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تطبيقات الذكاء الإصطناعي في الهندسة الجيوتقنية
تطبيقات الذكاء الإصطناعي في الهندسة الجيوتقنية
ﺧﺎﻟ ﺪ ﻣﺼ ﻄﻔﻰ ﻣﺤﻤ ﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ،اﻟﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻰ " ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﺎت اﻟ ﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻ ﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﺔ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ" ،اﻟﻤ ﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻷول ﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﺔ
اﻷﻧﺸﺂت ،ﺁﻓﺎق اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ و ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻰ ،ﻋﻤﺎن ،اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻷردﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺷﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2013
ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ هﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺬآﺎء اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ،اﻟﺬى ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻤﺎذج
رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺣﺎة ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺎ ﻟﺪﻣﺎغ و ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺣﻠﻮ ﻻً ذات ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺗﻔﻮق اﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت
اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮات اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ .
ﻓﻰ اﻻﻋﻮام اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ،آﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺷﺘﻰ اﻟﻨﻮاﺣﻰ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ .
وﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ آﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ،وﻗﺪ اﻋﻄﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ .
ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ان اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ اﺗﺜﺒﺘﺖ ﺗﻔﻮﻗ ﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻴﻼﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج ﻓﻰ ﺣﻞ
اﻟ ﻤﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة ،إﻻ أن ﺗﻄﺒ ﻴ ﻘ ﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻓﻰ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺴﻮدان .
1 )(302
ﻣﻊ اﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ،واﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺪرة ﻓﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ
اﻟﺴﻮدان ،ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎرهﺎ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺔ ﺳﻨﺴﺘﻌﺮض واﺣﺪا " ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ .اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت
اﻟﻌﻤﻠ ﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﻤﺎذج ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺟﺪاول ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .
اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻰ ان اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ
اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻜﺎرﺗﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ اﻻﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻠﺔ ،واﻻﺣﻮال اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ وﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ .ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺘﺒﺎره ﺎ وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺴﻮدان .
. 1اﻟ ﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ :
ﻋ ﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ ) ، ( 1آﺎن هﻨﺎك اهﺘﻤﺎم ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺬآﺎء
اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ) ، ( ANNوﺟﺪ أﻧﻬﺎ أدوات ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ
ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ورﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑ ﻄﺮق أﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺟﺪواهﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة ،أو اﻟ ﻐﻴﺮ
ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺔ ،أو ذات اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮةﺟﺪا " ﻟ ﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أآﺜﺮ اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ .وﻗﺪ
اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ أ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺠﺎح ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﻤﺎط،
واﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ،واﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ،واﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ،و اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻵﻟﻲ .
اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ آﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ' ﻏﻴﺮ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ' ﻓﻰ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ و ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ أن اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ
هﻰ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ اﻷرض .ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ،ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺰال أﻗﻞ
ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻮ ك اﻷرض .ﻟﺬا رأي اﻟﺨﺒﺮاء ﻳﻠﻌﺐ دورا هﺎﻣﺎ ،و ﻳ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻨﻬﺞ
اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ .ﺑﻤﺎ أن ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ) ( AIﺗ ﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ
اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻻ رﺷﺎدﻳ ﺔ أو ﻧﻤﻂ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ،اذا " ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن
ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ .
ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ هﻮ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ هﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ،و ﻓﻬﻤ ﻬﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ إرﺷﺎدات ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﻮل
اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ .وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ،ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮء أن ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت
اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎت ﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ .وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ
ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘ ﺰوﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ واﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء وﻣﺪﻳﺮي اﻟﻤﻮارد ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ ت ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ
ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ .ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻷآﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎ هﻮ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ) ) ، ( US Army1960
) هﻮارد ، ( 2 )( 1977اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ آﺎزاﻗﺮاﻧﺪى ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم . 1952
واﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻩ ) ( USCSو ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ .
ﻋﻨﺪ ارﺗﺒﻄﻬﺎ ﺑ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ،ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳ ﻜﻮن اﻟﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ وﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﻘﺮار .
اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ) ( ANN؛ (Fausett 1994; Flood and Kartam 1994); Hecht-
) ( 3 ) ( Nilsen 1990; Maren et al. 1990; Zurada 1992ه ﻰ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ،
واﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻬ ﺎ ،ﺗ ﺤﺎول ﻣﺤﺎآﺎة ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ .ﺗﻢ
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻬﺎم اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ،وذﻟﻚ ﻷن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼت واﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﺮة .وﻗﺪ
أﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﺪراﺳﺎ ت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ أن اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ
اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ) ﻃﻮآﺮ وﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮن .( 4 ) ( 1999
. 2ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺚ :
ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻣﻦ ﺳﺠﻼت اﻵﺑﺎر ) ( boreholelogsﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ
اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺤﻮث اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻟﻄﺮق ) ( BRRIﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﻃﻮم ) ( U of Kﻷﻏﺮاض ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .
