Sensi {n cogtinuous ©peratio, th sible Heat Etfects ie Ib/h and output Strea, nin 27 process takes the form "S My™ © Stead, st 1 ate, wi SM, the ene ey i“ 8 variety Of input str alance for any region in the he where Q Btuj/h = W Btufh = Aros Bulb = M Ibfh Of course, the steady state mass balance must al so a ply: movement of a piston. We see that an understanding of the energy effects in Processing requires access to the enthalpy changes which occur as a result of the Processing. Next, skill is developed in estimating the enthalpy changes involved in heating and cooling, in changes of phase, and in chemical reaction. 64 SENSIBLE HEAT EFFECTS = id for , say, by the touch of the hand, ani oa changes has come to be called sensible 's called the heat capacity at constant be added to change Changes in temperature can be is reason the energy involved in temperature feat. The change in enthalpy with temperatur ele he Pressure, C, = AH/AT. The amount of heat encrBY temperature of material from T; '0 T, is Hy — Hy) = MOKT ~ 1) A a ¢ of the material changes and “tt ¢ that only the tempera eth i i ind st 5 7 4 Not j Cquation we pre: ical composition: a forth aes a i vt a its Pressure, phase, chemica oni itie: heat capacities are Tab Figure 6.4-1 shows the heat capact ids Notice that the al se for 64-1 contains similar data f. Chi 218 Task Integration 8D. § sy ) STE glee a Water Vapor 04 Benzene (Liquid) — Carbon Te! { 0.3 trachloride Heat Capacity (BTU/Ib °F) or (Cal/gm °C) @ 1 Atmosphere T 0.2 3 01 Temperature, °F Figure 6.4-1, Heat Capacity of Various Gases and LiquidsFireclay brie! Fluorspar Glass (crown) (int) (Pyrex) Gsilicate) Magnesite brick Marble Sand Stone ‘Wood (oak) ____ Most woods vary between 0.104 (1 HAT CaPactry (BTu/ia *F on cata *¢) — Ee is iecice EAS 0.274 (150°C) Brickwork About 02 z Carbon (mean values) 0.168 26-760) 0314 (40-g92°C) 0387 (56-1450°C) Cellulose 032 Cement, portland clinker 0.186 Charcoal (wood) 0.242 Chrome brick 0.17 Clay 0224 | Coal 0.26 to 0.37 ‘Coke (mean values) 0.265 (@1-400°C) 0.359 (21-800°C) 0.403 (21-1300°C) Concrete 0.156 (70-312°F), 0.219 (72-1472°F) 0.198 (100°C), 0.298 (150°C) 0.21 GO°C) 0.16 t0 0.20 O17 020 0.188 to 0.204 (0-100°C) 0.24 to 0.26 (0-700°C) 0.157 0.165 (26-76°C), 0.390 (S6-1450°C) 6.259 (16-46°C) 0217 0.234 (100°C), 0.188 (1500°C) 0.222 (100°C), 0.195 (1500°C) 0.21 (18°C) 0.17 (0), 028 BO) 0.191 About 0.2 0,570 0.45 and 0.65Chap, ¢ 220 Task Integration nat a suitable average value should be used when at a sui temperature dependeat, and hate emperatre ean ges computing sensible heat effects ing Point How costly would it be tg ‘i Tes Melt ” ee oars ee pecare to ts melting point of 1275°C? The hea, Li tn of a ino ead. bs Gy = 02 Bile °F. The temperature charge capacity of east iron, . dis AT = (1275 — 25) = 120°C = 2250°F. The amount of iron M = envisioned is ST = - 1 ton = 2000 tb. Thus the total energy required is 5 Q = MAH = (2000 Ib}(0.2 Btuflb *F)@250°F) = 9.0 10° Bu The cheapest forms of energy cost about $0.30/1 million ou We calculate the cost of heating 1 ton of cast iron to its melting point as (9 x 10° *(Btulton)\(50.30 x 10° Bui) = $0.27|10n. Of course, in such high-temperature operations much energy will be lost (0 she surroundings and the actual fuel consumption will be higher. Example 64-2 Sterilizing City Water It has been proposed to decant the clecr water from a river and to sterilize it by heating to near the boiling point. The water might then be useful 10 supplement a water supply. Municipal water costs less than $0.50/1000 gallons. Would the water formed from natural-gas-fired sterilizers be economically competitive? One thousand gallons of water weighs on the order of (1000 gallons) Ib{gatton) = 8000 Ib, the temperature change envisioned is (212 — 60) = 150°F, the heat capacity of water is 1 Beullb °F, and the cost of natural-gas heating is $0.65/1 million Btu. Thus the sterilizing cost in a simple heater is, per 1000 gallons of water, 3000 Ib i (icorga)* Btujlb *FX1S0°F)($0.65/10° Btu) = $0.78/1000 gal This primitive form of sterilization is 100 expeasiee 19 be competitive with the municipal water available at less than $0.5011000 gal. However, proper energy management ear bring this cost down. In practice, chemical ireerment of drinking water, say, by eltorine addition, is-less costly and has a valuable re n heat sidval action not present in heat treatment. 