Chapter 2:

6.
(a) Almost all cats have tails (I took it as a soft generalization because it is not logically impossible
a cat have no tail. It is not a paradox. Some cats have no tails (soft generalizations, ha!): they may
have a genetic malfunction, lost their tail in an accident, or even have it removed cirurgically)
(d) No owns are mammals (it is a logically impossible a own not to be a mammal)
(e) All cars run on petrol or diesel (In my knowledge, there are no exceptions, but I am not totally
secure, because it is not a logical error a car not running on those things. Are there electric cars?)

Answer: Only (d ) is uncontroversially true as a hard generalisation and you need

to use ‘No owls’. (a), (b), (c), (e), (f), (g), (i) and ( j ) should all be soft.

7.
(a) Scare quotes; buzzwords
(b) Appeal to novelty; buzzwords
(c) Spin (Buzzwords)
(d) Appeal to popularity
(e) Appeal to fear (Smokescreen (hint: avoids the question of our moral duty)) (I
mean, kinda? Eu acho que depois eu volto pra essa questão pra ver se eu
concordo realmente com isso ou não)
(f) Appeal to popularity (Equivocation (over the vagueness of ‘most successful’).
(g) Appeal to fear
(h) Buzzword
(i) Appeal to fear (Appeal to novelty or appeal to vanity; ‘hair management
technology’ is a buzzword (phrase))
(j) Pergunta capiciosa