2 )(303
ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎراﻟ ﻌﺪد اﻟ ﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت و اﻻ ﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﻟ ﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ
اﻟﺴﻮدان ،ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد آﺒﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ .اﺛﻨﺎن ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ
ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﻃﻮم اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ وﻳﻘﻊ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﻲ وﻻﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﻴﻞ اﻷﺑﻴﺾ .اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺸﻤﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﺎ :اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ
واﻟﻤﻜﺎن وﻋﺪد اﻵﺑﺎر ،و اﻟ ﻌﻤﻖ ،و رﻣﺰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ،و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺪ ا ﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ
) ( LLو ﺣﺪ اﻟﻠﺪوﻧﺔ ) ، ( PLﻣﺆﺷﺮ اﻟﻠﺪوﻧﺔ ) ( PIو اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ) .( SPT-N
اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ هﻮ أن ﺗﻜﻮن هﻨﺎك اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺠﻴﺪة ،ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ
هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ،ﻓﻘﻂ اﺧﺬت ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ذات اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﻳﺮ اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ) ، PI ، LL
.( USCS ، Nو ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎد ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج ﻟﺘﻤﻜﻴﻦ اﻟ ﻨﻤﺎذج ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ .
ﻷن وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻂ ) ( function activationﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ
ﺑﻴﻦ 0و ، 1.0ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻊ ) ( normalizedاﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج .و اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ) ( 5ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم
ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ :
)Actual (value) − Minimum(value
= )Normalized (value
)Maximum(value) − Minimum(value
و ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ إﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ :
Model (value ) = Model (output ) * [ Max.(value ) − Min.(value )] + Min.(value ).
. 3ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ :
3.1اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻹدﺧﺎل واﻹﺧﺮاج
آﻤﺎ ذآﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ،ﺑﺸﺄن اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ وﺟﻮدﺗﻬﺎ ،ﺗﻢ إ ﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ وﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ
ﻓﻲ " ﻧﻤﻮذج ، " 1وﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻄﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ " ﻧﻤﻮذج " 2وﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻓﻰ " ﻧﻤﻮذج ." 3و ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ
اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ) ( USCSوﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت وﺣﺪود اﺗﺮﺑﻴﺮج .
ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ آﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :
GW GP GM GC SW SP SM SC ML CL MH CH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3 )(304
ﻓﻲ " ﻧﻤﻮذج " 1ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻹدﺧﺎل ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻵﺑﺎر وﻋﻤﻖ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ و ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت
اﻹﺧﺮاج ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟ ﻄﺒﻘﺔ .أﻇﻬﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت ا ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام
اﻷرﻗﺎم 1و 2ﻓﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﺧﺮاج .ﻟﺬا وﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟ ﻄﺒﻘﺎت ،ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ،
وﻣﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ 0 ،و . 1وﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى ،ﻓﺈن ﻋﻤﻮد " اﻹﺧﺮاج "
" ﻋﻘﺪة " 1ﻳﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ إذا آﺎن ، 1و ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮاﻓﻖ إذ ا آﺎن ﺻﻔﺮ ،و " ﻋﻘﺪة " 2ﻳﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻄﻴﻦ إذا
آﺎن ، 1وﻻ ﻳﺘﻮاﻓﻖ إذا آﺎن ﺻﻔﺮ .و ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎت ﻓﺎن ﻣﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ وا ﻟﻄﻴﻦ ' هﻮ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ .
3.1.2ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﻄﻴﻦ " ﻧﻤﻮذج :" 2
ﻓﻲ " ﻧﻤﻮذج " 2ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻹدﺧﺎل ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻵﺑﺎر وﻋﻤﻖ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت
اﻹﺧﺮاج ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻄﻴﻦ ﺣﺪ اﻟﺴﻴﻮﻟﺔ ) ، ( LLو ﺣﺪ اﻟﻠﺪوﻧﺔ ) ( PLوﻣﺆﺷﺮ اﻟﻠﺪوﻧﺔ ) . ( PI
3.1.3ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺮﻣﻞ " ﻧﻤﻮذج :" 3
ﻓﻲ " ﻧﻤﻮذج " 3ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻹدﺧﺎل ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﺌﺮ وﻋﻤﻖ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ و ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت
اﻹﺧﺮاج ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ .ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻷن اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﻮاد و
ﻷن آﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة ﻣﻨ ﻬﺎ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ،ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ
ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ارﺗﺒﺎط ) ( correlation formulaﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ،و ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻻرﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة وهﺬﻩ
اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﺮة ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟ ﻤﻌﺮوﻓ ﺔ .و و ﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ
اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ،ﺗﺼﻨﻒ آﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴﺔ .ﺛﻢ ،ﻳﺘﻢ
ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ آﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد .اﻟﺮﻣ ﺎ ل .اﻟﺮﻣ ﺎ ل اﻟﻐﺮﻳﻨﻲ ،و اﻟﺮﻣﺎل اﻟﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ .
