5 - Pruebas en Transformadores de Poder y CorrienteCT PT

Condition Assessment of
Instrument Transformers
Instrument Transformers
 Definition - Instrument transformers (ITs) are designed to
transform voltage or current from the high values in the
transmission and distribution systems to the low values that
can be utilized by low voltage metering and protection
devices
2
Current Transformer - Definition
 A Current Transformer (CT) - is an instrument transformer that is

intended to have its primary winding connected in series with the
conductor carrying the current to be measured or controlled. (In window-
type CTs, the primary winding is provided by the line conductor and is not an
integral part of the transformer.). Ref.: IEEE Std. 100 – 2000
 Current Transformer: An instrument transformer in which the

secondary current, in normal conditions of use, is substantially
proportional to the primary current and differs in phase from it by an
angle which is approximately zero for an appropriate direction of the
connections. Ref.: IEC 60044-1
Current Transformers
 Current Transformers are used to:

- Supply a reduced value of current (5 or 1 Amp at full load) to
meters, protective relays, and other instrumentation.
- Protect personnel and apparatus from high voltage while
allowing a reasonable amount of current in each of these
applications.
- The secondary of the transformer will supply a current that
accurately reflects a proportional value of the primary current
with as small a phase shift as is possible.
 Applications – metering, protection control, load survey
4
 Definition – Ideally, CT is a transformer with the secondary
short-circuited. The secondary terminal voltage is zero and the
magnetizing current is negligible.
Current Transformer – Basic Principles
 N 


1
  I
 1
 N 2  I2
Ie
 CT Real
N1
 Ideal CT I2   I1  I e
N2
I 1  N1  I 2  N 2 In reality, it is not possible to neglect

A current transformer is ideally a the exciting current.
short-circuited transformer where Part of the primary current is
the secondary terminal voltage is consumed by the core, which means
zero and the magnetizing current that the primary current is not
is negligible reproduced exactly.
Current Transformers– Basic Principles (2)
 Current transformers (CTs) exhibit two

primary errors:
Ie
• Accuracy errors (related to gain or linearity) 
• Phase angle errors
I2
I1x(N1/N2)
 The error in the current reproduction from
primary to secondary will be reflected in both
amplitude and phase.
Current Transformer – Applications
Protection
Primary
Secondary
Metering
 Classification
• Metering class CTs – High accuracy, low knee-point voltage
• Relaying class CTs – High knee-point voltage to ensure low
errors during high currents.
 Types of construction – window-type, bar-type, wound
Metering CT– Accuracy Classification

 Accuracy classes for revenue metering are based on the requirement that the
transformer correction factor (TCF) of the current transformer shall be within the
specified limits when the power factor (lagging) of the metered load has any value
from 0.6 to 1.0
 For current transformers, at the specified standard burden at 10%, and at 100% of
rated primary current. The accuracy class at a lower standard burden is not
necessarily the same as at the specified standard burden
Limits of transformer correction factor

Standard Accuracy Class for
@ 100% rated current @ 10% rated current
Metering CTs
Min Max Min Max
0.3 0.997 1.003 0.994 1.006
0.6 0.994 1.006 0.988 1.012
1.2 0.988 1.012 0.976 0.976
Accuracy Class Tolerances for Metering CTs
Actual CT Ratio
RCF 
Nameplate Ratio
Actual Ratio = Nameplate Ratio * RCF
Cos53.13     0.6 
RCF
TCF
CT – Nameplate Interpretation
 For accuracy class 0.3, the transformer correction factor

(TCF) is between 0.997 and 1.003 at 100% rated current.
 At 10% rated current, the transformer correction factor (TCF)
is between 0.994 and 1.006.
 TCF = RCF – β/2600
(β – phase dev.)
12
 Accuracy class is 0.3 until burden = 1.8Ω
13
 At 20 times rated current, the secondary voltage would be

400V.
 Burden = 400/(20x5) = 4Ω.
 In VA, burden = 5²x4 = 100VA.
 CT accuracy should be within ±10% for up to 20 x Ir at the
rated burden.
14
 Continuous thermal current rating factor.

