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A rollover for business startups (ROBS) allows you to invest retirement funds from a
401(k) or individual retirement account (IRA) into your business without paying early
withdrawal penalties or taxes. A ROBS isn’t a business loan or a 401(k) loan, so there’s
no debt to repay or interest payments to make.
Studies have shown that business owners who use a ROBS often see higher success
rates than those who rely on traditional business financing. However, a ROBS can be
complicated, so it’s important to consult with an expert to see if a ROBS would work for
your business. If you have $50,000 or more in a 401(k) or IRA you can get a free, no-
obligation consultation from one of the top ROBS providers in the industry.
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A ROBS 401(k) involves incorporating a new business and opening a new 401(k) under it.
After setup is complete, you can transfer assets from other retirement accounts and
invest those funds directly in your new business. However, using a ROBS requires you
to follow specific rules that govern how the account is set up, managed, and ultimately
unwound.
A rollover for business startups isn’t a withdrawal from your retirement account or a
loan against it. Instead, it’s a rollover that invests directly in your business. Normally, if
you take money out of a retirement account before age 59 1/2, you have to pay income
tax plus a 10% penalty for the money you withdraw. Using your 401(k) to finance a
business via ROBS o"ers advantages that aren’t available when borrowing against your
401(k) for other purposes which are limited, require repayment with interest, and may
require employer approval.
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existing personal 401(k) or IRA into the new company’s retirement plan. Using the funds
you’ve just rolled over, the new 401(k) plan purchases stock in the C-corp, at which
point the ROBS 401(k) rollover is completed and your startup is capitalized.
Completing this process on your own would be complicated and hiring accountants and
attorneys to assist you can be expensive and time-consuming. Setup doesn’t just
require you to file some paperwork. There are guidelines for how the account needs to
be managed. Working with one of the experienced ROBS providers gives you the
confidence to focus on your business while they handle the rest.
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1. Form a C-corp
The first step when using a ROBS to fund your startup is creating a C-corp. Your
business must be a C-corp to qualify for a ROBS because the IRS prohibits certain
transactions involving qualifying employer securities that only a C-corp can complete.
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This means that a C-corp is the only business structure that can sell shares of the
business to a retirement account legally.
This also means that a ROBS won’t work for many common legal entities like a limited
liability company (LLC), a sole proprietorship, limited liability partnership, or an S
corporation (S-corp). If your business is already operating as legal business entity other
than a C-corp, you can convert your business entity to a C-corp to enable you to utilize
a rollover for business startups.
Some of the most popular retirement plans small businesses use to set up a ROBS
include:
401(k) plan
Profit sharing plan
Defined benefits plan
Defined contribution plan
A combination of plans like a 401(k) with a profit-sharing component
You’ll need to find a custodian to manage the actual investments of the retirement plan
like Wells Fargo, Merrill Lynch, or Charles Schwab. Most ROBS providers don’t o"er those
services but will help you find a custodian to work with, and that custodian can help
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In general, the number of shares that are assigned to the retirement plan equals the
percentage of funding the plan is providing for the business. The percentage of startup
financing the retirement plan is providing won’t always equal 100%. That’s because a
ROBS can be used in conjunction with another financing method like Small Business
Administration (SBA) loans, personal savings, or additional partners and outside
investors.
You might not want to issue 100% of your business’s shares during this round of
funding. It may be advisable to issue only a fraction of the shares in case you want to
raise money by issuing additional shares at a later date. This can get a little
complicated, but a good ROBS provider will be able to walk you through it.
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Keep in mind that there are ongoing administrative duties after your account is set up.
This includes a number of reporting requirements outlined by the IRS and United States
Department of Labor (DOL). A ROBS provider will handle these reporting responsibilities
for you.
If the five steps involved in setting up a ROBS sound complicated, it’s because they are.
That’s why so many small businesses have entrusted the ROBS transaction to a ROBS
provider that has had lots of experience with all the ins and outs of setting up a ROBS. If
you have $50,000 or more in your retirement account, click below to get a free, no-
obligation ROBS consultation with one of the top ROBS providers in the industry.
Current
To use a ROBS, your funds must currently be held in a qualified, tax-deferred retirement
account. Unfortunately, this means that funds held in popular Roth accounts, including
Roth IRAs and Roth 401(k)s are not eligible for ROBS.
