban the lesen of tucked enfrced once ‘ean del being shes anor fon However design bused on ‘Mandan tore madelean cover ony ‘Stale per ofontnctoe is Soc pot lado fe se bers cots, tress, hl an thet ‘neni the Hary eno appa ‘Theeefore, in peatce, procedures vd ae bate tt es Fle Uhnb and pat eaperieoce ae nly ‘lied coer uence "Since al puso sr inlang those mentaned shove sn of sat importa an accep dg es capt mt be valid ad onset for very par af any rte Fuster toe ine the Rtn te ees tein sin show be eed ‘eri ov dept a theory but et oe yet ach scone att be bse lyse models which can be ean dest ad there uy Iie ot he design of str coneet iether propoaed to soncrain She ut analog in orer te apa {he form ofsratand ome cnn, can strc “This propia In etiied by the et Liat seine omc snes ay lind troughactsf apse sors Acids which edt td ire onnecte by tons es The er ma te reinforcing bss, iestesine te (ns o concrete wate teat Feld Frill purposes the sto Feng ep Dt). Bo ties condense al sess in om resin and tenon meters to Tint nes Ths paper desertes how seutand- tsemedls can he developed by fae Teng the path of he Eases ought roach fesse ated wen {tension and compres embert Uetading their odes) mre dented ‘ith meu yo service "ng unifn desin rte The comespt ali ncorporates the mle, i yea alg and weplaces cpl po ‘eden alan of Urs on ac 1) atonal design mein, Stan ‘Geol could eos learer under ‘tthe behavior of seer td odors sah a tpproach would lead to Improved “he authors are awace of the en- ‘uri at although they pal Iie papers on his ope eae Chey ee cir the fk oe teal Ses inking ad working along hee ties ar ately he mothe at ent when Biter ae Mor {dete te aon The ee tron Inter reined und expanded by conta? nash, "Kaper and other ‘te Thar’: Zach schol wit Mar and Mele cated lo te bss fo rata spliction triage concept bak to tayo Pini Collis apd Mtb futber cool sete deformations oth ts el ‘nd deed arto design meted or ‘earandewrms” Tn anus apptons, Hay, Prax, ‘ombud sud Thana bth that stat andte-model sale be a Fay applic te dec bean and els Tow that point the present short beeen tr ellos to tematic and ach mole to tai src ‘Synopsis ota pt fc ‘op nn cho para we Jered ‘Geng rues et ub oF eon! Dased on past oxporenc How ver lyons fa arco ae lor mroranse. "Runes dg conont wich = censir er a pes of Severe Saab hr pate rgure To ‘eter. be concept must 9 tacos on ease physeal medets So ee fo Seca oo oe ae Soe Ee aera icceuta tees Soa = “The appre ofthe varios aahors cise ints ton of service reguie tment From = pate viewpoint ro Stplctycar onl be achieved i so Futons are eoepted with satel (ht no pee) cue. Theme Ss prpoted here west in geome ‘hme mise nd verse the ccd sate by using oe ad te oe met frit A wll bse, Inter, tis sone by orenting the comer of the sew and te ode) at thechatic wes fe an desis Uemndl vete allewtnge theory fol “The propored procedure ao pet Ae demuese hat onfrced and Dressel concrete flow the me Deneiplesalthouth theie behavior ‘shosld be meatoned that onl the metal eps the propane bd {Segven tare. Further rapor of te {hor another Infnmaton ay be Sond intel 2. THE STRUCTURE’S B- AND D-REGIONS “Those opens afte fn which ‘he Bemenl pots plane rai ‘debt is emed va tee Sy dvi with most exagerated ‘ee tnd arcu, Theve seins ae ‘efemed to Begone wre 8 ands Erte or Boral Thre ftraa ‘tcf rae aly deed forthe Sectional ces beading and trond ‘omens, shear ail vers). | Tone the section crack, ‘how stsesrslelated wih he help of scton popetes Ie crs ‘cla ete and ments of rea {ite tense senses ener the tne ‘onthofthe concrete theta el Srieacitons app "The Breons a designed on the tai of ues model ar ceed ter+. 