Definition of Software ;- A Slw is a collection or pigms Cset th instructions) which uses the ress Ur the Hlw components « AS pervthe Experts siw ave classified in 3 categeowe, Ve system alw,, A: Application sis. = §- Internet so. de System slo s— The system sw ts a slo which dots the functionallty ov the Hw devices, Live printers, mobile, processors --- £te- To develope this system sto we need ob Tiree Languages . Ie Assembly level language Coteno processor Instruction] a Culonguage C proceduse Oriented Preyramm? 3+ Ct [ object oriented programming J System Sothuare z Xz [command used Triesbace] Loraphical uses Intosace] Single. Usey Multicese, multi tegk mubdiuses Single Uses: - The processor aan does only one Job at a time 1s called os Single uses, Eg MS-Dos Mult Uses :- Mowe than one user con use. the mashine, oc atime is cabled ag Muisiused Egt- ONIX Multi Tage<- . mor than one (Kesh) job is tating place ara dime is called ay muttitesk, Bgi- in 95/49] 98] NT] 2000 Ime. [2003 | xP] viste-/ #]8 , Andhiod., 105. 2+ Application siw;- Ain App" slo is a slw which clog the functionalities -fhthe business oriented applications.leet er Java usP pae N Cat Database : Every application slus yeauives datakose like dbase, Foxpro , oracle , SL--- Bx. Programming languages :- AA lang. Coun be used -forthe, communicadion purpose. A computes Lang's will be used te communicate with the user & the Systerns. This Computer languages ave, classified in Two categeoves. 1+ Low level Lenguages a Highlevel Languages. 1+ Low Level Languages (LLt's): LLL's ae the lang's which can be easily undestendable to the System. These are System deperelent languages. In this tuo Langs are, I+ Machine, lomguage.. a Assembly leangusge.- Machine languages” . Te ts the fundamental Language tAthe System te can elvecty con be undustandabie without any translation. Thueare machine- Ovienteat Jang's thak ute collection 6 binary o& 4's and os. 3 writ, OMputel Gan anda stanc many denguage withruk érennalasten these ts only 4 deny. Pet ls Binary Aanguage « As the users Preber decimal no's we. debine te write the decimal no's but Sqstem coill convert Tmt binary nds. The. Compute meaguning units bits cre, bytes. * Advantages: - 2 1 Aa the Computes lang. isthe machinemcnientel Te cam be tinolanstendalle very Easily R vey Foye Excartion process. a writing io Pomme (ong. dot ar Memory Cun Save, Ee fT Bl 31— 10005 Jeavs month © douDisadvantages: - I Remembering dogens a> binawy code is not an esay sob a. Rectitying the Evrors & debugging proceys?s a ime, baking. B+ modifying the pram is not sayy. ‘Assemily language ¢- Tre DAgenaation tr lang: ts Implemented by the aavembly code, Tis lang. canbe called a4 Symbolic Language. Tn owls te remember tasily the prgmng Coding be tmplementing ‘this lang.» In this lange dit types Syrmiads will be esed! to design the prgmng. But-this assembly code cant undastanclable “othe System. The assembly code cliectty not understendable “to ‘the System so we verdive “Franslaiovs, They de Stypes. fer high level cocking le Atsembley Av Tnteipretey + Compiler, Assembler: Zt 1s a translator which converts the astumbly Code rnté the Machine, code. fa acne Res [tenho Jf Maahing Advantages: Sevens Transit? Objective Cade witts Easy to write the pgs Compe