vento 1G. / Fhe i UCRL-52863 Conduction heat transfer solutions James H. VanSant MASTER March 1980 i s pruneconrenrs Preface ee pero oo 4 do ooo bog aa Introduction © 5 ee ee Steady-State Solutions 1 eansient. 6. Plane Surface ~ Steady state 1.1 Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces . 1.2 Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces “With Internal Heating... cylindeical Surface - Steady State 2.1 Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces Wo Internal Heating». ee 2.2 Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces ith Internal Heating... Spherical Surface ~ Steady state 3.1 Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces Ho Internal Heating. se. 3:2 Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces “with Internal Heating»... ‘Praveling Heat Sources 4.1 Traveling Heat Sources... Retended Surface - Steady State 5.1 Bxtended Surfaces—No Internal Heating 5.2 Extended Surfaces--With Internal Heating Foletions Infinite solids - Transient 6.1 Infinite Solids~Ho Internal Heating 6.2 Infinite Solide-—With Internal Heating Sent-Infinite Solids - Transient 7.1 Seni-Infinite Solids—wo Internal Heating 7.2 Soni-Infinite Solids—with Internal Heating Plane Surface - Transient B.1 Solids Rounded by Plane Surfaces Hic Internal Heating. + se 8.2 Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces With Internal Heating. a vit sa 5-31 re en 8-52Cylindrical Surface ~ transient 9.1 Solids pounded by Cylindrical surfaces “alo Internal Heating 9.2 Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces with Internal Heating... + + 10. Spherical Surface - Transient 10.1 Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces “Ho Internal Heating + e+ se 10.2 Solids pounded by Spherical surfaces With Internal Heating ss + 11. Change of Phase 11.1 Change of Phase—Plane Interface . 11.2. Change of Phase—Nonplanar Interface 32, Traveling Boundaries 12,1 Traveling Boundaries... +e Figures and tables for Solutions =... 1 +. Miscellaneous Data 13, Mathematical Functions 2... + ss 14, Roots of Some Characteristic Equations . 35. Constants and Conversion Factors... 16. Convection Coefficients... + we 17. Contact Coefficients . 6. 6 ee ee 18, Thermal Sroperties =. - 2 eee ee eteconowst ee ty 9-24 0-1 aos - apa wen as-1 16-1 aren ae. RLThis text is a collection of solutions to a variety of heat conduction problems found in numerous publications, such as textbooks, handbook: Journals, reports, ete. Its purpose is to assemble these solutions into one source that can facilitate the search for a particular problem solution. Generally, it is intended to be a handbook on the subject of heat conduction. Engineers, scientists, technologists, and designers of all disciplines should find this material useful, particularly those who design thermal sys- tens or estimate temperatures and heat transfer rates in structur More than 500 problem solutions and relevant data are tabulated for easy retrieval. Having this kind of material available can save tine and effort in reaching Gesign decisions. There are twelve sections of solutions which correspond with the class of problems found in each, Geometry, state, boundary conditions, and other cate~ gories are used to classify the problens. A case nunber is assigned to aach problea for cross- ferencing, and also for future reference, Each problen is concisely described by geometry and condition statements, and many tines a descriptive sketch is also included, At least one source reference is given 50 that the user can review the methods used to derive the solutions. Probles solutions are given in the form of equations, graphs, and tables of data, all of which are also identified by problen case numbers and source references, ‘The introduction presents a synopsis on the theory, differential equa~ tions, and boundary conditions for conduction heat transfer. sone discussion is given on the use and interpretation of solutions. Also, sone example prob- ‘om solutions are included, This material may give the user a review, or ever some insight, on the phenomenology of heat conduction and its applicability t ‘specific problens. Supplenentary data such as mathematical functions, convection correla~ tlons, and thermél properties are included for aiding the user in computing ‘nunerical values from the solutions. Property data were taken from some of tthe latest publications relating to the particular properties Listed. Only the international system of units (ST) is used.Consistency in nomenclature and terminology is