Some of the most popular tax-deferred accounts eligible for a ROBS transaction
include:
401(k)
403(b)
Simplified IRA (SEP IRA)
Thrift savings plan (TSP)
Keogh plan
Traditional IRA
If you don’t have $50,000 or more in retirement funds, you can still complete a rollover
to fund your new business. However, you’ll likely have to do it on your own, which
makes it much riskier than using an experienced provider.
The retirement account you’re rolling funds over from can’t be administered by your
current employer. Most employers will prohibit you from rolling over a retirement
account while you still work for them.
However, you can use a retirement account from a previous employer, no matter who
the current custodian is. You can also use funds in a self-directed IRA, a 401(k) you’ve
opened up on your own, or any other eligible account you have that you opened up
outside of your employer’s.
While you’re required to be a legitimate employee of the new business to use a ROBS
401(k), you may also be restricted in how much you can pay yourself in salary or
benefits. While there are no published limits on how much you can pay yourself if you
use a ROBS, taking too much money from your new business may qualify as a ROBS-
prohibited transaction.
Those are the only four technical requirements, but there are other things that could
impact your success with a rollover for business startups. Typically, these things
depend on what you’re using your funds for, what type of retirement account you have
and what your business situation is. This is why it’s so important to have a consultation
with a ROBS provider before deciding whether it’s the right decision for you.
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These are not requirements in the way that a loan has minimum requirements.
However, a ROBS provider might not be willing to work with you if you’re trying to put a
bandage on a business that is losing a lot of money. One tip for using retirement funds
to start a business is to invest your retirement funds into a business that can develop
and grow because of your injection of capital.
ROBS Costs
A ROBS is a not a startup loan, so you don’t have debt or interest to pay back. Instead,
you’ll only be charged by the professionals you hire to set up and manage your ROBS.
While you could do this on your own with CPAs and attorneys, an experienced ROBS
provider is typically a better solution.
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Top providers, like Guidant Financial, typically charge you two fees — a setup fee and an
ongoing monitoring fee.
The setup fee pays for setting up your account through a provider like Guidant
Financial. This includes setting up the C-corp, conducting a valuation of the business,
creating the company retirement plan, and filing paperwork with the IRS.
The monitoring fee typically covers providing employees notifications when they
become eligible for the plan, adding and subtracting employees from the plan, annually
submitting required IRS filings like the Form 5500, and keeping track of any owner’s
obligations for the plan. This ensures that your ROBS transaction is following all the
401(k) rollover rules.
Because of these fees, it generally doesn’t make financial sense to do a ROBS if you’re
rolling over less than $50,000. Anything below $50,000, and you’re looking at setup
costs that run more than 10% of your funding. Considering that most startup loans
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have origination fees of less than 4%, this level of expense is generally deemed too
costly.
It’s possible to avoid some of these fees if you complete a ROBS transaction on your
own without the help of a ROBS provider. However, we don’t recommend this because
it’s easy to run into legal troubles and tax violations when administering your account
unless you’re experienced and understand 401(k) rollover rules.
What’s more, you would likely need to hire individual attorneys and certified public
accountants to work on your behalf anyway. Few professionals have the experience
necessary to protect you completely from the potential tax and legal liabilities a ROBS
could bring if done incorrectly. It also isn’t likely to save you much money, if any at all,
by using these professionals instead of partnering with an experienced ROBS provider.
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When you set up a rollover for business startups, you aren’t allowed to pay yourself
from retirement funds that are transferred in to fund your business. Instead, you need
to pay yourself from operating revenue. If you have employees in the business that you
fund with a ROBS 401(k), and you qualify as a highly compensated employee under
Internal Revenue Code Section 414, you may also be in violation of 401(k)
nondiscrimination testing.
Promoter Fees
When you raise money for a new company using a rollover for business startups, it’s not
unusual to pay fees to advisors or brokers who help you raise money. However,
according to Internal Revenue Code Section 4975, these promoters may qualify as
fiduciaries, which would not be allowed to collect “promoter fees.”
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“Educating the employer about the potential conflict of interest that may
arise when they act as the fiduciary and as an o!cer of the company is a
prudent way to combat a potential prohibited transaction. It is common in
ROBS transactions for plan fiduciaries to also play a role in the company.