7 ar b) t ip 1 Oropens hase as) win roinea san dobar aoe (epson! ‘eccrine 2) cae ener geomet Sorts ‘Te above sandal mths a vot dicot databace o dil ppleable to all header reins and Av long ar these reglons are wx lets of a'tmctre where the sin eich they cn be readily analy Aisin i sigiBeay notes. Whe linear late ses nell a ape (28, near eonontated lad, comer, pling Honke's Law. However, the ends openings and othe discon’ testons are ercked, coped design tuts ee Fi) Such some ae tpaches exer ony 2 ew cues ‘ailed Deaion (whew tan tach tr beam suppor, ne comer, Fig Stes Valeo eB agin andraw daconnios (Oregons covbele and apliting tension at pre= design procedure fr the Baegions Seted conte anchorages And even then rendiy valle an ely "iow aporoaces usually only lead eo suanterce for te Deesons the deatgn ofthe requited mount of femin tobe develope and odcd feinfocement they do not involve “Stress and testis ae clear heck of the concrete quit smth in Bropon x compel recat hel tubule paters ear deco “The inadequate (and sacnsitent) tinue uw Fg) test ites neatent of Doegions using soa decrense ply wih te strc fw “ering "pat exorone or "pd th orig of the star Concentatin ‘rie’ bas ben oe ofthe sa ex ‘This hor alow the Mention fons fr the yor perommance and even of and Deeg in wena {atures of scr. IU apparent. In ener Sad rough the dion then, that a consistent design Ines tetwoen B> and Dozegion, the hla most compe bth abd lowing pod eprops hich Beeasnn about contacto & grplcaly expla by our eae Consett bet tha sever de~ plas a Showa ni 3 fades ate Mosc, the Been dee "1: Replce the real strc by the ‘Shviceilbeinaceptc, icon year Sito ecu (has ded ‘eubistoeaprt ht the more complet suck way tat compos wei te Deg design wil need o be time Beracull Aypothents and autisfior Dliied with some lst of tecuacs” equi mit the veto! fe However over asimplifed ibaa! Thos, (const ante ofan eae fnceptet Deegon design ville et eral oesane i usly lis th ttle totoday's pastes Th preformed atl boundary condition, cnceptstousethestatandcmedel "2. Selec equating te of tnprsch, This ethod includes the sas) wbich feuperimponed oy Brennen mal sss ses th wl unas ok ‘Snowe stand te model &. To asig the sutandemedel ap- 9, Appl te rape of xin-Vennt pouch, is hella informative to (ig 1m (land ind tha te tees Fistsubdiid tho sete foots Bae megligle ata datance eam the ‘od Dregios Tact made andthe tpulivating foes, hich sone Po soe ay 187 ”9 94,Team, (a) eastacuee (0) saequttratng stato toss in 7 18) eas nestor appiosin (@ rewstactre wine: ne ‘roremcomihBemeubrypohese Dragons Fag Sattar rome nonin ant 39, Boar acess ‘nats prepa ° Ssr Fp Tre pinape af Sant vena (aire ota tected safer fee ah ure) [pestontos pated bean basedatone ace tte cual othe mains ditance Trteoon the equates hae Sete Thirds defines Oe fg ‘ithe Dewsonh sald be mentioned that rch conccte members we diferat lt ens deret dnstons Tht tion may fleas the extent of the ‘rest bt nnd no fuer dc om une the pip of Satna set isnot pris and the Sing Iinee belwoew the Band Diregions propose her only serves aie Bread in devel a ua G > apes Ei ? Lea! a Ne in| a 4 me cy "FEEEZZIB, O- Fs, Traweniiewon af ars: and Dvegom earangiong ye nord metas oss ucts par ae wih spect {tertouening Behav a oe oan vou) ecargue brome) Taam “Fhe subs fa strate no ‘Beetle fe weve, aealy of siderable value forthe une anding af the nore force the ‘Mose al demote tht ie ple Tih rules wsed today to clay beam, deep beams, shorvong/bich (il and other peice ar mit Feeding Po proper elses, box ‘samt acd leet be conse (een 3 Sand), Ta srr ot plane oof com stan wit, efor simply sbied ft anda ane, hich te treated nepal Suny ie ‘Tennonal sens pater ny ia Sectanga lent ay be ake at {niet onhononal ater Thee Som, sonra, only