used throughout, making this text more readable than a collection of different references. Also, dinension- Less parameters are frequently used to generalize the applicability of the solutions and to permit easier evaluation of the effects of problem conditions. ‘Even though sone of the equational solutions are lengthy and include several different mathematical functions, this should not pose a fornidable task for most users. Modern computers can make complicated calculations easy ‘to perform. Even many electronic calculators can be used to compute complex functions. If, however, these tools are not available, one can resort to hand ‘computing methods. The table of mathematical functions and constants would be useful in this case. Heat conduction has heen studied extensively, and the nunber of published solutions is large. In fact, there are many solutions that are not included ‘sone solutions are found by @ specific computa tional process that cannot be described briefly. Moreover, new solutions are constantly appearing in technical journals and reports. Nevertheless, this collection contains most of the published solutions. in this text, For exampl ‘The differential equations and boundary-condition equations for heat flow are identical in form to those for other phenomena such as electrical fielé €lula flow, and mass diffusion, This similarity gives additional utility to tthe heat conduction solutions. The user needs only identity equivalence of ‘conditions and terms when selecting a proper solution. ‘This practice is pre~ ‘scribed in many texts on applied mathematics, electrical theory, heat transfer, ‘and mace transfer. A search for particular solutions has frequently been a tedious and aif— Eicult task, Too often, countless hours have been spent in searching for a Problem solution. Locating and obtaining a proper reference can require con siderable effort. Also, it is frequently necessary to study a theoretical Gevelopsent in order to find the applicable solution. In so doing, there are sometimes misinterpretations which lead to erroneous results. This text should help alleviate sone of these problems. Science gives us information for reaching new frontiers in technology. It 4s, thus, appropriate to give something back. I hope this text is at least. a small contribution. Janes . Vansant viA = Brea,» b = Time constant, s* © = Specific heat, J/kg*°e © = Circusterence, = 4, D = Diameter, depth, m b= Heat transter coefficient, Wn-°C k = ‘Thermal conductivity, W/m°C n= ViC7iR, 4 a Sy dye y= Heat flux in x yy = directions, wa q't! = Volunetric heating rate, w/a" Q = Heat transfer rate, W rR = Radius, @ = Tenperature, °c, x Velocity, a/s wos wien, Xr Yr Be = Cartesian coordinates, m @ = Thermal atefusivity, k/pc, m/e B = Temperature coefficient, °* Y= Heat of evaporation, J/kg Y = Latent beat of fusion, J/kg a = Ditference © = mnissivity for thermal radiation . cs, {actual heat transferreg 1 = Fin effectiveness, “(heat transferred without Fina) @ = Fin ottectiveneee, GSS trantartad fier {SERIO SOM Fim] p= Density, ka/a® 0 = 2Na,o © = Stefan-oltamann constant, w/a" <= Tine, 8 * ‘= Radiation configuration—-emissivity factor viiDIMENSIONLESS GROUPS Big, BL = Biot modulue = Bi/k Bey, BE = BL FO = Br/pch Fo,, Po = Fourier modulus = ap? fo", Fo" = Modified Fourler modulus = 1/(2VF5) 8 ee Kip, Ki = Kirpichey nuber = af/kAt Mug, Mu = MusseLe number = M/k aj, PA = Predvoditelev modulus = bi7/a Poy, Po = Ponecantsev modulus = q'*+t?/kit Pe = Prandtl number = v/a R = Radius ratio = i/t, Regs Re = Reynolds mmber = vd/V X= Length ratio = x/t ¥ = wiatn ratio = y/w @ = Length ratio = 2/t MATHEMATTCAL FUNCTIONS exp = Exponential function Bi = Esponential integral exf = Error function erfc = Complementary error function ierfc = Complementary error function integral 1,, * Modified Bessel function of the first kind 4," Bessel function of the first kind K, = Modified Bessel function of the second kind Bn = Matucal log ¥, = Bessel function of the second kind B., = Legendre polynomial of the first kind T" = Gamma function viiivreooocrroN 1. ERT coNpocrron Energy in the form of heat has been used by man ever since he began walking on this earth, Moreover, the transfer of heat is essential to our very existence. Not only do our own physiological functions require sone form of heat transfer, but so do most life-sustaining processes of nature and many man- controlled activities. the importance of the thermal sciences in the total sphere of science can, thus, hardly be disputed. Conduction is one of the