We must educate our clients that when acting as a fiduciary, they are
legally required to act in the best interest of the plan, regardless if that
action conflicts with personal or business priorities. These types of
situations are fairly infrequent, but educating the plan fiduciary is key.”
ROBS Compliance
In addition to ROBS prohibited transactions, there are additional 401(k) rollover rules
and compliance issues that business owners should be aware of. These include which
employees you o"er retirement plans to and what investments are o"ered in the plan.
While it’s rare, the IRS and DOL may audit your business to ensure compliance with all
ROBS 401(k) rules.
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The ROBS providers we’ve reviewed report the rate of audit at less than 1%, and none of
our recommended ROBS providers have ever had a plan disqualified during an audit.
These professionals give you the support you need to prevent an audit and to help you
through one if needed.
If you have employees, there are two strict ROBS requirements that you must follow.
When using a rollover for business startups (ROBS), you’re required to educate eligible
employees about your retirement plan, provide them with plan documents, and make
sure they have su!cient time to enroll. Employee eligibility requirements vary by state
and plan design but, generally, employees must be at least 21 years old, have worked
for your business for one year and have worked at least 1,000 hours during that time.
Once the employee decides to invest in the retirement plan, you must process
contributions and take care of any employer tax obligations related to the plan. Keep in
mind that employees can become eligible to participate in retirement plans at di"erent
times throughout the year.
Working with a ROBS company eliminates many of these headaches because it handles
most of these things for you. A ROBS provider keeps track of who is eligible and
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All employees that are eligible for the company’s retirement plan must have the ability
to invest in the same o"erings as everyone else. This means that you can’t o"er some
investments to owners but not to employees. If you make shares of the company part
of the retirement plan o"erings, then eligible employees get to buy in as well.
Keep in mind, however, that investment options within a retirement plan can change.
While your plan may o"er the option of investing in your new C-corp for a period, it may
change later on. If your retirement plan changes its investment options before
employees become eligible, then the newly eligible employees are not entitled to invest
in past o"erings. This can stop your employees from owning part of the company if you
desire.
You must meet the “e"ective availability” requirements when educating your
employees about the retirement plan. Essentially, this means you must make
investment vehicles available for a significant amount of time for the employee to make
an informed decision on whether to invest or not.
Abiding by the rules for eligible employees can be di!cult without the right guidance.
This is another reason we recommend partnering with a top ROBS provider that is
experienced at both setting up a ROBS and getting its clients successfully through
audits.
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Rollovers for business startups (ROBS) are held to certain compliance standards by
both the IRS and DOL. While either of these government agencies can initiate an audit
of the business to determine if the business’ retirement plan has violated any rules, the
chance of an audit is extremely low. In fact, our recommended ROBS provider, Guidant
Financial, reported that less than 0.35% of its clients were audited in 2018.
The retirement plan was set up correctly: The provider wants to make sure that
all the requirements we discussed above have been met
All required annual filings have been completed: The provider will double check
that forms such as the annual IRS Form 5500 have been filed properly for each
year the ROBS has been in place
You meet all employee requirements: The business is required to educate
employees about the plan, provide all necessary forms and take care of all
employer taxes related to the retirement plan; we cover this in greater detail below
If you use a ROBS 401(k) rollover and do encounter an audit from the IRS or DOL, your
ROBS provider will help you through the audit process. This is one of the many benefits
of working directly with a ROBS provider to set up your plan. Our recommended ROBS
provider, Guidant Financial, has never had a plan disqualified during an audit.
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No matter how you fund a small business, there’s something on the line. If you go with a
ROBS, there certainly is a chance that the business could fail, and you could lose your
nest egg. However, if you go with another option and take out a business loan, for
example, you’ll likely have to sign a personal guarantee and put up collateral. If the
business fails while there is an outstanding loan balance, you could lose your home or
other personal assets.
The risk of entrepreneurship exists no matter how you finance your business so, as with
other types of business financing, we recommend balancing the pros and cons of a
ROBS before deciding whether it’s the right choice for you.
It can be di!cult and expensive to obtain capital to start or purchase a business. Many
small business lenders charge interest rates that are more than 55% per year. This is
especially true for startups. A rollover for business startups is not a loan, so you do not
incur debt and do not have to pay interest. That means the business is more cash-rich,
and more gross income can be reinvested back into the business.
