Answers: ELECTRIC POTENTIAL, CAPACITANCE

1. The charge given to a metallic sphere does not depend on whether it is hollow or solid.
This is because whatever amount of charge given to the metallic conductor whether it is
hollow or solid always resides on the surface of that conductor.
From gauss’s law:
E.ds=ε0q
If there is no electric field inside conductor than there should be no charge inside sphere.
2. Difference between any two points on an equipotential sure. if the field were not
normal to the equipotential surface , it would have a non zero component along the
surface . So to move a test charge against this component, a work would have to be
done . But there is no potential face and consequently no work is required to move a
test charge on the surface. Hence, the electric field must be normal to the equipotential
surface at every point.
3. In moving a small positive charge from Q to P, work has to be done by an external
agency against the electric field. Therefore, work done by the field is negative.
4. If the electric field were not normal to equipotential surface, it would have non-zero
component along the surface. To move a charge against this component, work would
have to be done. But no work is needed to move a test charge on an equipotential
surface. Hence electric field must be normal to the equipotential surface at every point.

5.The work done in moving a charge along any circular path is zero. So, to move a
point charge Q around a circular arc of radius 'r' at the centre of which another point
charge 'q' is located, no work has to be done.
6. as electric field inside the conductor is zero so there is no work done in moving a
small test charge within the conductor. Therefore there is no potential difference
between any two points inside the conductor that is electrostatic potential is constant
throughout the volume of the conductor

7.No they cannot intersect each other because two different equipotential
surface have different electric potential, so if they intersect then the point of intersection
will have two different potentials at the same point which is not possible
8.Potential energy of charge 'q' at a distance 'r' in an external field, is defined as the
amount of work done in order to move a charge 'q' from infinity to a particular point in
the presence of external field. This work done, is stored in the form of potential energy.

9. (i) Electric field is given by:

E=Ei^=−dxdVi^
Hence, VC−VA=−∫Edx
VA−VC=−4E

(ii)Electric potential is more at point C as electric field is directed from higher potential
region to lower potential region

10.
12. For constant electric field vector

For increasing electric field

Difference: For constant electric field, the equipotential surfaces are equidistant for
same potential difference between these surfaces; while for increasing electric field, the
separation between these surfaces decreases, in the direction of increasing field, for
the same potential difference between them.
13. As, the two conducting spheres are connected to each other by a wire,
the charge always flows from higher potential to lower potential till both have same
potential. Thus, for flatter portions, tfie radius is more and at pointed ends, radius is
less, thus the charge density is more at pointed or sharp ends.
14. Potential of the Shell: V2=k(q1+q2)r2V2=k(q1+q2)r2
Potential of the Sphere: V1=kq1r1+kq2r2V1=kq1r1+kq2r2
As r1<r2,V1>V2r1<r2,V1>V2. So positive charge will flow from sphere(inside) to the
shell(outside) when connected.

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1. We know that q=CV comparing with y=mx, here m=C=tanθ, higher is the slope
higher is the capacitance. and graph A has a larger slope than B,
so the graph A shows higher capacitance. Also, C= ε0A/d i.e. C∝A.
As the plate area of C2 is double of that of C1, so C2 has a higher capacitance. Hence
the line A of the graph corresponds to capacitor C2.

2. Dielectric constant: it is defined as the capacitance with dielectric in medium to the

capacitance with vacuum. It is also defined as the ratio of the permittivity of the material
to the permittivity of free space. It has no unit.
3. Given that,
Potential at A
Capacitor
Capacitor
Capacitor
Now, all capacitors joined in series

Now, the charge is

Now, the charge will be same in

So, the potential
Now, the energy stored is

Hence, the energy stored is

4. Energy stored initially, Ui=21CV2
After connecting to the other uncharged capacitor, charge is distributed equally.
Since, Q=CV,
Vf=V/2

Hence, energy stored finally in the two capacitors is given by:

Uf=2×21CVf2
Uf=4CV2

Hence, ratio of energy stored in combined system to that stored initially is:
UiUf=21
5. The ratio of electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor before and after the
introduction of the dielectric is 1/K or (K) ^ (-1).
Parallel plate capacitors are used in electronic equipment for the conversion of stored
energy into a form such as light, heat or sound. The energy stored in the capacitor is
located in the field between both the plates and can be altered by the introduction of a
dielectric material in between the plates.
Without a dielectric, when the capacitor is connected to a battery, the electrostatic
energy stored is given by the formula: U1 = ½ x C x V^2
However, when the battery is disconnected from the capacitor with the help of a switch,
the stored energy is calculated as follows: U2 = K x ½ x C x V^2
Here, K is the dielectric coefficient or constant of the material that is inserted in
between the capacitor plates.
Hence, the ratio of electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor before and after the
introduction of the dielectric is 1/K or (K) ^ (-1).
7 Initially when there is vacuum between the two plates, the capacitance of the capictor is
C0=dε0A
Where, A is the area of parallel plates
Suppose that the capacitor is connected to a battery, an electric field E0 is produced
Now if we insert the dielectric slab of thickness t=d/2 the electric field reduce to E
E is produced, if we insert the dielectric slab of thickness t=
t=d2the electric field reduces to ENow, the gap between plates is divided in two parts, for
distance there is electric field E and for the remaining distance
(d-t) the electric field is E0
0
ε0 If V be the potential difference between the plates of the capacitor, then

V=Et+E0(d−t)V=2Ed+2E0d=2d(E+E0)(t=2d)

V=2d(KE0+E0)=2KdE0(K+1)(asEE0=K)

nowE0=ε0σ=ε0Aq⇒V=2Kdε0Aq(K+1) we know C=Vq=2Kε0A/(K+1)d

8.
9.
10.
12. C2 = 2 C1.

parallel combination: C_eq = 3 C1

Energy E = 1/2 * C_eq * V1² = 3/2 * C1 V1²

Series combination: C_eq = C1 C2 /(C1 +C2) = 2 C1/ 3

Energy E = 1/2 * 2/3 * C1 * V2² = 1/3 * C1 V2²

Equating energies, we get V1: V2 = √2 : 3

Plot of energy vs Capacitance:

This will be linear if Voltage applied is assumed to be constant

13. (i) The capacitance increases as the dielectric constant K>1.

(ii) Potential difference V=CQ. As C increases and Q remains the same since the battery is
disconnected, the p.d. between the plates decreases.
(iii) Electric field E=dV where V is the p.d. and d the separation between the plates.
As V decreases and d remains the same, electric field also decreases.
(iv) Energy stored in a capacitor U=21CQ2. As Q is constant
and C increases, U decreases.
14. i) The charge Q =CV, V = same, C = increases; there, charge on plates increases.
(ii) A electric field E = V/d, and V = constant, d = constant; therefore, electric field
strength remains the same. (iii) The capacitance of capacitor increases as K >1

15. (i) Electric field between the plates decrease as E=VdE=Vd

(ii) Capacitance becomes half i.e., decreases as C=ε0AdC=ε0Ad
(iii) Energy stored increases as E=1Q22CE=1Q22C.

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QUESTIONS NOT DONE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS DOUBT.