three principal heat transfer modes, the others being convection and radiation. rt Je custonarily distinguished as being an energy aiftusion process in materials which do not contain molecular convection. Kinetic energy is exchanged between molecules resulting in a net transfer between regions of different energy levels, these energy levels are connonly called temperature. Particularly, heat conduction in metals is mainly attri- buted to the motion of free electrons and in solid electrical insulators to the Longitudinal oscillations of atoms. In fluids, the elastic impact of molecules Se considered as the heat conduction proces: ‘The process of heat transfer in materials has been studied for many centuries. Bven early Greek philosophers, such as Lucretius (c. 98-55 B.C.), meditated on the subject and recorded their conclusions. Much later, the famous mathematical physicist, Joseph B. J. Fourier (1768-1830), developed a mathematical expression that became the basia of practically all heat conduc tion solutions. He postulated that a local heat flux rate in a material is proportional to the local temperature gradient in the direction of heat flow: «St oe %& ' a where q, is the heat flow in the x-direction per unit area as illustrated in Fig. la. Material properties are accounted for by including a proportionality constant: ac *8 . @at —— a 1 al—= | el ox * A ta) _ WIG. 1, Tlusteation of heat Flow and temperature gradient. here the constant k is called thermal conductivity. (The minus sign must be neluded to satisfy the second law of thermodynanics.) This equation is lled Fourier's law for heterogeneous isotropic continua. A simpler form of Fourier's law is for homogeneous isotropic continua. For cample, consider a plate of this of type material having isothecnal surfaces Pd insulated edges as shown in Fig. 1. ‘the plate has a width Ax, surface area A, and thermal conductivity k. The heat flow in the plate is expressed as t, eo dim Bt | at aoe ea. oy ‘The heat flux q is presumed to have both magnitude and direction. Thus, it can be given as a vector, @ which is normal to an isothermal surface. For pxample, in Cartesian coordinates Graivaieay owhere i, j, & are mit vectors in the x-, y-, and z-directions, respectively. Since Bq. (4) defines gy = -Kdt/2x, and similarly gy = -Kat/ay, az = ~K9t/22, wwe can state a= ~k Gat/ax + Jatvay + Katee) G a Im anisotropic continua the direction of the heat flux vector is not necessarily normal to an isothermal surface. Example materials are crystals, Jaminates, and oriented fiber composites. Ta such materials we nay assume each component of the heat flux vector to be linearly dependent on all com Ponents of the temperature gradient at a point. The vector forn of Fourier's ‘law for heterogeneous anisotropic continua becones qr-K-v, @y Where K is the conductivity tensory the components of this tensor are called tthe conductivity coatficients. in Cartesian form, By. (8) is = (re, BE ak, BE + yy 2 ota Be B®) 9 (ra B+ tn H+ on B) ° poem ty as ha ent se a ee ee ee Feo ey repre emma, ole rs en cee oe ee otto ees eee eee eee Sc ‘Thermal properties of some selected materials are given in Section 18.‘Thermal conduetivity —W + m“t + KT 1600, 100 Copper ——__——— 10 4 Fused quartz 1 4 ao Dietomaceous earth ore a 4 L L 1 L L 1 bt 200 ~««400~=~*~«wOSSCOSSCO SSCS “Temperature ~ K FIG. 2, Thermal conductivity of sone selected solids. ‘2, DIFFERENTIAL 2QUATIONS OF HEAT CONDUCTION Solutions to heat conduction problens are usually found by sone mathe- ‘matical technique vhich beging with a differential equation of the temperature field, The appropriate equation should include all energy sources and sinks pectinent to a particular problem. Also, the equa should be expressed in terms of a convenien* coordinate systen such as rectangular, cylindrical, or spherical. Then analytical or differencing methods can be used to solve for temperature or heat flow. [A comion mettod for deriving the generalized differential equation for heat conduction is to apply the first lay of thermodynanics (conservation of energy) to a volume elenent in a selected coordinate system, By accounting for all the tharmal energy transferred through the element faces, the change of internal energy and thermal sources or sinks in the element, and by letting tthe element diensions approach zero, the differential equation can be derived. ‘This procedure is typified by the folloving heat energy accounting of the rectangular solid elenent shown in Fig. 3, the net heat flow through six faces is Shot = %x ~ xan * 8 ~ Seay * 92 Saas * a0) (a) oO) co} FIG. 3. Coordinate systems for heat conduction equations: (b) cylindrical, (c) spherical. (a) rectangular,where typteally os 8) ays“ 8) og = tan, 8) and Ky Kyr and k, are airectional conductivities a Unease in dntornal enersy of thm elanent is ropcecentel by or = arartape 3, an where t is the mean temperature of the element, p is the material density, and ¢ is its specific heat. Internal energy sources can be expressed "oxtyhe + aay where q'!