twe-ieasional seat fle fe ote ew erent planes st be tan i out by appropiate Houndary coh ‘Shbe may also he ive into Bee son eho he sural es ae ca ly dered fom the arcinal es fd Dregne which teed other te bination I the mete of tte nat Sedona plone, a for csp {he cam nn punchiogo concent Ines ece-dmenstonal stant ‘dc shone developed 3. GENERAL DESIGN PROCEDURE AND ‘MODELLING 31 Scope orthe maj of rte would ‘euaeusnale td too cmberne te Ue medi t model ie ‘Sucre witht tet Ree {mor convene al comm prac fc) ies ota genset tals However, prior stato this si, aarti ake ‘Belen srt in Be ad ee Bone The ven salve wil, hon, Ine ot only the Begone but te Dees Ta Sects conto ta rub art Begins, i epesente by itil stem Gee Fi). The geen ‘nals olin sites, bes icant esses ine ae Fetding moment) normal frees (sha Tes) nd sonal ‘ewe Tab “he Brio thee strate can Aen be nly inestne by aint ‘Mindrd egion model og hs ast Iadel, Fig 8) or standard methods thing hanno or anced codes of Trctice, Note thal he over stat + + Wh ahaasa aay pana 9g 6. Aare sure conaniga sbsania pot Sogo, rail astm ad — Fag? Piste sess tts accorangio ettooyet ‘sty (egecing teense este sees Siena credng ot bresin conn 6 ‘reat er lancome salve and region derige omvidesctonal ects by asta ystem mi tho he bday fence for We D> be ted an tine oc ess nclthe une tnt ‘can be determined det fm the ‘Slab and shells consist predou Spied ly flowing te pines inant of Hens plane smn diated for Degions in Section 3 {elston). Starting fom the sectional weve, fr sieures wit anda ‘lcs of the tracts, sappos th appt tac he ‘tsps of strc bed be Seteioe Up as veal ans, ‘ed ike hear memes Wefore sttandstemedels sun be astute consist alone Dogon pope developed ony eg decp bet the aalyinof "In excep ese, a nonlinear fi Sern Tt a dts | cee ao SSS Deion Dempoor corpses | Marre” | mice | sms fee LS ae | era PolouRNaattin 17 os0 ” se 50 wi cater dott “ele 2.Overa strucualbenair onaetod ol vealcruck! ana a tteay PRE & i fore te pene vcs whe stirupe wa em 9 tte Cot A det mow eae Wegievi) age a ont ye og ay 628 TEA orotate Fg 8 Tras rool of bean ih cartier ln i) dowion oar aE [clegntic cine ees ered rem econ ota bam emer Gorwgreg ed ota Serie. | Cometh seas | Bmpr, |e” | Seth te sleet metho analyse be {plied lowap check witha {tiomodel recommended. spe ity ie maar rentrcement aot Stodelled realistically in the FEM ‘als 2.2 Comments on the Overs Analyte analysis of staal Ind “are, The ized in Tab 3) 0 sive some anc the desi of teal detomninate Witsoe to determining defo Plats methods of analysis (ally ‘he ste mtn re uae pray fora vost dtminuton of ae toa anu, whe elastic met a snore apprpete ender sevice ‘Stone Resting othe tury of plus aa salto rhe lente (eebicaooteed spate nays ISeplced byt lower or aonlinear tala: Expos forthe show hae Tae design of mated coneree tac PCL .OURNALMayne 1857 tures fr the seta Bet using & Hower cust alis se conservative. ig wrs the distin f sectional ict dented frm plastic methods they fo simpleton purpose ao be {hed for nervcebility heck, Hf the ‘Racal espe lyout of reir ‘pen noite athe ery ear 2.3 Modeling of navidual@- and D-Regions S31 Mcgee and General Desion rh seca fee of the Be sin and the boundary aces of he D- eaten have been determine by te tren state sas inensoang Sm or which tbe intemal ew of Smear be ears gated "For uncacked Be and Dregions. standard mato te sbi te ful he eerete sd else Gee Tale th eae ef gh Seatpesve sess, he eat see Aston may hae to be ited by ‘eplnng Hols sw wth nts tne Tw es parboli se Sen lan ores ech the ten stresses inl Be cr Depo essed the ton eng he concrete nue es ase oetlons re determined and ate de ‘itso according to the fll oo 1 Develop the sutand-tosedel