 CT would be able to operate continuously at 133% of rated
current at 30°C and 100% of rated current at 55°C.
15
16
Nameplates
17
FIELD TESTING PRACTICES
18
Standard Field Electrical Tests for CTs
 Saturation/ Excitation
 Ratio and Phase Deviation
 Polarity
 Winding Resistance
 Insulation Resistance
 Burden
 CT Demagnetization
19
CT Insulation Resistance Test
 DC voltage applied across the insulation and IR is measured
 CT Primary (H1-H2) – CT Secondary (X1-X2)

 CT Primary (H1-H2) – Ground
 CT Secondary (X1-X2) – Ground
20
Winding and Lead Resistance
 Factors Affecting WR
 WR test
• This test confirms that: • Forces in the system

– the DC resistance of • Static stress:
the CT is within – weight of the
specification connected conductor
– there is no high • Dynamic stress:
resistance connection
– wind / seismic activity
in the CT or the wiring
connected to it – vibrations in CB
operation
• Temperature correction
shall be made to meet • Electrodynamic forces:
75°C. – under short-circuit
conditions
21
CT Demagnetization
 The demagnetization of transformer cores can be performed

in several ways:
• Variable Voltage Constant Frequency (VVCF) source
• Constant Voltage Variable Frequency (CVVF) source
• Decreasing the amplitude of an alternating DC current
22
CT Demagnetization
 Demagnetization needs to be done to eliminate the effects of

residual magnetism due to DC current injection.
 Achieved by slowly ramping the secondary RMS voltage and

taking the CT to saturation region, then slowly decreasing the
voltage back to zero.
23
Excitation / Saturation Curve
 This test confirms that:

 An AC voltage is applied
• The CT is of the correct
to the secondary winding accuracy rating
of the CT while the primary
• The CT has no shorted
winding is left open turns
circuited.
• No wiring or physical short
circuits have developed in
the primary or secondary
windings of the CT after
installation.
24
25
26
Ratio Tests
 Current Method  Voltage Method
This test is not intended to prove the accuracy of the ratio, but
simply to prove that the ratio, as installed, is as specified, and if
taps are available, that they also have the correct ratio and
have been wired to the correct terminals.
27
Polarity Test
 Polarity tests prove that the

predicted direction of
secondary current flow is
correct for a given direction
of primary current flow.
28
Ratio & Phase Error
29
Ratio and Phase Angle Error
30
Burden Test
 External burden is measured by injecting AC current into the

circuit connected to the CT and measuring the voltage drop
across it.
 Both resistive and reactive components are determined from

the phase angle difference between V and I.
31
Burden
 Verifies that the CT will maintain its accuracy under a specified set of loading
conditions.
 Ensures that the CT is able to operate the devices linked within their
operating characteristics.
32
ALTERNATIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES
Efficiency and Accuracy
33
Multi-tap CT Field Testing
 Traditional  Non-Concurrent
CT Test
Set
CT Test
Set
34
Alternative: Concurrent Measurement
 Inject voltage on full secondary winding of a multi tap CT.

Example X1–X5
 Simultaneously measure voltage on all CT secondary taps
 Simultaneously measure voltage on the CT primary
 Measure current passing through CT secondary and phase

angle between primary and secondary.
35

 Various data points are measured as voltage applied to CT
secondary is increased to saturate the CT
 Ratio is still calculated as X1-X5/H1-H2
 This same calculation is used for all other ratios (i.e. X1-
X3/H1-H2)
 Saturation curve is plotted as X1-X5 voltage vs current

through secondary winding (Is)
36
 Simultaneously measuring
all values allows the
calculation of saturation
curves, knee points, ratio,
polarity and winding
resistance on all taps
 The concurrent
measurement on all other
taps significantly reduces
testing time
37
Inter Winding Taps
 Inter-winding taps saturation and ratio’s (i.e. X2-X3) can be

calculated from other measurements obtained.
38
Multi-tap CT Test: Concurrent Method
39
INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST
40
WINDING RESISTANCE TEST
41
Winding Resistance Test Results
Comparison Between X2-X3 X1-X4 X3-X5 X2-X5

Different Methods
50 405 454 504
50 405 454 504

Four Concurrent Measurements
50 406 455 505
51 405 454 505
53 405 455 503
Four Non-Concurrent 52 406 456 504

Measurements 51 406 456 504
53 406 458 504
Readings in m ohms
42
SATURATION TEST
43
Saturation Test Results
Comparison Between Different X1-X3 (V/I) X2-X3 (V/I) X2-X4 (V/I) X2-X5 (V/I)
Methods
68.363/0.1733 23.026/0.5252 136.61/0.0866 226.90/0.0519
69.049/0.1753 22.90/0.5233 138.40/0.0878 232.60/0.0532

Four Concurrent Measurements
68.472/0.1739 22.691/0.5187 137.57/0.0873 226.76/0.0519
69.604/0.1767 23.455/0.5359 139.15/0.0883 230.47/0.0528
66.099/0.1680 23.852/0.5413 135.23/0.0849 231.46/0.0526
67.551/0.1716 23.804/0.5423 135.84/0.0851 237.84/0.0541