to mashine dang. sitis Easyto tocate & correct the Erors. Dis advantages - % To leain the. assem bly Jang. wenesd the knowledge @& Hit. High level languages :- HLUS are. the Langs which ave Easy to undeystandable -for the useh. They aye usa dependent bang's The BUS 1s & combination a alphabets, cligits & Symbols . TEs called ag Macio statements. Tt 1S Vey Sagy tang. Since eis genoal English lang. » But the System will not understandable this lang's,for this veagon we have Translains, Interpreter. An Tatepretes ts a hanslotor which Converts tom H's tp Machine cone, ag Checking the prgm line by line « 895 - Sevipting Jones Tava Sevipt , Vbscrtplr PHP, ----- ate-]Compiles :~ Tt 4s a tyanslatoy which converls the HLL into the machine ede [objectve cose by checking the whole pigm ad cs me Ege CG cet This Translotois axe not a physical components. Thy ede alto sohoadey [system sia]. Tey tostat Ganslater ts compile}. Advantages :- 4 ibis Vey Sasy to understandable 4p unite the Prgroag to Huts, * it ts easy to cebu the Panrg Goele. Dis advantages :. * TE takes more memory -to fnplement the applications, * Machine & assembly fang's ate mote eXticient than HLLs. History & C-language + - Around tn 1960's the & mast tmp. Pytg fang’s COBOL [ common busters Oriented) (an§.] +8 Cmmetical aps and FORTRAN [fomula Fransketion] for scientitic Engg. a, & [design ounchings!, developrrent te £ngq. cnlcalatns ~--- £4]. These mary apps con be clevelopect by using this fang. but this tangs can be usec! Only +0 clevelope Specific apps. fAth's reayen the pagers clesived 40 develope anew fang. . asta Richards idge, 6 Dents Ritchie conn: nie art, 74 [ee} fen JA) foe] ea] ey] The rome of C-l0NG: Ts come am BepL, Chsthe 204 setseF) Ciistopha shachy Ken Thempss Cambridge. mid 963s BIL, 992 | 4m the REPL We ae following Anst—c TAmatcan nlotional standad Insthue o& C]- we have Ome more ‘Ce; K& R~e [ kenighan & Ritchie]. Chosacterstics 06°C) :- % C% an aid —level Pgrmng fang. % fs wrt, we have low level prgmng larg's in which the System can uncletstard Goaily « €g'- Mico processors . And we have Hus In which “use, can undetsiand Eoutly. . Egi- COBOL, FORTRAN. Ard “6 is a Combination ae Cow level & high kvel pagmng- Thea’ iets callecl oy Mid level prgrnng. tg Ck ett. c-scombined* CC supports 44, opaatrs, 52. Keyworels . & 4 Separators. * C ts an Coge- Sensitive Lang. - Coje-Sensitive means -the lower cose chad & the upper ange chad. hag the oli tte meaning. % Even € statement Ends with an Semicolon C3) x Tec lang Supports Large. St vb- Aibrary Functions, x Cts an fu oriented, procedlite Ovented G structs Oriented prgrng Jong The Source code what we Implemented ty culang. 1t ts totally clependls on tural structures tor-this veason 7b 16 called ay tun! oriented prymag» Deviding the pigm Into Smatl mootules accorcling +0 THs opeiations 1s called 8 procedure Oriented pignng. A stucture Oriented Prgrang hoy to Sodisty 3 Giteia’s, A+ Seguence ob Steps. 