Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

SI 3221 Rekayasa Fondasi

Pile Foundation
Lecture#9

Prepared by: Ir. Dedi Apriadi, Ph.D.

 Dedi –
Dedi Apriadi Apriadi
SI 3222– SA
Rekayasa
5104 Geoteknik
Fondasi

Pile Foundation
• Supporting layer is at great depth
• Resistance from shaft friction and end bearing
• Horizontal resistance from pile bending stiffness and ground
resistance
• Construction techniques
• Driven, Pre-bored, Bored
• Material used
• RC, Steel, PC

Bored pile/drilled shaft

Pile foundation (Das, B.M., 2010)

 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Pile Type
• Driven piles
• Displacement type
• Timber, Pre-cast concrete, Steel section
• Pre-bored piles
• Non–displacement type
• Spun pile + Drill
• Cast –in-place concrete (bored pile)
• Non-displacement type
• Small diameter 0.35, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60 m
• Large diameter 0.80, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0
• Very large diameter => Caisson
• Micro piles
• Small pile, diameter < 0.25
• Used for foundation repairs
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Pile Type

End bearing pile Friction (floating) pile

 Dedi –
Dedi Apriadi Apriadi
SI 3222– SA
Rekayasa
5104 Geoteknik
Fondasi

Selection criteria

Lp
B
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Load transfer & mobilized settlement

• The load on the pile gradually increased

from 0 to Q(z=0) at the ground surface

• Part of this load is resisted by side

friction along the shaft of pile Q1, and
part by the soil below the tip Q2

• Unit friction at any depth z, f(z)

p is perimeter of cross section of the pile

• If Q is gradually increased, and at the

ultimate load Qu, then Q(z=0) = Qu, Q1 =
Qs and Q2 = Qp
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Load transfer & mobilized settlement

To mobilize the full capacity

• Friction/Shaft resistance
needs 0.5%-2% of dia.
• End/Tip resistance
needs 5%-10% of dia. (driven piles)
and 10%-25% (bored piles)
• Shaft resistance Qs is developed
much smaller pile displacement
compared with tip resistance Qp

Usual Design
• Q = Qtip + Qshaft
• Should we use full shaft + full tip?
• If displacement is limited
• Q = Qshaft(full) + Qtip(limit disp)
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Design consideration

Checked Item

• Ground capacity

• Pile Structure capacity

• Settlement (Structure capacity)

 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Calculations of single pile capacity

• Static method
• Using vertical equilibrium + soil profile +
properties of soils

• Dynamic method
• Using pile driving formula + driving record

• Pile load test

• Using actual behavior
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Static method

• Ultimate load Qult = Qs + Q p − Wp

Qs + Q p
• Allowable load Qall = − Wp
FS
• Shaft resistance Qs =  Qsi =  ( f s As )i
i i

• End of bearing Q p = q p Ap
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Determination of skin friction :

Clayey soil
• fs = Su (Total Stress Analysis/TSA)
• Su
• From direct measurement
• From SPT : for clay uses
Su = (5 – 8) N SPT
•
•  depends on Su and pile type
• -> Chart 1
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Chart 1 :  factor
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Determine of skin friction : Sandy soil or

Clayey soil (Effective Stress Analysis)

• f s =  'v 0 = ( K s tan  ) 'v 0 = tan  ( K s 'v 0 ) =  N

•  is usually obtained from SPT (corrected)

• Use formula 1, formula 2 and chart 2
• Driven pile
•  = 0.5 - 0.75 
• For all sandy soils Ks = K0 = 1 – sin ’
• For all clayey soils Ks = K0 = (1 – sin ’) OCR0.5
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Formula 1 & 2 : correction factor for

overburden stress

1
CN = 9.78 ,  ' V 0 in kN/m 2
 'V 0

N ' = CN N
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Chart 2: ’ – Ncorrected
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Determination of end bearing

qp = qult = cNc [FsFd]c + qNq [FsFd]q + neglected terms
= cN*c + qN*q

Hansen’s bearing capacity

q = cNc {FsFdFiFbFg}c + 0.5 BN {FsFdFiFbFg}  + q Nq {FsFdFiFbFg} q

B Nq B B
Fs = 1 + Fs = 1 − 0.4 Fs = 1 + tan 
L Nc L L
Fd = 1 + 0.4 Fd = 1 Fd = 1 + 2 tan  (1 − sin  ) 2 

Df
=
B
Df
if (  1) →  = tan −1

B
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

For clay : c = Su ; ɸ = 0 (TSA)

 = 00 ; N c = 5.7
 = 00 ; N q =1
N *c = N c Fs Fd  = 11
c

B Nq
Fs = 1 + = 1.18
L Nc
−1
Df
Fd = 1 + 0.4 tan
B = 1.63
N * q = N q Fs Fd  =1
q

B =1
Fs = 1 + tan 
L
Df
Fd = 1 + 2 tan  (1 − sin  ) 2 tan −1 =1
B

q p = qult = cN *c + qN *q = 11c + q
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Notes on End bearing capacity of clay

• Other researchers propose different values

N*c ϵ [7,13]
• In practice, use the following for driven and C.I.P. Piles
N*c = 9

qp = qult = 9c+q

• Meyerhof (1976) for saturated clay (TSA)

qp = qult = 9cu
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

For Sand or Clay : c’ = 0 ; ɸ’ ≠ 0 (ESA)

 =?
c = 0; N q = tan (45 +
2
)e tan 
2
=?
B
Fs = 1 + tan 
L
Df = ?
Fd = 1 + 2 tan  (1 − sin  ) tan
2 −1

B
N *q = N q [ Fs Fd ]q = Function of (ɸ’)

q p = qult = cN *
c + qN *
q = qN *
q
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Notes on End bearing capacity (sand)

• Other researchers propose different values

N*c ϵ [15,150]
• Recommends
• Berezontzev & Yaroshenko (driven pile)
 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Nq* vs friction angle

 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3222 Rekayasa Fondasi

Area used for calculation

 Dedi Apriadi – SI 3221 Rekayasa Fondasi

Referensi

1. Bowles, Foundation Analysis and Design, 1996.

2. Workshop Sertifikasi (G-1) Himpunan Ahli Teknik
Tanah Indonesia, Vol. 1.
3. Das, B.M., “Principles of Foundation Engineering”,
Cengage Learning, 7th Edition, 2011