Four Non-Concurrent Measurements
67.907/0.1724 23.644/0.5388 136.47/0.0856 232.95/0.0529
69.325/0.1761 23.766/0.5415 136.16/0.0854 225.68/0.0513
44
RATIO & POLARITY TEST
45
Ratio Test Results
Comparison Between X1-X2 (200:5) Error (%) X3-X4 (500:5) Error (%) X1-X4 (800:5) Error (%) X2-X5 (1000:5) Error (%)
Different Methods
200.095 : 5 0.048 500.156 : 5 0.031 800.386 : 5 0.048 1000.246 : 5 0.025
200.095 : 5 0.048 500.188 : 5 0.038 800.366 : 5 0.046 1000.257 : 5 0.026

Four Concurrent
Measurements 0.044 500.144 : 5 0.029 800.247 : 5 0.031 1000.194 : 5 0.019
200.088 : 5
200.094 : 5 0.047 500.171 : 5 0.034 800.331 : 5 0.041 1000.263 : 5 0.026
200.021 : 5 0.01 499.904 : 5 0.012 799.892 : 5 0.013 999.999 : 5 0
200.020 : 5 0.01 499.852 : 5 0.03 800.002 : 5 0 999.931 : 5 0.007

Four Non-Concurrent
Measurements 200.031 : 5 0.015 499.845 : 5 0.031 799.868 : 5 0.017 1000.073 : 5 0.007
200.025 : 5 0.012 499.878 : 5 0.024 799.904 : 5 0.012 999.858 : 5 0.014
46
DC Excitation Technique
For Saturation Test
47
Issues during Saturation of Protection

Class CTs
 An excitation test on protection class CTs

requires to reach saturation of the core. A C800
CT will require a minimum of 400 V AC test
voltage and under some instances can take
around 1300V to achieve 1A of excitation current.
 For transient type CTs, the test voltage can easily

reach 4,000V or more to achieve 1A saturation
48
The AC method - Core Saturation
 Effect of
12
10
Excitation Voltage, V [kV]
6
B∝
4
0
0 50 100 150 200
Excitation Current, Iexc [mA]
45 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 120 Hz
49
Alternative method for Saturation
 IEC 61869-2: 2012

 DC method:
• An alternative • The most suitable
method to obtain procedure for the
saturation / excitation determination of the
curves of a CT is to saturation flux sat with
use a low DC the d.c. saturation
voltage. method is given
• This method
eliminates the need
for dangerous high
AC voltages during
testing.
50
DC Excitation Method
The core saturation can be achieved by applying DC voltage. IEC

60044-6 “Instrument Transformers Part 6: Requirements for Protective
Current Transformers for Transient Performance” in Annex B-3 explains this
alternate way to perform CT excitation.
= ∗
The integral of voltage over a period of time would be a measure of the

flux produced. It can be generated by using AC or DC excitation voltage.
The area under the curve reflects the flux produced.
51
51
 The flux can be increased by utilizing either of the two methods.
 Either the time can be kept constant as the voltage is increased, or the
voltage can be kept constant as the time increases.
 The conventional method used over the years has been to keep the
time constant (or fixed frequency at 50/60Hz) as the voltage is
increased until it reaches saturation.
 Alternatively, the voltage can be kept the same; thus DC voltage, and
the time can be prolonged until the core becomes saturated. By
integrating the constant DC voltage over time the core saturation can be
determined.
 This saturation can then be mathematically converted back to an

equivalent 50 Hz / 60 Hz saturation. This will achieve the same result as
conventional AC excitation test technique.
52
52
The advantage of DC Excitation method is:
 Eliminates the need of high voltage AC and achieve the

same results by utilizing a DC voltage at or below the
available line voltage. Safer operation !
 The technique allows to test CTs with higher knee point

voltages utilizing the same concept although with a
slightly longer test duration.
53
53
AC Vs DC Excitation Methods
54
54
Concurrent DC Excitation Curves
Comparison of concurrent AC and DC excitation testing methods

55
55
AC and DC Saturation
Alternative DC Technique for Saturation/Excitation Testing

• AC Saturation up to 2kV
• DC Saturation up to 30 kV
56
Recommended Testing Sequence
57
Field Challenges
58
Bushing CTs on CB
 For ratio measurement

• CB closed, or pass a cable
through the CT or connect one
of the leads to the shroud
• If connecting to shroud, leads
must be swapped and select
option in the nameplate
59
Bushing CTs on CB
 Circuit breaker closed
60
Bushing CTs on CB
 Circuit breaker open