* is the unit me source rate. Bxanp! erials are Joule, nuclear, or radlation heatig. Suming these energies in eccordance with the energy conservation law yields 1s of internal heating in 81 = Oye 4 0° pe HE as) oe the Sinits be, bys 62> 0, we obtain da yo : eee ge Ba gry ee Oe owwhere Using Bg. (14) as a general differential equation, ve can derive the following specific equations. 2.1 Rectangular Coordinate System For isotropic heterogeneous media vo Rn 8 (eH) E (KB) +E (eB) eae ; as) For isotropic homogeneous media this becomes save aed. as) = 0, Bq. (16) becomes Fourier's equation. In steady-state conditions, 2t/2t = 0 and Bq. (16) becomes the Poisson equation. When q''! = 3¢/Br = 0, Bg, (16) reduces to the Laplace equation. Wonisotropic materials, such as laminates, can have directionally Sensitive properties. yor such materials the conduction differential equation in two dimensions is expressed in the folloving form: 0 BE = (tg coe 7 + nya a) 28 (6g ate 8+ oe? 8) 2 ay’ 2, Fog agit Bea, an 7FIG. 4. Coordinate system for a nonisotropic medium. where & and k, are directional thermal conductivities, and is the angle of laninations as indicated in Fig. 4. when the geometrical axes of the nonisotropic material are oriented with the principal axes of the thermal conductivities, then Bq. (17) simplifies to the form of Bq. (14) ite ee ae WH wR k eh eee as) 2.2, Cylindrical Coordinate system Rectangular coordinates can be transformed into cylindrical coordinates by the relations x =r cas 8, y= + sin 6, and z= 2. The partial differential ‘equations (15) and (16) transformed to cylindrical coordinates are thus a2 2 at), ges pe Be Es (em BB) + 235 (0 35) + (HE) + asy gee g(a, nat, aae sare) ae a et bay oe ta) +e For monisotropic materiale with the conductivity and geometry axes aligned as in By. (18) the differential equation is pe BTR CB) BH Bee a © 2 age tea : a2.3 Spherical Coordinate systen formation from rectangular to spherical coordinates can be accom plished by substituting the relations x= r sin) cos $y =r sin sin $ and 2 = cos y into Bye. (15) and (16), which yield the partial differential equations for {sotropic heterogeneous and homogeneous materials, respectively. To Pern |e er Ans BARB) ote BB) zach (un) cera ; a ae 2 a__ at), git eG 8 sil) = - ‘The differential equation for nonisotropic materials with aligned conductivity and geometric axes is weg re. an 3. SPECIAL DIFFERENTIAL ECOATIONS Sone defining equations can have implied assumptions and boundary conditions. They are usually enployed in special cases to simplify the method of solution. However, Fourier's lay is the basis for deriving these special equations. 3:1 Combined Conduct ion-Convection Thin naterials having relatively high thermal conductivity have very ‘small lateral temperature gradients, If the surfaces are convectively heated (or cooled, the convection condition becomes part of a heat accounting on a Aifterential eclenent. Referring to Fig. 3, Let Az be the thickness b of a thin solid. On the surface z and z+ Az, the solid has a convection boundary described by q=h (t ~ ty), where t, 1s the convection fluid tenperature,Applying the sane principles used to develop the general equations for rectangular coordinate systems should result in eB en ey ages ten Yad (gE set ea bee ep ea th (a B)+b (eB). «sy TE the geonetry is a thin rod of clrounference C, the appropriate ‘equation is pe een ey va eh (eB). os 3.2 Moving heat sources ‘the general heat conduction Bq. (15) can also be used for moving heat sources, but a simpler quasi-steady-state equation cen be derived by ‘coordinate transformation, If the coordinates are relative to the traveling source, the temperature distributions appear to be stationary. For example, Af a point source of strength Q is moving at a velocity U parallel to the x-axis, the transformation would be x= x" + Ut, where x! is the x-direction istance fron the scurce. By substitution in By. (16) we can obtain De BE) 2g H)AZ (2) s pe Bee Bar (« Bee) © (0 BD oe (t) + me Bevan =o wn the applicable equation fr a noving ouroe in thin rod that Se convectively cooled fa as (* (am ‘The moving source strength is accounted for in the boundary conditions for a particular problen solution. ‘BOUNDARY CONDITIONS Solutions to heat conduction problens require statements of conditions. For general solutions there must be given at least a definition of the solu- tion region, such as infinite, seal-infinite, quarter-infinite, finite, ete. Adaitionally, Limits can be specified for any of these regions. 