at anne Sean 33. The srt and tes condense the rea tes Bel by evan staight Ines and once Theron nodes ‘S Calclate the stand efor, sei sy equi, The ae th novices ‘tet rth tne nce wi aco ran frac width tans Seaton “Thinmethod implies thatthe structure fs designed acerding to the lower Bound there of pitty. Since cone ‘rte porte onl led plat Eman th tera trocar ete (the trend) ho to br chor ‘in way tha the deformation ie (Glas f rtton is ot ewe at 15) pout below the suumed nate of Mee tea ia thereof the sve Th highly seese sions tis dct eaten fled by aap (he"Tntr andes ofthe ml tthe ‘lito aio he ier oes they would appear om he theory af hasty Tn normaly ogy aesed elone the cto the strand ete ‘motel muy devine conde oe the eate pao witout exceeding the reuse duty. Tho tes and ence the reinforcement may be ‘uted accoting t practi cond tations Te sete ss ioe (he armed intemal rate ster, (Ofsoure never cane a nae and Sit check rut bee ig th tly chosen mode: "Ths method of centing the srt spd ie mode nd he fe path {rowed bythe theory a elt av ‘uy neglects some ultimate aad ‘hpi bch ould ale by 8 pure applinton ethan af lst [yr the oe band ba he mor sate hat the sme wodel ca be ‘hed or tothe ltt oad sed the Serves check If fr some me (he pamose oft anasto Bn the etal anata, hal an os ‘beadated othe stag afin by Shit tess and tos oder ‘eae the eitins ofthe tte, ‘Bison, bowery th nla eon spice a the modal ast be onal red (Note tat the optinisaton 3 dels indiscretion 33.3) ‘rtenting the geomet af the made tothe dati sar date ent ‘sty renement becae the tne ‘Steg of cee oly seal fiona the compressive steath. Cates Tike those sven Fi 7 woul be ux {ase even if th regulon fhe {ower bund ooo othe thor ‘ley ae flied, namely, eli Fim a F08 f. Compaiiey evokes female ren aly tnaverse othe ‘Beton ofthe nes whch my exaoe premateve cruckiog sod fare The ‘atleshaped compressive stress eid whic otodued Socio (Canfuther eliminates sch “hen” ‘Eger shew cesionally the mode ‘oven to spe For cracked Bion, the proposed wosedure obvounly leads toa tus ‘ode! a sown in Fig th the ‘linn ofthe dingoal sus ona Ste nlntion a the dag rcs from ela tna stesen ste ne trae Arefuaion othe tre ade oy {Dt 5 dees tod the cote ver Cal strap Ln saat Fon the Praca ee tenes by 45 doe, ‘aly (efor momma soena com {ete ad mal percentage of tery tinforsment ans nods Sine Trestese decreases th ielinaton of ‘ME cack and hence of the laguna Stas pests pei svi of ti ‘Rb tinreement, whore tional ‘tnude oes inven th cation "The Gotaoe © between the ches should ell be determined tam te plane win deo the pots of da Lea oy TEER THE ES F 2 poe i ee bl i earn of wie we Tee wa Fig 8A yn Dagon al ane sos wes cle eees angst arene mge: (9) sapemst tonaloces, ‘aoe aman stu ang 2. examin moments and sre shear and deed ater in Seton ‘Era Be kept cnet ftecen For the Dregne Mees feo acon goin of aro moments: devel s ans eae br eh Rotsement region dvign will cave aia After sme ing, POL OURNAL Mayne 87 2Fg i Ls aa neoang aU one this can be done quite simply. De Selopingtsritandtesmede am tle te chosing an evel ea ‘Baten Both pacedgren vee Bigrempecnce nd aro mare ‘vane te ocr ‘Developing moel of Deion it swash spl ifthe satis sees ‘a rina ess detions we val ‘etn theca the empl sown fn Fig. 9. Soch an clase analyst ‘aly taney the wie ait ‘Sewpsterpograns ovale today Toe ‘Gis art onthe be taken in ‘Seonlane with toe ean dreton of rs resjoring sess digas, Cad T Dinos compressive stresses or the ‘nore npr ts nd sca be = (ite tthe come omit ofthe Fig Om sing the agra given tie "Hoeovr even fn lata ie salah and th nett prepare Sete ey lear to develo st Seatemodels sing soled “Toad bathe” Thir i demontted x more ‘ta by same seamples