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Similar Quadrilaterals: Authors Guangqi Cui, Akshaj Kadaveru, Joshua Lee, Sagar Maheshwari
Similar Quadrilaterals: Authors Guangqi Cui, Akshaj Kadaveru, Joshua Lee, Sagar Maheshwari
Similar Quadrilaterals
Authors
Guangqi Cui, Akshaj Kadaveru, Joshua Lee, Sagar Maheshwari
Special thanks to Cosmin Pohoata and the AMSP Cornell 2014 Geometric Proofs Class
B0
C0
A0
D0 C
Additional thanks to Justin Stevens and David Altizio for the LATEX Template
Similar Quadrilaterals Cui, Kadaveru, Lee, Maheshwari Page 2
Contents
1 Introduction 3
2 Interesting Property 4
3 Example Problems 5
4 Practice Problems 11
Similar Quadrilaterals Cui, Kadaveru, Lee, Maheshwari Page 3
Introduction
Similar quadrilaterals are a very useful but relatively unknown tool used to solve olympiad
geometry problems. It usually goes unnoticed due to the confinement of geometric education to
the geometry of the triangle and other conventional methods of problem solving. Also, it is only
in very special cases where pairs of similar quadrilaterals exist, and proofs using these qualities
usually shorten what would have otherwise been an unnecessarily long proof.
The most common method of finding such quadrilaterals involves finding one pair of adjacent
sides with identical ratios, and three pairs of congruent angles. We will call this
SSAAA Similarity.
B0
C0
A0 C
D0
Solution. Notice 4ABC and 4A0 B 0 C 0 are similar from SAS similarity. Therefore ∠C 0 A0 D0 =
∠A0 − ∠B 0 A0 C 0 = ∠A − ∠BAC = ∠CAD. Similarly ∠A0 C 0 D0 = ∠ACD so 4ACD ∼ ∠A0 C 0 D0 .
AB BC AC AD CD
Now notice we have 0 0 = 0 0 = 0 0 = 0 0 = 0 0 so our proof is complete.
AB BC AC AD CD
Similar Quadrilaterals Cui, Kadaveru, Lee, Maheshwari Page 4
Interesting Property
Example Problems
Example 3.1. (Salmon’s Lemma) Let O be the center of an arbitrary circle and let P , Q be
arbitrary points. If a is the distance from P to the polar of Q, and b is the distance from Q to
OP a
the polar of P , then show that = .
OQ b
b Q
Y
D
Q0
X C
a
O
P P0
Example 3.2. In a triangle ABC, construct altitudes AD, BE, CF and let H be the ortho-
center. Let O1 , O2 , O3 be the incenters of triangles EHF, F HD, DHE, respectively. Prove
that the lines AO1 , BO2 , CO3 are concurrent.
O1
F
B C
D
O10
H1
Solution. Denote H1 as the point outside triangle ABC where ∠CBH1 = ∠F EH and ∠BCH1 =
∠EF H. Denote the incenter of the triangle H1 CB as O10 . Define O20 and O30 similarly. Then,
by Jacobi’s Theorem, we see that AO10 , BO20 , CO30 are concurrent at a point P . Notice that
AF AC
because ∠BF C = ∠BEC = 90, BF EC is cyclic so from Power of a Point, AE = AB . Also,
∠AF E = ∠ACB, ∠AEF = ∠ABC so ∠AF H = ∠ACH1 and ∠AEH = ∠ABH1 . So from
SSAAA similarity, we know quadrilaterals AEHF and ABH1 C are similar. Therefore ∠BAO1 =
∠CAO10 . Similarly, we get ∠ABO20 = ∠CBO2 and ∠BCO30 = ∠ACO3 , so AO1 , BO2 , CO3 are
concurrent at the isogonal conjugate of P .
Similar Quadrilaterals Cui, Kadaveru, Lee, Maheshwari Page 7
Next, we will prove an intriguing lemma that will be key to a more difficult problem. Both the
lemma and the following problem will use properties of similar quadrilaterals in their proofs.
Surprisingly, this property also holds for k similar n-gons, where Ci is defined as the centroid of
polygon Ai Bi · · · , obtained by averaging the cartesian coordinates of the vertices. Now we
proceed to the original problem.
Example 3.4. (USA TST 2000) Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral and let E and F be
the feet of perpendiculars from the intersection of diagonals AC and BD to AB and CD,
respectively. Prove that EF is perpendicular to the line through the midpoints of AD and BC.