30If specific solutions are needed, then complete conditions must be defined. hey could include, for example, initial, internal, and surface conditions. Other conditions might include property definitions. whether Geriving a solution or searching for existing solutions, one must decide which conditions are applicable to the probles and how they can te suitably expressed. 4.1 Initial Condition Unsteady-state problens must have an initial condition defined. Mostly, this implies a temperature distribution at t= 0 but, also, internal or surface conditions could have initial values. A problem solution for t = 0 depends, of course, on whatever 1s specified at + = 0. 4.2, surface Conditions ‘the most comonly employed surface conditions in heat conduction problens are prescribed surface convection, teaperature, heat flue, or radiation. rt is ‘even acceptable to prescribe two of ‘ness for the same surface, such as con bined radiation and convection. ther surface conditions could include phase change, ablation, chemical reactions, or mass transfer fron a porous solid. 4.2.1 Convection boundary Conduction and convection heat transfer rates on a surface are equated to satisty continuity of heat flux according to Newton's lav: oN) eB sea oa] as Where ty is the temperature of the convection fluid, and x, is the boundary Location. The convection coefficient h must be determined fran suitable sources that give predicted values satisfying the conditions of the fluid, (Sone correlations of convection coefficients are given in Section 16.) The ‘method for defining h can vary depending on the type of convection or the methods prescribed by those researchers who have supplied values for the coefficient. However, h is usually defined as nTABLE 1. Sample convection coefficient values, Fivia condition by Wao a Free convection on vertical pl 0 air Forced convection on plates 100 air Foroed flow in tibes 200 steam Forced flow in tubes 300 ou Forced flow in tabes 00 Water Forced flow in tubes 2,000 water nucleate boiling 5,000 ‘iguid helium — Mucleate boiling 28,000 Stean Film condensation 10,000 Liguid metal Forced flow in tubes 20,000 steam Dropwise condensation 50,000 water Forced convection boiling 100,000 wees : 0) where t, can be given ac BLE ime ty - ty an and where 8 < 1, and t, is the temperature outside the thermal boundary layer of the fluid. In this respect, one must take care to use the proper fluid ‘temperature and convection coefficient. Sone typical order-of-magnitude values for the convection coefficient h are given in Table 1. 4.2.2 Surface temperature Of all boundary conditions, this is probably the aimplest in a mathematical sense, Tt can be variable or constant with respect to position and time, In the real sense, it is very difficult to achieve a prescribed surface temperature, but it can be closely approached by imposing a relatively high convection rate. 24.2.3 Heat fue Fouriec's law defines the flux on a boundary by ae Ot) ara. (32) An adiabatic surface can be defined by either setting q in Bq, (32) or hin Bq. (29) to zero. Inversely, if the solld's temperature distribution has been solved, then Bq. (32) can be used to determine the surface heat flux. Understandably, heat flux can be, in particular cases, tine and position eependent. 4.2.4 heemal cadiation Heat transfer from an opaque surface by cadiation can be expressed as Be Uy oa [to 0) - 7 =: en whore G is the Stefan-Boltmann radiation constant, Ji the combined contiguration-oaissivity factor for muiltiple-surface radiation exchange, and 1B, is the sink or source temperature for radiation. Because Bq. (33) is a nonlinear expression, it in frequently aifficult to find exact solutions to problems with this condition. [A common method for dealing with radiation problens is to treat the radiation boundary as a convection boundary. According to Bq. (29) we can write Bete 1 > aay Using this method means that T(x, t) must first be estinated in order to compute a value of h,. After a value for T(xy, 1) has been computed from the problem solution, then