9. Decfsion making 3: Repetetio. Sequence oh steps 3- Executing Every line o& the. statement without ignoring any ob the Statements such ype os Prgrong is Sequence & Steps. Decision Making : - Every ime Sequence ot ping %5 not Suitable, shod Hime we use the Cendition Stakements to this Pigg based on the Condition Some Statements will be Executed Some Stotemenk will be ignored - Repetition :. Exeussing the Statewnents move than one time is called as Repetition. Thoda to implement the Repetitions we have —_Tteratione Concept leopings) « Applications a C- language :- * C %5 used 40 develope & System sho apps like unit, windows, Linux, Compiles designing - ~- + Ete He otto Used tn development a nary apps do's tke Commercial proclucts % Tees Used th development gs Embedded & mobile. apps - CDMA phones dependy on the — BREW Technolgy. BREW —> Binay Runtime Environment bret dleveloped stay with Tava.* Gomtng -hamewors ofe alto unttten using Aang + Direct x Coneocom Lecomponent [Distributed component object model NC++ > c+t + GS * lang. much Supports good Fatetacton aitth Hl. By Using C~lomng. we can develope anothes prgrnng, tangs alyo Aike PHP, mio Sobt . Foundation classes, database prgmng - --- Etc» How to witte a C~ program t- AlphabetsL-4-2,-4) Digits Co-7] igmbols L+ > z---] C-chasacter Set :. A Cocharset consist ab alphabes [ lower§ uppei], cligits [o-9}% Special Symbols . ToKens:- 4 Token is an small unit of a pig, Token Consist to Identifiers, ey ~ words» constant, vartables, datatypes ,opetars, & spectal Symbols. Ddentifiers*, A name which is given “Ah variables , constants rnacros- ~~~ ete Ps called ag Tclentifies Luse, debined]- [case - 1 Sensi] Keywords Keyworols ave the vesewved words in eahich the meaning beady cline! by the compiler. all the Keyiorels hast unite ™a lower cage. According to the Anisz ¢ we have B keyeuovels- actorcling to KGR C we have tt keywords, Egt- for, do, tnt, goto. enum ~ -~- Ete, C Bwactty opp. te the aeenh Hes} . Constants? constant 1s & value hat doer’ change curing the Execdtion - Oe the pigm- constants ale ob & typed : 1s Numesical constant’. Q» characte constants, 2Numerical Constants: The Numdtcal constank ase the numbatype. Thge ale atype . ls Toteger constants &+ ReaX constcinis. a Oe the decimal type te Numbers. Thean be @M oy Ove cletrault it 2s Onn. Tn blu the decimal nds we donot have any Sepwartors Fnclucteng Comma.C7) eho. B45 99-8 Layee ~~ BHC. BA64 19 net vented ,beeg 8 comma 1s preienk tm thd value. The MIN-NOINge tr the Tntegey constants —S2AeE+tp aLaCT. rare wee te 5 MSI ce se ke ey kt Su higher Onabit ae vipa - 4 tor least LP Tep fe fepoje} a 3 proot 12 -> least oriinst ptrygitd 12000000 = ~ns There is No O* value binanyoode Sin the System. Si ep 0b 9 ete se ee 2 og Peep pp php th pila hh ath EIE TT PEED we {1 a en ea -S2368 4 32767 265536 bytes Tes Range 384 vane Tn Tateges Codegeoy, we can algo have octol numbers and ee) Dos Te Octol no's cotll be tndicaded by prebia with “0” BS 9456 5 Octal numb [ ot % = % Chae)]- 456 — Decimak nwmbey. 0386 —> Tali no. boo ‘gis prs in the Volate [not OceL eto ig pr Lrot decimal)The Hexadectnal nds will be prebte with ‘ox" OPIS =e => 0404 & Ano, 11-8, 12-¢,13-D. 1G-E, IS-F Fi ox452 , oxedd onsqa. Here, Alphabets ote not Cage— Sensitive. Rea} Constants : TH real constan's are ogo fractional decimal point no's. it com be BHO by default ik 1s @Ne. &3i- AS 924, 100-09., ‘The. min. range a real constants a4» 188 ty Bh IEEE 454-+locctiog Point Standard :- (CP xF xa® Single. precision C bias = 124), lee be Fala] wef [efRb eb lel Sign [<—Exporent fraction