in the est i tinea ene thatthe omer or Le ip 12: Ayn Og a eats svas Vj oleic ares snatandtorecels oy pee a Fg 12 Specs cam ot Dvogonn i 121 witha ada ‘ar (ene reson auranatermesse qian ofthe Deion seid item lth ond and eae tons (up ces) ating on In 2 Tony ahacnt to Bee ladon the Deen etalon ‘Breen design suming br example tur near seton f sbeses (9) Polouruensy ine 197 xk Fig 10 and “Phe tte dg Se sb o sucha ay tate ade on oe se oF the sacred hee countepato We other, consort that the oad Se connecting te cpanel sot erst ear lher ‘The Toad pathsFg 13, Tomes ota sane ca (phloromoaunalrenoemert en and ed tthe center of gy of she osnnding ses di id Ie tne the dietion of the apoled Ion or artinn They ond ta ‘Morten povilestclined yin teweenCuratues concentrate neat Ta)equng clave aeeanent ston concentntins opp ections (rameters en ee vrai rests Cel 0) bot LL Fig 1 The goad wos fa) has Sota os an Be ba model) thither the ncuron lene San on Ut oem awh ese inte cen Ft 1m, eile oy sd sno of th Spl bel os Son ‘Sharon Ar plot al ond patie ‘rid naeth cures ad pacing em Eolas farthest and es ust (ended fr traneverae equa ong hetecen the nodes ncn thowofte um Wile doings th tes must bear ranged ith proper comldomtion of rasta ofthe reireeest aot {General pct the comet Do Hoy andofcck dain tbe “The melting models ate ute oft inemate which rane thot equi ‘hrs given model possibly ‘orety of the appropriate del {toate tothe oa ease ad ‘Seti afer only fe ato es fave been chose ‘Cee power mean of developing sow siemens for compl ‘hed cacr ithe combination of ‘late Tee semen method aye Set he Ld pt met. Teer ‘ined porch pli in Fg 1 al ‘henumere emampl in Section 52 Fi 12 the vera tae es see foun by the Toad path metho ‘iplind In the previous samples ‘Theta Crear th adarent sen “These steve ete le ito oor component The tre compre finery vy = Ey lene foo tual ices Tae Cy The tes Cy ‘ay, bate ef a and gh ad Se otBe etal plane whi edo ermine by te lu F By laterally Shing the bn component no te en fst tee ses “The comeaponding horizontal state and tie ae located atthe center of Feaiy of ates aga nye seo ‘Sins whi oe deed femmes ‘tli (Fi 12 1B). Their nodes with the vera sat aio determioe he Pwo he gal tos a “he example in Fig. 122 ss at thete ool Pig 12 desea the tat rves toward the comer of the BrnaionFp 1, he wo nos hequetand nouselaana meres (crea handsome arvana (wou) 33 Medel Optimization solve witht diferent models. Te Fen part Pps Sud 1h ss hw they were developed by the load path ‘ea an hw they ae connected {eon eto et the ie ‘Sonn The ten Ty and 7, a Pig 18 Stel requis splined renter, ‘Shick 6 ndestble tow a pata “Three angen hs boa, ono in Fig, Tob whch ean be sate {ied ym otogonal seinen net swith he bars paral to the eds “her, specia methods nich thse ‘Ben net 19, which cna devs tony of tentaoment nto tho pial se dimen, are nat ede ‘Brus cold aie a to whether the correst ol bas been those of Il si help te ele that ons try ae the yh with he east res {A deformations Sate toe Het Ie mach more definable then con Stew sts the mo wih de aston Sores seth best. This sn ‘Htrion fr optntsing «model ny oe i & (er 080 38) F916, ange ype ha Dvalleopnaa ny Storr anaes aver Po] JOURNAC Ns 187Fa 17 o)beop boom on bo sunons, Boda bear sab ‘miharcomgse twee pesreanng andane Beh cate “Gana events (end resbaeig es) ar oa formulated a faos: BF t= Mien whew 1, Slenghofmembert to stn members “This equation i derived fo the incite of mininrn in ener or Tinea lat behave of he stand tes afer cmeking The contain af the concrete stats can generally be ised because he i ofthe at ‘ell ch smaller an Ghose ot the steel ten Thar eneion fe als Tefal i elinnating le desable dea oe Fig 10 “St enue