the estinated value for h, can be improved. ‘This, of course, becones an iterative process. a4.3, Interface Conditions 4.3.1 Contact ‘wo contacting solids, either similar of i imilar, will almost alvays have some interface thermal resistance to heat flow between then. The magnitude of this resistance can depend greatly on the condition of the tvo contacting surfaces. Properties that can effect the surface condition include cleanliness, roughness, waviness, yield strength, contact pressure, and the ‘thermal conductivities of the solids and interstitus! fluid. Since there are so many influences on the contact thermal rasistance, it is difficult to theoretically preaict its value, Consequently, experinental results are Frequently used. Some representative values of the inverse thermal contact resistance, comonly referred to as the thermal contact coefficient, are given in Section 17. The generally accepted definition of the contact coefficient is “2 non te, * 3s) where q 1s the steady heat flux corresponding to a fictitious interface temperature dcop of At, defined by extrapolating the virtual linear ‘temperature gradient in each solid to the contact centerline. This temperature Grop, which is illustrated in Fig. 5, would diminish to zero if the interfaces were in perfect contact. 4.3.2 phase change Other interface conditions include those caused by endothermic reactions such as melting, solidification, sublimation, vaporization, and chenical Aissociation. A statement of an interface reaction condition defines the difference of heat flux accoss the interface. If the interface which separates two phases of a material is located at x= x;, the heat balance for a phase change reaction is given in the form 4 em 2 oe ia wat, 36) uueri eityi na geometry, and other pertinent data, at fe ved Length >Gistribution by using Pourier's law, i.e. Bg. (2). Tf cumulative heat flow is required, a time and curface integration of local heat flux is neceseary. . anf [2 ace, on edo where n is the direction normal to the surface ‘Steady-state solutions can be considered as the infinite-time condition for unsteady-state solutions. that is, problens which have a time-asymptotic solution exhibit steady-state solutions for T+ *, ‘Thus, steady-state solutions can be derived from transient solutions. A steady surface temperature condition can be implied fron a convection boundary condition. For h* ©, the surface temperature approaches the fluid temperature, Therefore, a solution which includes a convection boundary can be transformed into a constant temperature boundary solution by solving for the Implied Liniting case. enless parameters Grouping particular variables yields dimensionless numbers that can be useful, Symbolically, they can shorten an equational expression. But, they can also give insight to the behavior of heat transfer in a particular probl One very useful parameter is the Biot nunber, Bi = hi/k, whick results from convection boundary conditions. This parameter is proportional to the ratio of ‘the conduction resistance to the convection resistance, Thus, we could cay that for BA > 1, conduction is highest resistance to heat transfer, Bi < 1, convection is highest resistance to heat transfer, Bi << 1, the solid behaves Like Another dimensionless parameter is the Fourier number, Fo = at/2, which is found in transient solutions. This number is a dimensionless tine value, bat it is also considered an indicator of the degree of thermal penetration into a solid, Since at/2? = (krht/1)/(pcRAv;, it is proportional to the ratio of conduction heat transferred to thermal capacity. Thus, an increasing Fo value implies approaching thermal equilibrium, a6‘the product of Bi and Fo numbers yields the paraneter BE = ht/pch which occurs in transient problens having a convection boundary. This is also a @inensioniess tine parameter, but it is based on convection heat transfer instead of conduction as in the Fourier nunber. Solutions to problens having an internal heat source q'*" usually have a Gimensioniess heating parameter called the Ponerantsey modulus po=q'''#2/kMt. ‘This nunber is a ratio of internal heating to heat conduction rates. Large values of Po inpiy large tenperature differences will occur in the solid. ‘The pacaneter Fo" = 2/2VGT is a form of the reciprocal of the Fourier nuaber and occurs in many solutions for transient temperatures in semi-infinite solids. ‘When time dependent boundary conditions have a time constant, the solution will frequently include a dimensionless group called the Preavoditelev modulus, Pa = bi?