Character Constants :- A chod .cnsint- 25 a L byte th chatena keyboard Everything is treakedaya ches. The chax's hos to Enclose, in Siggle Gutotations (* 7) + The Range o6 chad. congtant tS 123 0 124, c Supports only the sci code. a Treg Sta! ‘e'. ee ete. TH TE%S A Combination eh chars then TE Ts called a4 Stying Gonsfant. String constants ate always Enclosed 2 double Auotatons c” “). eg Anusha’, “alan? 9641" ste Variables :- 4 name which ts gene any compuir memay location ts ante @ Navioble Name. The purpose ote riableSte store Some data: The icset wil! acces by the Vortable name & the compiles will acces by the axktuess. Rules tev declaring a Vartables:- [res toe dala} _ *% The Vaxtable name can be lowes ane, upped. case. and mixed case- * Af vesable name can't bea Keyword - * Vadiabe mame Con be Alpha numeric chas's. 7 %* 49 Vesiabe name can't contain any special chos's Except underscore (_). a * A wBlable name can stat with chan ad undeseore bud nok cLigte. Note's The lengih ob te Vetriable tats cam accept 86m chox's bub the Compiles wotll read only tise 32 char's, e 2Frult Cadet) Margo Apple Banana (Vadiable) C constanty (mace) Datotypesi- a datatype dacribe chat typ. cb dato, we can Stove in. a Vadiabled, Th aig allocate Some byte te Memory for the variables Dosatypes ade clayified in 3 categeoried. Js primary Desatypes (primitive. ( predetined JC Caste). 2+ Derived Dosatypes. 3+ werdebined DatactypeaC%concary). Primary Datatypes i | This primey dotatyres axe the datatypes divecity Thtaackd witth the machine Thstructions . Every prtmaay Aasatypes wt! Supports " Type, modifiers! ‘The Type modifiers will alte, the meaning ce datatypes: Thae are 4 types ob Typematit ers. Ie Signed 8+ Short Bs unsigned 4. lon Grete ate netting bd Reyer) dckaulr. Crt ony) J tae we debined Sgned type modifies you ae, felling Tthe, Compiler the higher ovdled bit has to intenupt by the sign . whenever Signed. 7s Specified a signed tlag ts germated ¢5 4325 0 pred Os pe 43% . Tf the Signed bik %s gaw, ik is Blo, Hees ATFs Sfno., The shor $k Ts more long indicates the bytes ote tmewmony the Shost 1.5 leg bytes & the. long bytes LZ. int CTnteges) CSigned int) Csigned) Cshoxt 2 re owned Specifications ¢ + abgta C6 bits) sige Range 32,163 to 32 fea Deseviplion —-§ Tt accepts the no's sh- decimal type - Tt canbe. QD". €g% Bb, AID, 24, AEZ19~ ~~~ EXC. Mac's ; fo Every datatype we have mocso's -fe-tind out mane fints volued, Min. tot Value + To Atsplouy max. int: wehove a made af, SINT. MAX - To atisploy aminving. we have /NT- MIN.Onsigned nt: -format Specifications, ole x sige i abytes Clé bik) Range 3 0 466.035 Description 3 Fé will accept only the Tntega o& @ aus. &g f 86U,496u, 5Uxb U---- Etc. al OINT—MIN- INT ‘ 5, "1 Stare onsigned 5, Meat seg anne “tire ere ne LODE beh Pf ff Pht ! Pa EPAPER PAPE FP PPS DL ELITES 6384 “32168 ~ Bee Notet- Extenally the nds are diff. bub sntetnally the binary cocles ate Lame. Long Sint i Cong) Format Spectfications? «fe dt A ole dd. Size. : 4 bytes C32 bits) Range t Alar 463 64S $0 a 147 403 HF DeestpHion : Tk ake accept Intege type ot clata with more range. & 2 BEM, 79E7k, —61 4522 ~-- Etc, Moca% $ LONG MAX LONG — MIN- ,OUWOnsigned long ¢ - ova) Specifications edu Sige 2 A byte Cz2 bits) faye $0 A Bag AT IAS