Guidant Financial commissioned a study showing that companies funded by ROBS have
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a much better survival rate than other startups. This is partly because they are not
starving the business for funds to make debt payments. About 81% of Guidant Financial
clients are still operating after four years or have successfully sold their businesses
whereas the standard is around 39%.
If you were to take a withdrawal for using retirement funds to start a business, you
would have to pay income taxes and, if you’re age 59 1/2 or younger, early withdrawal
penalties. The penalty is typically 10% of the amount withdrawn. By structuring your
funding as a rollover, you avoid these costs.
When you do a ROBS, there’s no credit check, and you don’t have to sign a personal
guarantee. Most loans require both, which means the personal credit of the business
owner can be damaged and personal assets taken if the business can’t a"ord to pay
back the loan. In contrast, with a ROBS, the failure of the business means only that the
funds you invested are lost.
A loan is one-sided with money flowing from your business to the lender to pay back
the loan. When doing a ROBS, a 401(k) plan is created for the company. You can
contribute to that account as your business produces revenue and use the funds for
retirement.
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successful. You also have to operate as a C-corp, follow detailed procedures when
managing your account, and there is a small risk of being audited by the IRS.
Most new businesses fail and, if yours does, then you could lose all the money you
invested. Also, consider the opportunity costs: If your retirement money was not
invested in your company, it could be invested in stocks, bonds, exchange-traded
funds (ETFs), or mutual funds. Assuming a reasonable rate of return, the money
invested in the business could have earned much more had it been placed in more
traditional investments.
A rollover for business startups increases the likelihood that the IRS or DOL will audit
your business. If they find that you violated certain rules, you may have to pay penalties
and taxes. Fortunately, the increased risk is small.
With Guidant Financial, for example, fewer than 0.35% of plans face an audit. Also, most
ROBS providers will help you if you’re audited and back up their work by paying for your
audit costs. Guidant even provides outside counsel to represent your best interests at
no additional cost to you.
When you commit to a ROBS transaction, you become the administrator of a company-
provided retirement plan. Although some providers o"er guidance with this, you need
to market the plan toward employees and help them enroll. This can take time away
from your business.
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It’s only possible to do a ROBS if your company is structured as a C-corp. Many small
businesses prefer the simplicity and tax advantages of an LLC or partnership instead of
a corporation. You’re giving that up if you decide to do a ROBS, but you can get help to
make sure everything is set up correctly.
To take advantage of the benefits while managing the risks of using a ROBS, we think
it’s important to use the guidance of a professional ROBS provider. One reason we
recommend Guidant Financial as the best ROBS provider for small business owners is
that it gives access to independent counsel before, during, and after the ROBS setup
process. It also o"ers a free one-on-one consultation upfront to answer your
questions.
Unwinding a ROBS
Most entrepreneurs have the goal of starting a business, growing it, and someday
selling or exiting the business. Starting a business with a ROBS adds several steps for
unwinding a ROBS in addition to the business. How you unwind your ROBS 401(k) will
depend on how you’re exiting your business—selling stock or assets or going bankrupt.
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stock in the business are rolled into an IRA for your benefit.
Once the business assets are sold, the funds are used first to pay o" liabilities and
administrative obligations. The net proceeds remaining after those payments are then
distributed to the owners of the business, including your retirement plan.
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the company’s cash flow early on for some businesses. While both ROBS and business
loans each have benefits, a ROBS isn’t a loan, so you don’t have to worry about monthly
payments or how you’ll pay it back.
While SBA loans for startups can be a great part of an overall financing strategy, a ROBS
transaction has di"erent costs, levels of flexibility, and accessibility for business
owners when compared to a business loan. It’s important to consider these factors
when deciding what works for you.
When deciding between a ROBS and a business loan, there are four things to consider.
1. Ease of Use
Depending on the size and type of loan, a business loan can be much easier if you want
to avoid the steps required in a ROBS transaction. Using an SBA loan instead of a ROBS,
you don’t necessarily have to use a C-corp. Instead, you could use an LLC or other legal
entity that may be easier. You also don’t need to set up a 401(k) plan right away if you
use a business loan.