should be wadensond sh he a ie alto Sour set of meoth curves by Inde ‘ual lina vs an approxima i'n es ple om Ieeve decisions Fuheroe ne Aiea nt sch a the sa fhe we {Gon orreniome yout ar abet Aileyent: Bota engincer ih some “aperence in tatandeodeling ‘elas nda sttctery sltion o* 354 The Pedagoia Value of Made line avone who sends tine developing ssntandsemodsh wil sserve Bat Some’ tpet of Dresions appear over {ld over pun coon i aparently ery ‘Ure strates The two on Bee ‘ent D-vpons whichare even ested forone another becaure they have the sume’ characteristic stone dst {ton shone tet container nia Pig. 15 with some of helt lu 10 shows applic of the Sat peat mada Sa to our iret Srsctures, The ditibtion of eae Tomes in bide deck (Fg 16 9 wall (big openings Pig Ie) oe (ret ancher lade io pressing ‘enon igi nd otal of ne ‘al forces int tar beam whieh ‘Bow ta terug need to be cbse {fie Ie tn all f hese cas hepa fore tral foes rascal ent al "Torscognan ch common feature stnutans of comsisenbe pease fall adver help the desi ‘gieer On the other ban ts come Sing fhe same te ave sien fovet estnations only becuse thy ‘ppear under dilsentctesmstancs orexanpl, the deep beam in Fig TF ines not cue” wether dente Jews el fun Sapporo fo pe sting tons Re dhvfre, doer nat seact with “bonding” in the ove eae fede "splitsion io he ter ft bt sil ith ton und ‘Nemermur oer strut ande-madels so und Bet 4, DIMENSIONING THE STRUTS, TIES AND NODES. ‘41 Definitions and General Rule i. 18 shows some piel exams of srand-e mls, he cosenpons {ng Sten ener a oct Tat Nee ra are iad hr Shading, Lacking closely a these Felons, However, he autos bo be- Ive thatthe concept wil lead oe ‘ein and woke coder af pte Snr the Weon. Theo, the ‘Bregne a fit sane ene by Fo. 27 Varoua css ectons faa ard wate ‘ving tre or tran tie odes ‘em Tevet some vena teat cee an 3 raion {este samples. alse the baie approach wo ore stn conte dioued a to ‘und wtheeverlesample 5:1 TheB-Regions “The plane setngule webs const ‘ered here aplomb fresngla st section but may al Eepurofut {dbl te box bse (re Pig 97," heron o> SST fv dose Fron otto (Geo Fig 28, the anal forces fom {Bye ath or pte ee Seton “A dncuned sve the web of a Be ren modeled wi the nae exter ‘Sfpopwued forth strand del tthe Dvegins would In most eset ead ost ts Pig 8 hthe Sve sesss acento he than of clavaty ‘The denen of am for bending, stent on tron le then wating mo ll Gi Itt iS tte Fa, 8, Swarts ana onik ‘ante well now alysi ofthe tase foe and check fhe compressee Stes of te coneete nd the tnt ‘tenet ofth inbennet See he ‘haya ofthe Guns ines the cows, Fuse prblems Ie the aggre tet ort gaat why bath ears Ste simatancouly tn tons ete Paint icin ent 8 abe ree jareslved somata.a a oe we ca oF £9 29, compas he requked enourtol vac aimin steam scones exparnent ocean codes ano 1 should be mentned ho, hts conte t the end teat, use ‘models are capable of dealing wit Stresses perpen tothe boas (Strand truble shear rc skng the "Note he these shea fnes are not conga wih Berea stem ‘ot pane strain ar fined for the Baegons! ‘iy ten, ieveoting apese tobe settle here nhs lad ‘skh th "iar atl Doo vase Tirso many desaes inc onde ‘dees oo car eold be “pu 62 bed iP denan cogineessconteted ‘hems wth he ame eel of a ry end spl ithe Begins ae Ge dofartbe Dregne ‘Since piel stakes wo sene0 design Band Devetons, which are fu the me sve: dire Teves of sphistaton thre would ‘ery td reasons rsh scomparbie (Beary avery asec athe tals Frwever at pce thr soems act the Sppopiuiasanly beau of steal feasn Ln, mince 2 may eserchers ve invest smh tne Invert tree Berl they hae fed hae (ede cena condom) savin ‘ap rafrcmen ve psu So ied teatnole tes deta Fig 29 shows dhe well ow a in