Descripfion § DE accept more range st- BY nds. %3 t Bb tu, 467 be, qa65y Lue ete Macros ULONG _ max - OLONG — nan. x Chey Csgned char) :- formas Specifications; oh ¢ Sige + dbyte Cabisd Range $ lg 70124 oc anet sipon inthe key boa actag a char. Eurychat muytbe snclasect description, Every hey ey Wesingle ee ee ey + WWW ‘9's! @ ~~ ete. Macves 3 CHAR —Max - char _MIN- unsigned chad» food Specifications ; of ¢ Siae $ A byte CR bits) Range * Ont a5 Deicsipions By this Unsigned cher we can accept Some x70 Fonge ob chan's_ & sn @ ‘4 --- EC. Males ¢ UCHAR MAX UCHAR MIN. i Noted AI The aikove macs will be debined +romthe Hendley tle alimiseh> TI Float: -foumod Specification; ofof By wee & “Ay sae tA byte, Cee bik) Range $ ~Be4 x 1G 1D HA PS ae fiptions i-Fractional point % n0s- we Gm clebine nowctdecimal pts Dacription Le accephs Fractional pi ee cette oii &g £9635 3U567 889363695 BY S7996~ mar & £ potof, Maas? a PHBA Tan a7 8 oan Be. “SS ELT_ py - FLT_MIN.double: - Aomas Specifications ojo RF Size 38 doyle C64 bits) Range 2 1 * 1% to Fe GO% Descviphions Tt abo Store: the fractional point wt- nds wth [2 decimal points § 3 326+ UTR 2ITET , ~~ - etc+ Macros 3 DgL — max DeL - MIN Long double : - formas Specification; o> LF & ef Lt Size 3 lo bytes C8 Sits) t 4962. 4 Range * — 354. #10 Ab B94 10 Dawaiptions wth fractional point accepk upto 19 deSmel paints. &g 2 BIg. 3U4s6 17 4) 23893Ur LE, ~~-- S40. Macies $ LOBL ~ MAX LOeL — MIN. Note: The above, macwos are. debined the zencle the 182 head file Lat: Fivaly 30 Colang, only 2 Gakgeones ote datatype -y Tategers § nono olspy Stnte , chails tnteinelly pawes the ASC) coole, which is intege ty pte Notes- hall the dada typerthe only intege will Change the Siae cleports onthe bre Mp. ze rb ts 16 bit 7 Ts abytd if Peis 32 BE TERS 4-tyle~ Declaration and Initaligaton a Vadia blest Syptan t= eaaerdatatype Vor. name = 3 Gedaarrhin set We have 4 slonge classes s dataseenene from the RAM , in that 4 “Type! 15 used 4p select 4 Soage class. Defaully we take Yous, Sige Todratey abaus shivt Bling bu debauttty shorts Sign indicates +4 A VE bud dehautity 4¥¢ &g:. SB © Inka; M Brokers one. prie-dararype variable, sepatarers, sen ee Same ges short a; 7 2®© float Kh; // K 1s o Vasiable & type float @ chars, Ae &| => Ant asb,c; // + tokens Yntas declaration wsth Yoittatigation > TNR? cha tedlia = tals @ © we 2245; © @ floats = 4-789; Here wf we clidn't anole the float bekove 's' then -r reacling a4 t leat we have wrote tha Value as Se ArTea $s othowtse Th treated as cloable. ~ Tht a= 600% s00/a00 3 //valtd ae Hae “=. ts ahtotveateel ag vasiable & intant; & tot -ats Int for, I #htsa Keyuureh /invaltd % nk daz) trvaltd / variable cont start with nlumetc, * Tot 12135 / fovalid 1 o's not allowed. % Tok © M03 Mf Spaces not allowed. % Float e-nos /] Special cha:'s not allowed, * Flavors o& c/e++ Editors :- we have dt? types ob Edi the Cc. compilers are, TURBO ¢ Bvick c MiCRoscET ¢ ARTECH ¢ ZORTECH Larricec WATCOM C GREEN Lear Vrain ~-- etc, Every compte has THs own edttors called as pELtntgrated Development Gwirerm) EDE contains + je “it petoms & Jobs. 1. @ditoy C Typing / editing] a+ Debugger [ Removal o& error] 3+ preprocessov, A+ Compiles Cc 49 machine]. 5+ Linke, tos & vey Editor hos Fts own compilers. Some ab