TAHAP-TAHAP DATA

NOIR
 NOIR

•N = Nominal (Non-Parametrik)
•O = Ordinal (Non-Parametrik)
•I = Interval ( Sela ) (Parametrik)
•R = Ratio ( Nisbah ) (Parametrik)
• What Are Parametric and Nonparametric Tests?
• In statistics, parametric and nonparametric methodologies refer to those in which a set of data has a normal vs. a
non-normal distribution, respectively. Parametric tests make certain assumptions about a data set; namely, that the
data are drawn from a population with a specific (normal) distribution. Non-parametric tests make fewer assumptions
about the data set. The majority of elementary statistical methods are parametric, and parametric tests generally have
higher statistical power. If the necessary assumptions cannot be made about a data set, non-parametric tests can be
used. Here, you will be introduced to two parametric and two non-parametric statistical tests.
• Parametric Test for Independent Measures Between Two Groups: T-Test
• A t-test is used to compare between the means of two data sets, when the data is normally distributed. The two
groups of data must be independent from one another. The t statistic is equal to the difference between the group
means divided by the standard error of the difference between the group means.
• Parametric Correlation Test: Pearson
• A common parametric method of measuring correlation between two variables is the Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation. The two variables, x and y, must each be normally distributed. The means and variances of the variables is
calculated. Then, the correlation can be calculated as the covariance between the two variables divided by the product
of their standard deviations.
• Non-Parametric Correlation Test: Spearman
• The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient is similar to the Pearson coefficient, but is used when data are ordinal
(usually categorical data, set into a position on some kind of scale) rather than interval (data measured along a scale
where all data points are equidistant from one another). This test essentially works the same way as the Pearson
Correlation test, only the data must first be ranked.
• Non-Parametric Test for Independent Measures Between Two groups: Mann-Whitney test
• The Mann-Whitney Test is used to compare the means between two groups of ordinal (thus, non-parametric) data.
The Mann-Whitney statistic (U) is calculated by putting all the data (scores) into rank order. Then, U is the sum of the
numbers of scores from the experimental group that are less than each of a control group.
• What is the difference between a parametric and a nonparametric test?
• What is the difference between a parametric and a nonparametric test?
• Parametric tests assume underlying statistical distributions in the data. Therefore, several conditions of validity must
be met so that the result of a parametric test is reliable. For example, Student’s t-test for two independent samples is
reliable only if each sample follows a normal distribution and if sample variances are homogeneous.
• Nonparametric tests do not rely on any distribution. They can thus be applied even if parametric conditions of
validity are not met.
• Parametric tests often have nonparametric equivalents. You will find different parametric tests with their equivalents
when they exist in this grid.
• Nonparametric tests are more robust than parametric tests. In other words, they are valid in a broader range of
situations (fewer conditions of validity).
• What is the advantage of using a parametric test?
• The advantage of using a parametric test instead of a nonparametric equivalent is that the former will have more
statistical power than the latter. In other words, a parametric test is more able to lead to a rejection of H0. Most of
the time, the p-value associated to a parametric test will be lower than the p-value associated to a nonparametric
equivalent that is run on the same data.
 BERAPAKAH UMUR ANDA?

• N = Nominal
Tandakan umur anda
…
🔲 15
🔲 16
🔲 17
🔲 18
…
Contoh-contoh lain: Jantina, Jenis Darah
 BERAPAKAH UMUR ANDA?

• O = Ordinal
Adakah anda berumur di antara 15 – 20 tahun ?
🔲 Sangat Setuju ( 5 )
🔲 Setuju ( 4 )
🔲 Neutral ( 3 )
🔲 Tidak Setuju ( 2 )
🔲 Sangat Tidak Setuju ( 1 )
Contoh-contoh lain : Survey guru
ORDINAL
 BERAPAKAH SUHU DI LUAR?

•I = Interval ( Sela )
Tandakan bacaan suhu di luar
🔲 Kurang 15 darjah selsius
🔲 15 – 17 darjah selsius
🔲 18 – 20 darjah selsius
🔲 Lebih 20 darjah selsius
# Jika melibatkan bacaan -ve
 BERAPAKAH UMUR ANDA?

• R = Ratio ( Nisbah )
Tandakan umur anda
🔲 Kurang 15 tahun *
🔲 15 - 17
🔲 18 - 20
🔲 Lebih 20
* TIDAK BOLEH MENGAMBIL NILAI NEGATIF