/a, where b is the inverse tine constant. Small values of Pa imply a slov changing condition. rt signifier the ratio of ‘the change rate of the boundary condition to the change rate of the solid temperature. 5.3 Example Problens 5.3.1 Steady heat~transfer in a pipe wall Hot water flovs at 0.5 m/s in a 2.5 cm i.d., 2.66 on o.d. snooth copper pipe. The pipe is horizontal in still air and covered with a 1-en layer of polystyrene foam insulation. or a 65°C water temperature and 20° air temperature, estinate the heat loss rate per unit length. The soiution given in case 2.1.2 is vFrom the problen description t, = 65% te, = 20% 1.25 1.33 ky = 0.038 W/n*c (from Table 18.2) ha/k = 0.0155 Pr°*5ne™® (from Sect. 16-1) y= Oyater/2e3) (0.0155 pe SgQ?9) Kyator = 0-659 w/m°c (at 65°C) ra 2.72 Re = ove B= 980 kg/n* 0.5 we w= 4.3 « 1074 kg/m “= 21900) (0.5) (0.0125) " 4a x 10% oe hh, = (0.655/0.025) (0.0155) (2.7319°5 (28 408)" = 6895 W/m? hy = Uyys/2r3) © (Grgee)™ (Srom Sect. 16 Kyte = 82025 f/m Pe = 0.71 or = Bitty = ep ae)2A? 9 =9.8 we 8 =a = a8 2 y= 36.55 «10° nt/e se pr = £2:82(0.0866)3 (0.72) _ 7 oe (293) (16.55 x 106)? are © = 1.14, m= 1/7 (from Table 16.3) 1? = (0.025/0.0666) (1.14) (874)/7 = 2.24 wns = is. _—__ .- ana 2.55 x 107 + 14,76 + 0,022 + 19.16 188.33 ree03) ay * AC —— ‘47 Fie shy Using this new estinate of (ty - ty), we can recalculate hy a1 hy = 2.24 (25.4)/7 = 3.56 w/n?"c, q = 10.54 W/m. Additional iterations on h, would Little improve this result, ote that the copper tube and water film have a suall effect on the results because they present Little resistance to heat transfer by comparison to the insulation and air £{lm. 5.3.2 eansient heat conduction in a slab A billet of 304 stainless steel measuring 2 x 2x 0.1 m thick and having a uniform temperature of 30°C is heated by eudden immersion into a 450% molten salt bath. ‘The mean convection coefficient is 350 4/n*=°c, Determine the tine required for the center temperature of the billet to reach 400°C. the solution is found in the solution table (case 8.1.8 and Fig 8.ta): t- 40 = 450, e =A oie rom Table 18.1 . Me k = 21 w/c, ae7x 10% a, eft ‘ 2h 212, ‘ni ” (50) (0-05) From Fig. 6.4a arf? «= 3, D 2 2 x= diel 2.000.081" yyy g 5 7x as5.3.3 Pransient heat conduction in a senicinfinite plate For the conditions given in 5.3.2, find the temperature at 0.05 m from the end and sides of the billet. ‘The solution is found in case 7.1.21 and Fig. 9.4a for a semi-infinite plate. wat , as0Vi7 x 10) aaa) ty we. ~" 1st — +E oe . = 0.27 ae 27x 0a) sa) = = 0.45 = 0.55 (from Fig. 7. tnt, are =u>0 86 Hyg yey Oh Tafel aettbedaoed oct od et ont xp (xu) uFs OH woRsnTOS woRéyz08e0 ‘s00u97070H “OR 9869 sBuyaeog reuzeqUT OR—s0Dez2Ng oUeTE Aq PEpUNCG BP;TOS “T*T WFLOS“6 *pyt0s sayuzur—fuee © Uy pox JUTnbuey003 aayUTZUI TH dy GTT ape toate + Ty = 0 we cy wre [% - wl f : veqeyd aeqnbueaoe2 UML UT “4 ‘Z OTT woranTos worady 20800 ‘seouszez0u “ON ese *uygeon Teusoqur oN-—sooe3ns eueTa Aq PopUNOE BpTTOS “T*T Woya00ssprtos = 0 eyquyzuy—tave 30 songane ogy uo o9eTa zeynBuego02 UML cy AYO TTT po TT {i wl Oy *pyfos earuyzur—Twss @ uy over upua Buot AteaTuTsUr tw “d fy OT-T'T worantos woy38y20800 ‘eeousz030u “On 2605 *6u;380H TeuzeqUr ON-—Seoe3INg eURTS Aq PSPUNOE SPITS *T°T woyaDeg PedSTTeR xFs YBnoIys MOTs 3eO4 TEI0R = wy Tufwres mens nvtetcercmm] "> ccm ste eo Ga tafpen s encore ete ene anie] 20 GER Te eee | aa 4 ae * soto spas Piteieamn fui sin eraleeaeneel ret mast wrRNTOS woradys0800 ‘seouszazeu “ON ae0D suyaeoR Teureauy oN-—se0RJ3NE oueTE 4 POpUNOG SPITOS “T*T wOTIOeS Pe]Lisette tH ae 8 eee jure up 2 UH. 9-3 (a) erwo[()ee-rfere cam og Vee BeB ct 4 Hae (xs HOR ” ji 4 4 aan’ wom oe [5 - ons] fee : a> koa t eax Ge — a oto ea (&) wore [(2y) =] wee ca eee Zana es tae Ke>xso tang gor 6 SUTT a ~ ayauz pos oxenbs mottoy oapurzur ce“ ty HET T woranTos worad}2080q ‘Seoua7039q “ON OBE *Suy3uON TeUIEAUT ON——sBIeZIE oURTE Aq PEpUNOG BPTTOS “T-T woyo9g7 cee 1 cna woo yoo [re (30 + te Te 093 soa Ween ame rare iy ue y wets soo a - wa J : My ynoo [ra + (Ye + ww ww wooo [ra + (Fv + pe ay Str ‘enix = 0] us00 (x"Y) 900 (Fy + 2 OK > x > 0 Ta spor eayurguy rernbueazey gt “dG OT“T"T wornTes w07a8y20800 ‘weousi9J0u “ON @5eD suyaeon Teuzsqur oN-—saoegang sueTa Aq popuNOE SpyTOS “TT woyaD0S[ote we ve ot woo “fie (eve {Lie - my] wars ve + [0x - wy] aa0o “yy 0 Wm en ame ta 9 9 weix"y) 900 [33 - wal f x 10 (uty cove re et eee alse (Se a8 {Lee = wy) wars re + [tx - my] as00 “ypx"y 300 (Ce + p18 “Fary Azepunog uoyz2enuoo fq peoetden sy > %~0 ‘he K to = Sb