If you decide to use a rollover for business startups, you’ll have to set up a C-corp,
which can be more involved than an LLC or other entity. You’ll also need to set up a
401(k) to hold retirement assets. However, if you do use a ROBS, you won’t have to pay
any of the loan rates associated with SBA startup loans or other types of business
loans. However, a ROBS is a great option if you don’t want to pay interest on a business
loan.
2. Cost
One of the biggest di"erences between a rollover for business startups and business
loans are the costs. To use a ROBS, you’re required to pay C-corp filing fees, along with
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a 401(k), which has administration fees and potentially transaction fees to transfer in
assets. However, a business loan usually has application fees and interest costs that
make them more expensive than a ROBS.
ROBS C-corp filing fee ($50 to $500): Setting up a ROBS requires using a C-corp;
filing fees that vary by state
ROBS setup fee ($4,000 to $5,000): ROBS providers typically charge fees to help
set up your plan
ROBS maintenance fees ($100 to $200 per month): ROBS providers charge a
monthly fee to administer a plan that varies based on the number of participants
Business loan application fee ($0 to $400): Many lenders charge a small fee to
apply for a loan
Business loan closing fee (0.1% to 0.35% of loan value): If you’re approved for a
loan, most lenders charge an additional fee at closing that’s based on the amount
you borrow
Business loan interest expense (5% to 50%): Business loans charge an annual
interest rate that varies based on the lender and type of loan
3. Flexibility
A business loan and a ROBS 401(k) both o"er flexibility in di"erent areas. While ROBS
prohibited transactions restrict how and how much you can pay yourself from your
business, a ROBS also gives you flexibility in when and how you use the money for the
business. A business loan, on the other hand, may have a set payment schedule or limit
the potential uses of your loan funds. Loans will also typically restrict how much you
can pay yourself, especially a traditional bank loan.
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4. Accessibility
401(k) business funding through a ROBS is typically far more accessible for small
business owners. This is because anyone who has assets in a retirement account can
use a ROBS while business loans are only available to those with good credit,
established earnings, and adequate time in business.
While there are a number of factors to consider when deciding between a ROBS and
business loan, it’s also important to understand they’re often used together. ROBS are
often used to supplement SBA loan funding or to meet down payment or equity
injection requirements for an SBA loan. In addition to providing ROBS, many ROBS
providers can help clients package SBA loan applications.
According to Guidant Financial, here’s the approximate breakdown of how ROBS funds
are used:
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Not unless you or other owners have that opportunity. The requirement is that company
stock has to be made “e"ectively available” to employees the same way it’s available to
owners. While this will be in your initial part of your retirement plan, it can be removed
before you have employees become eligible, if you desire.
However, company stock can only be purchased by the employees through the
retirement plan. Since stock in new companies is usually illiquid―can’t be sold
easily―most employees tend to avoid investing even when it is o"ered.
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normal charges for buying or selling stocks, mutual funds, and ETFs.
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company stock. A more common practice is for the business owners to pay themselves
bonuses and higher salaries as the company starts generating excess cash flow.
As for selling shares, if the company is sold, the retirement account or accounts holding
shares will get payment in exchange for the shares it held. Also, the corporation can
o"er to buy back or “redeem” the shares from the plan, which provides another way to
increase the cash in a retirement account.
A ROBS can also be used as a down payment for other financing. In fact, most of the
top ROBS providers will help you obtain additional startup financing if you need it.
However, many companies charge for this service.
In a ROBS owners transfer in retirement assets from other accounts and use that
money to fund their new business. However, In an ESOP, funds are used to cash out the
original company owners rather than to fund a new business.
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There are three primary ways to start a business using your 401(k). You can utilize a
rollover for business startups (ROBS), borrow against your retirement savings, or cash
out your 401(k). Each of these options has specific requirements pertaining to when
and how you can use the funds for your business.
Bottom Line
A ROBS can be a great option for funding a small business, whether you’re just starting
out, want to buy a business, or recapitalize your current business. Ultimately, you
should weigh all the pros and cons of a ROBS and get all your questions answered by a
professional before deciding if it’s right for you.
While doing your research and preparing for a ROBS is important, it is impossible to
replicate the experience of doing thousands of ROBS transactions. If you have $50,000
or more in your retirement account, you qualify for a free, no obligation one-on-one
consultation with a ROBS expert to help you understand your options.
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