A
X
M1 D
E
Y
P F
B C
M2
Solution. Denote P as the intersection of the diagonals and M1 and M2 as the midpoints of AD
and BC, respectively. Let X and Y be the reflections of P across AB and CD, respectively. Since
∠ABD = ∠ACD and ∠BAC = ∠BDC, triangles AP B and DP C are similar, which implies
Similar Quadrilaterals Cui, Kadaveru, Lee, Maheshwari Page 8
Example 3.5. (ISL 2009) Given a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, let the diagonals AC and BD
meet at E and the lines AD and BC meet at F . The midpoints of AB and CD are G and H,
respectively. Show that EF is tangent at E to the circle through the points E, G and H.
D0
A
G
B
D
H C
G0
H0
Solution. Let G0 be the reflection of point F across point G, and let H 0 be the reflection of point
F across point H. Note that we have parellelograms F AG0 B and F CH 0 D, which are similar
because triangles F AB and F CD are similar. From this and from 4EAB ∼ 4EDC we obtain
that quadrilaterals F DEC and G0 AEB are similar, and the quadrilaterals F AEB and H 0 DEC
are similar. These pairs of similar quadrilaterals implies that the position of point E in F AG0 B
corresponds to the same position as point E in F CH 0 D. Therfore, we have that ∠G0 EF = ∠H 0 EF
which implies that E, G0 , H 0 are collinear. Because G0 H 0 is a homothetic transformation of scale
2 of GH in respect to the point F , we see that GH and G0 H 0 are parallel. This means that
∠GHE = ∠H 0 EH, and since we know that ∠F EG = ∠H 0 EH, we have ∠F EG = ∠GHE
implying F E is a tangent to the circumcircle of GEH at E.
Similar Quadrilaterals Cui, Kadaveru, Lee, Maheshwari Page 9
It is important to realize that similar quadrilaterals often do not present themselves. As you saw
in the past few problems, you should try to find clever reflections and transformations which
generate useful similar quadrilaterals. Occasionally, drawing auxiliary lines can also aid in
creating similar quadrilaterals.
Example 3.6. (IMO 2013) Let ABC be an acute triangle with orthocenter H, and let W be
a point on the side BC, lying strictly between B and C. The points M and N are the feet of
altitudes from B and C, respectively. Denote by ω1 the circumcircle of BW N , and let X be
the point such that W X is a diameter of ω1 . Analogously, denote by ω2 the circumcircle of
CW M , and let Y be the point such that W Y is a diameter of ω2 . Prove that X, Y, and H are
collinear.
A
ω2
Y
M
N
ω1
B D C
W
Similar quadrilaterals can provide an amazing shortcut to a difficult problem like this.
Similar Quadrilaterals Cui, Kadaveru, Lee, Maheshwari Page 10
Example 3.7. (IMO 2004) In a convex quadrilateral ABCD, the diagonal BD bisects neither
the ∠ABC nor the ∠CDA. The point P lies inside ABCD and satisfies
∠P BC = ∠DBA, ∠P DC = ∠BDA.
Prove that ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral if AP = CP .
B
Y
Practice Problems
Now that you have seen various solutions using similar quadrilaterals, try it yourself! See if you
can apply similar quadrilaterals to the following problems:
1. (India 2014) In a acute-angled triangle ABC, a point D lies on the segment BC. Let O1 , O2
denote the circumcentres of triangles ABD and ACD respectively. Prove that the line joining
the circumcentre of triangle ABC and the orthocentre of triangle O1 O2 D is parallel to BC.
2. (Korea 2010) Let ABCD be a cyclic convex quadrilateral. Let E be the intersection of lines
AB, CD. P is the intersection of line passing B and perpendicular to AC, and line passing C
and perpendicular to BD. Q is the intersection of line passing D and perpendicular to AC,
and line passing A and perpendicular to BD. Prove that three points E, P, Q are collinear.
3. (USA 2006) Let ABC be a triangle. Triangles P AB and QAC are constructed outside of
triangle ABC such that AP = AB and AQ = AC and ∠BAP = ∠CAQ. Segments BQ and
CP meet at R. Let O be the circumcenter of triangle BCR. Prove that AO ⊥ P Q.
4. (ISL 2003) Let ABC be an isosceles triangle with AC = BC, whose incentre is I. Let P
be a point on the circumcircle of the triangle AIB lying inside the triangle ABC. The lines
through P parallel to CA and CB meet AB at D and E, respectively. The line through P
parallel to AB meets CA and CB at F and G, respectively. Prove that the lines DF and
EG intersect on the circumcircle of the triangle ABC.