yaya OTT ae aor “a 6 LETT worantos wradya98eq ‘seauez030H “OR 9BeD sSuyqvon Teuseqwr ON-—seo"sang eueTa Aq pepUNOE SPTTOS ‘T° woTa00sgman rae Oy) ws %y xp(x"y) 900 [73 - Omak A OTTT OED BST “d' eret woranTeS 880 ‘weouez0zeu “On 9BED eta Aq PepunoG EPITOS “T°T uoTa0es porePy = Taya - 8) = +5 ge saorgane 6usuyuos P= tt p(o/mim + 2 (a/quu) = 27 sp>zr0 eee fg te tpeu letter ig te tten tmakoot gent eng Try 9 + e>zoo tm>kootoext ana worsdys0800 ‘uoTantos spadyaratrexed sernéueaooy git “8 “6 o2'T't ‘sooueTeJe¥ “OR a6eD ‘Buyseou Teuzsqur ON--seo"gans suPTa Aq PepUNOG SPTTOS “TT uoqI00gTass =) =a peat Mak eae Hae 18+ Wyte ot *, 4 yy soo Toa Tet tx wre(a ta + 20 p56 + Sais + 50+ Sy]te) 200 (Py s00 Ser kek (ap 900 Ux") 209 Com) ware a + (x - 7) WUE] ee 5 a8 Faty waza Azepuneq wor ~oaauoo seoegans BuyuyeuoH ee ee ee ext teg Th > E> Pet MD Rome toext hag spedydrortesed zeqnéueaoou gt “A 46 TTT woranTos, worsdy20800 ‘seouaz930u “On 95° seuyaeou TouaaqUr oN--saoezang eueTa Aq popUNOG EPTTOS “T*T WOTIOES 1awOrANTOS,oe O > e+ Gemndeocaus) ure ey ee cet omrerecn us Ey ZZ user are 16 HTT wordy208eq ‘weoues930u “ON 2900, ‘uyauon Teusoqz oN-—seoezang aueTa Aq PIpUNOE SPITS “T° woTaDIg 11s+ Toles etanjey Boo 30 Pye doa wory AOTS 30OH [earn « arta a ere eee tele ese ro tTeoeeo we Tees (7% = TfL soo t= wows Te T(E) ato Be ocx Gea ‘anypou eayUrsUT UE uy soueyd Torrezed peavey we ge a at 4 toed ee re) sgekigezx! 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+{fi0 - 9] 2929 = 0 [la + x] x30 (gan seo to + v} « (B+ e+ 8)E+ [ons vx] om (amare 2 9% : a- ween Eee ones (19 - wx] aa § — woraRTOS sn ARyDoTeA 8 Guyseez0uF PTTOS oeatocx aaa *zepunoq to73090u00 3TH pYTos oayuTguT—Twes sn Aaqootan ae Guyseozouy PTTOS soca tone tae Ged soe rigcx mp4 aaa “eayavoy TeuzequF pUe dao soe zane auepuedep ouya fduoy TevaTUT TeeUTT WaT PYTos oayUTzUr—Twes woradyz0800 ord 6 ztTet eee de tet eouez0 78H “ON OTD ssoyzepunoa Suyroae3 *t*2T woyIO08t/a = 0 aja eu aj aon tzu areas to oy [cogs + cade] Gas ya 5 : () wwe [otras ~ co"KaN] Gr enrae A - . ae on Kyoore8 «a"rtGu) s00 Yatoa go-vane % be a Supronesn sorts iS soca Maes Oye - om yg sonar za tta na ws Fea FIG. 1.10, Hotspot tesperatures along plate/rib centerline (BL = hl/k) (case 1.1138, source: Ref. 19, p. 3-126, Fig. 77). " ‘0 10 9 9 8 8 oo 0? de Bs BS 3s Ba Ba 3 3 2 2 : ree 0-05 10 15 20 2530 005 10 15 20 2530 Ratio t/a Rati bla FIG. 1.11. Conductive shape factors for a rectangular section containing a constant temperature tube (case 1.1.44, source: Ref. 67) reFIG. 2.1. Heat loss fron insulated tubes (case 2.1.3, source: Ref. 3, p. 123, Fig. 3.18).(fy + 0-1 (t+ 1/UBtg + 1-1 Big? 0 FIG. 2.2, Temperature distribution and mean temperature in a cylinder with temperature dependent heat source (case 2.2.4, source: Ref. 2, D. 189, Fig. 8.22). 109) os a5] 0] ‘004 (tty ~ te ie by oo! 5 10 60 100 th 16. 2.3, temperature distcibution in an infinite plate with a q/lindrion, es Souroer “Ret. 2) yo ds, Big. 8.3 : Pao| oor c= 0.1, R= 10) K-08, Rat 0.001 K=3, O1K= R= 0.0001 0.001 oot ‘10011 0.05 re 02 «03 04 05 a FIG, 2.4. the inside surface temperature of an infinite tube with temperature dependent conductivity and heating (case 2.2.17, source: Ref. 16, Fig. 1). ‘Bquation (5) given in case solution. muos 07 as! 02 oa L ‘Suare cooting T T ‘angular oon srangament _| aly FIG. 2.5. Maximum (hot spot) temperatures in the cross section of a hoat-gonerating solid (cas 2.2.48 and 2.2.19, source: Ref, 64, Pig. 3). 1 0 Fie. 24 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 U8 big Shape factor for a cylinder with two longitudinal holes (case 2.1.44, source! Ret. 73, Pig. 6)» m2ley teins FIG, 3.1, Steady temperature of thin, nonrotating apherical shell in uniform radiation fleld (case 3.1.10, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-112, Fig. 68). maaxo FIG. 4.1. Surface temperature of a semi-infinite solid with heating on the surface over width 25, which moves at velocity u (case 4.1, Ret. 9, D+ 210, Fig. 34). Hest source wath r T ukltlx, Ot) 2aq, ol 3 2 4 ° 1 2 FIG, 4.2, surface temperature of @ convectively cooled semi-infinite solid with a traveling strip heat source (case 4.1.9, source: Ref. 30). muLtirg: 81- tdtkirga, x 102 Rio-a0e 008 O08 002 0 0.02 0.04 008 O08 o-na FXG, 4.38. Sueface temperature of an infinice cylinder with a rotating surface band source, @ = 0-01 (case 4.1.10, source: Ref. 30). Itirg.0)- ty] tk/nga, X 108 £ § e 0.10 -0.08-0.06-0.04-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 005 0.08 =e FIG. 4.3b. (Same conditions as for Pig. 4.30). Pas