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘﻴﻢ SPT-Nواﻻرﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ اﻗﺘﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﺮهﻮف ) ( 5 ، 6وﺑﻴﻚ ) ( 7 ، 6اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ
اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ) ( DRوزاوﻳﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك ) ( ¢ﻟﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ هﺎ .و اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ¢ -N-DRآﻤﺎ ه ﻮ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ
اﻟﺠﺪول ) ( 3.1ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ .
5 )(306
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻃﺮأت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ ) ( RMSﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪورات ) ( epochsوذﻟﻚ
ﻓﻲ اﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ .اﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ذﻟﻚ ،ﻳﺘﻢ رﺳﻢ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪرج اﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ وذﻟﻚ
ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻷﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ إدﺧﺎل ﻟ ﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت .ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار ،ﻳﺤﺴﺐ ﺟﺬر ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ
ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ واﻻﺧﺘﺒ ﺎر واﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ واﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ .ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ رﺳﻢ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ
اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ أداء اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ .وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ أآﺜﺮ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻒ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ أآﺜﺮ
ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺮﺟﻮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ .
3.2.4أداء اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺑﺔ :
ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ ،ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ أداء وﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة و اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻬﺎ
ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑ ﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ Rوهﻮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟ ﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ) coefficient of multiple
، ( 9 )( determinationﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺎرن دﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﺑﺪﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ أن اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ هﻮ ﻣﺠﺮد ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ
ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت .اﻗﺘﺮاب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ Rﻣﻦ 1ﻳﻌﻨﻰ أن اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﺟﻴﺪ ،وﻋﻨﺪﻣ ﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ Rﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣ ﻦ 0ﺗﺪل
ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻴﺪ .ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ) ( Correlation Coefficient) (rو ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﻴﺮﺳﻮن
اﻟﺨ ﻄﻲ ،هﻰ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎت اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ و اﻟﻤﺨﻤﻨﺔ .و ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ rأن
ﻳ ﺘﺮاوح ﻣﻦ 1 -إﻟﻰ . 1 +أﻗ ﺘ ﺮ ا ب rإﻟﻰ 1ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻗﻮى ﻋﻼﻗﺔ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ،وأﻗ ﺘ ﺮ ا ب rإﻟﻰ 1 -ﻳﺪل
ﻋﻠﻰ أﻗﻮى ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ .و ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن rﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ، 0ﻓ ﻠﻴﺲ هﻨﺎك ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ .ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ Rﻣﻘﻴﺎس
أﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ rﻟ ﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ .ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻨ ﺘ ﺎ ﺋ ﺞ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟ ﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ
و اﻟ ﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻧﺠﺎح ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ .
3.2.5اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج :
ﻋﻨﺪ اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ و اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ،ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ .و ذﻟﻚ ﻟ ﻠﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟ ﻨﻤﻮذج ﻟﺪﻳﻪ
اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﺘﻲ وﺿﻌﺖ ﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺣﻔﻆ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼت
واﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ .ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ آﻨﻤﻮذج ﻋﻤﻠﻲ
ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت .وﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ رﺳﻮم ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ .
. 4دراﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ :ﻣﺸﺮوع ﻣﺠﻤﻊ إﺳﻜﺎن ﺑ ﻮﻻﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﻃﻮم ) :( AAP
4.1ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ه ﻰ ﻣﺸﺮوع ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﺳﻜﻨﻲ آﺒﻴﺮ ،ﻣﻤﻠﻮآﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﺪوق اﻹﺳﻜﺎن واﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻮزارة
اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ واﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻻﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﻃﻮم ﺑ ﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ 75480ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ .اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ
ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ،ﺗﺸﻤﻞ 20ﺣﻔﺮة ﺑﺌﺮ ﺗﻢ ﺣﻔﺮ هﺎ ﻷﻋﻤﺎق ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ 15و 20ﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮي ﺳﻄﺢ
اﻷرض .ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟ ﻠﺘﺪرﻳﺐ واﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر .ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن
ﻣﻦ 18ﻣﻦ اﻵﺑﺎر ﻟﻠﺘﺪرﻳﺐ و ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ا ﻵﺑﺎر ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎدﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ آﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ
اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ .
4.2اﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ :
4.2.1ﻣﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ) :( The Classifier Network
Parameters Model 1 Model 2
Standard Ward Nets
Nets
No. of hidden layer 2 3
No. of units in hidden layer 8-8 5-5-5
6 )(307
Learning rate 0.1 0.1
Momentum factor 0.5 0.1
Initial weights 0.05 0.3
R squire 0.9574 0.9231
r squire 0.9786 0.9622
( Network Parameters ) ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ.( 4.1 ) اﻟﺠﺪول
: اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ
( ﺑ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ4.2 ) ( و4.1 ) ﻓﻲ أرﻗﺎم1 وﺻﻔﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ " ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ " ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤ ﻮ ذج
. ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ٪ 95،74 ﻧﺠﺎح
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
Error
0 Clay
-0.3
-0.6 1 26 51 76 101 126 151 176 201
-0.9
-1.2
Data Set Number
Figure (4.1). Error for Model 1 (Clay).
Sand Classification (Model 1)
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
Error
0 Sand
-0.3
-0.6 1 26 51 76 101 126 151 176 201
-0.9
-1.2
Data Set Number
Figure (4.2). Error for Model 1 (Sand).
:( The Sand Network) ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ4.2.2
Parameters Model 1 Model2
Standard Nets Ward Nets
7 (308)
No. of hidden layer 2 2
No. of units in hidden layer 15-15 8-8
Learning rate 0.1 0.3
Momentum factor 0.5 0.5
Initial weights 0.3 0.05
R squire 0.9114 0.846
r squire 0.9547 0.9212
( 4.2 ) ﺟﺪول ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ
: اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ
( و ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻧﺠﺎح4.3 ) ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ1 وﺻﻒ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ " ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ " ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤ ﻮ ذج
. ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﻟ ﻠﺮﻣﻞ٪ 91،14
SPT (Model 1)
15
10
5
Error
0 SPT
-5 1 23 45 67 89 111 133 155 177
-10
-15
Data Set Number
8 (309)
Initial weights 0.3 0.05
R squire 0.9431 0.937
r squire 0.9716 0.9681
( 4.3 ) ( اﻟﺠﺪولNetwork Parameters ) ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ
: اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ
( ﺑ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻧﺠﺎح4.4 ) ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ1 وﺻﻒ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ " ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ " ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤ ﻮ ذج
. ( ﻟﻠﻄﻴﻦLL ) ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ٪ 94،31
LL (Model 1)
100
80
60
Error
40
LL
20
0
-20 1 24 47 70 93 116 139 162 185
-40
Data Set Number
9 (310)
PI (Model 1)
80
60
40
Error
20
PI
0
-20 1 13 25 37 49 61 73 85 97
-40
-60
Data Set Number
: ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ. 5
:( Classifier Network ) ﻣﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ5.1
1.5 1.5
SC S S SC S S
3 3 3 3
10 (311)
SM S C SM S S
4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
CH C SC S
6 C 6 6 S 6
S C
CH SC
C C S S
7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5
CH C C SC S S
9 9 9 9
C
CH C C SC S S
10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5
ML S S SM S S
12 12 12 12
SM S S SM S S
13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5
SM S S SM S S
15 15 15 15
ﺷﻜﻞ Actual model1 model2 Actual model1 model2
:( 5.1 )
. 10 و13 ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻵﺑﺎر اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر
:( Sand Network ) ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﺎل5.2
11 (312)
SPT
60
50
40 Actual
SPT
30 model1
20 model2
10
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
ﺷﻜﻞ ) :( 5.2ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ SPTﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻵﺑﺎر 13و . 10
)AAP (LL
150
100 Actual
LL
model1
50 model2
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
ﺷﻜﻞ ) :( 5.3ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﺣﺪ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻵﺑﺎر 13و . 10
12 )(313
)APP (PI
120
100
80 Actual
PI
60 model1
40 model2
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
ﺷﻜﻞ ) :( 5.4ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ اﻟﻠﺪوﻧﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻵﺑﺎر 13و . 10
. 6اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ :
اﺳﺘﻨﺎدا إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،و ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ أﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻵﺑﺎر إﻟﻰ
اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ ،ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل إن أداء اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺪرﺑﺔ واﻋﺪ " ،وﻳﺤﺪد
ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ وﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺑ ﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻘﺒ ﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﺔ .
ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ،ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻮذج واﺣﺪ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﺔ اﻟ ﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ،أو
ﻳﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ آﻔﺎءة أﻋﻠﻰ ﻟ ﻠﻨﻤﺎذج .وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أﻳﻀﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت
اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ آﻤﺼﺪر ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺟﻴﺪة ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ .هﺬﻩ ا ﻟﻤﺴﺎهﻤﺔ ﺗ ﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ
ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ واﺳﻌﺔ وذات ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﻌﻴﺪة و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻮﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .
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John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New York.
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Report No. FHWA-TS-78-209, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway
Administration, Washington, D.C.
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14 (315)