6.5 ENERGY OF PHASE CHANGE. at boiling temperature at melting, temperatureEner, CY Of Pha: se Cha nge TABLE 6.54 feats of F, fons oo Fusion 221 by Tang 22! Coy Vaporizati © Get Btu ater and Forma, n Material : mole) (Multiply CompouND Forwui Forsura, tic acid a eur CK) gale ae A ace HCHO ee, ee ee FC — acetylene CoH $095 ies Be CK) ar (xcauc- ee He m2 os ee ‘4 . 195. 9 4 nitrate NH.NO, 40 gg, 181 sp me penzene GH. 8005 4g nen =f, pron oni BO. mye 8 Sei “ier i pause 20, om In 13 conga ' jgo- Butane KOCH nr : ae 7 ten ca Ho 58.12 134.83 ea 7 an ite ag . 113 ed = 7 Calan carbonate C2CO: sero argt 8S mee san 83 Catium chioride CaCl, 100 al SHY awa, ° ee e | Tae a . 1 : 19 Calcium oxide CaO os (Gecompocs at 110°K) Fer phomphate 8k ee Ca 3 1904 Calcium silicate uae 310.19 1943 7 ag : Carbon CSI, G7 05 - - ‘ Carbon dioxide CO; 12010 3873 11.62 = - 989s cures disulide | CSs Ma ainaiew't ey! ite = mes Carbon monoxide CO oe ne eile a Carbon, 28.01 8. + WA 6. oO 8 teteachlori 00.200 81.66 40 210 achloride Cla 46 1M 84 Chlorine e 15384-2503 0.60 e Copper i Jos) 1216 uo 17 Cumene a jos mie sss a Gana «= CH s019 17s AT a OF a . 5: Grlopntane —C Hs 3416 279.83 (0.6398 353.90 397 981 Diethyl eth ‘sHio 70.13 179.71 719 43 ot (n.o 7121566 osass 32242654 383 i Elunol CH joo7 89.89 1745 307.76 6.226 a 7 C.H.O 0.6834 184.53 3.517 . Binbsaxie aH qeor 15861200 STB e Eyl chloride Ce 106.16 78185 BO 40935 «8.60 : Ethylene Hct ease: Was (ek 7A 59 : Elivens glycol Cat Spos 10397 08008 1049 3237 fs Ferrous seat WHO, 6207260 nas 404 136 = : paeeie s79z 406 (decomposes) a a Glycerol cH.0, 4603 146 jos BT S82 =e Helium C3H.Os 92.09 291-36 4373 562 e = a Beptane He Oe OS Aj 0m Roane Clie 100-20 yasr BT js Hydro, CcHis 8617 177.84 3a 34190 6896 475 d Bydroeer H, 2016 13:96 ao 20390216 oS Hyde chloride HCI 36.47 158.94 0416 (188-11 3.86 no 8 ton rogen sulfide HS 34.08 wie =| 568,212.82 4a NS x segs 1808 — on OSS o| 8 Fe: Chap. ¢ 222 Task Integration TABLE 6.5-1 (Cont) = AH Yar Air, 3e serine AH Fusion at ee caLo- NORMAL (KCALIG- (Keat/o- c ( . Fontan Metre Sous) BeCK) MOU) WoL) sr ‘Comrouno Forms, Wait Tear CK) 0 (decomposesat 1867°K) 196.5 Iron oxide FQ, N35 1867 | a. 2023 43.0 et Lead Po zor2i 6G gS SL sq f Tead oxide Peo maz 1139 288 ats ot Magnesium Me 2432-923 Magnesium 1691 327 1534 chloride MgCl; 9523987 03 3873 7 ws Magnesium oxide MeO 4032 75 ons «671.9585 79S eee Bn 5ot e «(OTST B79 8ST. Methanol CHOH 320417526 3 oo Methy! cyclohexane He ge. 7 ie 1.6134 se eS 455 0 1 cH 128. = . me Neng GNOS ho L568 2502 358 cr Ce Nitrogen 7o2 6315727734 1.333 og Nitrogen dioxi 4601 26386 ©=«.753 29446 3.520 BL ig Niteogen oxide NO 3001 10951 = 0.590 12.39 3.293 216g Oxysea G 3200 5440-0690. 4.630 eg n-Pentane CsHia: 7215 143.49 2.006 309.23 6.100 413, 1 LPentane 70.13 107.96 1.180 303.13 - - - Phesol 9411 31566 2.732 454.86 7 - + Phenyihydrazine 108.4 29276 «3.927 516.66 - a oF Phosphoric acid HsPO, 9809-31551 2.52 (—FH,Oat486°K) 3062s Phosphorus (red) Ps 12390 863, 1940 863 10.00 o os Phosphorus (white) Pe 12390-31740 583 11.88 - Lae on + 44.09 835.47 0.8422 231.09 4.487 28.6 ropene sHe 4208 = 8791 0.7176 225.46 4.402 49 mePropylbcnzene CyHiy 120.19 173.660 2.04 432,38 9.14 9.2 Silicon dioxide SiO, 0.09 1883 2.04 2503 ~ 2039 Sodium chloride NaCt 58.45 1081 68 1738 408 982 Sodium cyanide NaCN 49.01 835 40 1770 4 Sodium nitrate NaNO, 85.00 saa 38 ee au Sodium sulfate NaySQ. 14205 1163 i, Tere De Sodium sulfide Na,S 78.05 1223 : = - 3909 Sulfur (rhombic) Sy 256.83 BG = 7 892 y 386 Sulfur dioxide SO, 07 19768 249 117.76 200 0 Sulfur trioxide SO, 80.07 299 1769 263.14 5955 1.0 Sulfuric acid SO. 980g agg, HES 99M Toluene CHCH, 9213 19 51 2.36 (decomposes) 193.9 Water H,0 18.016 ae 1.982 383.78 8.00 a29 mXylene CMe 10616 apne, 4363 373e TIS o-Xylene CoHie 106.16 2882765 41226 8.70 ol p xylene cA 27978 4.250 : 8 a CHio 106.16 286, 417.58 8.80 5. inc Zn 423 4.090 58 Zine sulfate $5.38 o27 4151 862 ‘ ZS, 161.44 a 1595 1180 27.43 9 oo Ome ses at 1015°K) 2339