H2
H1
61
Field Challenges of Testing BCTs in EHV

Environments
 The induced voltage makes testing BCTs extremely difficult,

especially for verification of ratio and polarity test.
 The addition of stray voltage on any floating bushing terminals will

drastically change the voltage on the primary winding, making it
impossible to accurately measure voltages on the primary.
 This will preclude the use of any test equipment that requires
ungrounded terminals or does not take measures to guard against
the induced voltage.
62
Field Challenges of Testing BCTs in EHV
Environments
 While excitation, winding resistance and inter-core coupling tests

can be completed satisfactorily, ratio and polarity testing must be
performed with an automated instrument that is capable of
measuring with one terminal grounded that guards out the induced
voltage effects
 With advancements in instrumentation and measurement

techniques, some of the new test instruments have means to
automatically ground the bushing terminal under test internally
which allows high level of noise immunity and suppress the induced
voltage effects
63
Interference and Noise
65
Interference Suppression
Methods
Transformer exact equivalent circuit
66
Interference Suppression Methods
= + ∗
= ||
= ∗ + ∗
67
Methods
Transformer circuit impedance under open circuit condition
68
Methods
Transformer circuit impedance under short circuit condition
With the secondary winding short circuited, the impedance seen by the
measuring circuit is reduced to the primary and secondary winding
impedance. The voltage drop across winding impedance is much lower
and this helps in reducing the ratio and phase angle error.
69
Methods
 In addition to shorting the secondary winding it is recommended to

ground the bushing terminal corresponding to the BCT under test to
guard against any induced voltage due to coupling effect
 It is important to note that only one terminal should be grounded

on high voltage bushing terminals to suppress the interference from
overhead energized lines
 Technicians should be careful in implementing smart grounding

principle and avoid any possibility of ground loops which can
create a circulating path and influence the current flow in the
measurement circuit
70
Methods
 It is also recommended to connect the unused bushing

terminals of the transformer to the return path H2 lead.
 This serves two purposes:
o It reduces the effect of any induced stray voltage on the

floating terminals
o Depending upon the winding configuration, it would

further reduce the overall impedance of the
measurement circuit.
71
Recommended Connections for Testing BCTs
1
2
Connection diagram for testing primary side BCTs for a delta-wye configuration
72
3
1
Connection diagram for testing primary side BCTs for a delta-delta configuration
73
2 3 1
BCT under Test H1 lead H2 lead Ground Jumpers H side Jumpers X side
H1 H1 H2 H1 H2, H3 X1,X2,X3 and X0 (if available)
Connections for each BCT for a delta configuration winding
74
Connection diagram for testing primary side BCTs for a wye-wye configuration
75
2
1
Connection diagram for testing primary side BCTs for a wye-delta configuration
76
2 3 1
BCT under Test H1 lead H2 lead Ground Jumpers H side Jumpers X side
H1 H1 H0 H1 H2, H3, H0 X1,X2,X3 and X0 (if available)
Connections for each BCT for a wye configuration winding
77
1
3
Connection diagram for testing high side BCTs on

an auto transformer with tertiary
78
2 3 1
BCT under Test H1 lead H2 lead Ground Jumpers Primary side Jumpers Tertiary side
H1 H1 H0 H1 X1, H0 Y1 and Y2
X1 X1 H0 X1 H1, H0 Y1 and Y2
X0 X0 H1 H0 H1, X1 Y1 and Y2
Y1 Y1 Y2 Y1 H1, X1, H0 N/A
Y2 Y2 Y1 Y2 H1, X1, H0 N/A
Connections for each BCT for a wye configuration winding
79
Ratio of CTs Inside the ∆ connection

of a Transformer
 During a ratio test, a voltage is applied

to the terminals of the CT and a
voltage is induced at the primary
 In this case the primary is in the ∆
 Induced voltage divides among the
three windings in the ∆, in equal parts
 Actual measured ratio is 2/3 of the
measured voltage:
• Calculated automatically by the
instrument
• Manually by the operator
80
Case Study
 Electrical testing in proximity of overhead energized lines

and inductance associated with large windings of power
transformers were proving to be problematic for one of the
largest utilities in the USA
 The company was finding it impossible to test BCTs on

transformers in their 765 kV substations
 The results obtained were inconsistent and unreliable

because of large amounts of error in the measurements
81
Case Study
 A crucial part of the commissioning process for power

transformers in EHV substations is the testing of BCTs
 A 765/500/13.8 kV, 750 MVA single phase auto transformer

with seventeen BCTs was tested in an energized EHV
substation during inclement weather conditions
 A total of seventeen BCTs mounted on different bushings of

a single phase auto transformer with tertiary were tested for
all the IEEE recommended tests
82
Case Study
BCT 1 2 3 4 5 6
3000:5 3000:5 1000:5 0.15S 3000:5 3000:5 1698: 5

H1
C800 C800 B1.8 C800 C800 C200
3000:5 3000:5 3000:5 3000:5

X1
C800 C800 C800 C800
3000: 5 920: 5
X0
C800 C200
30000: 5 5000: 5 4963: 5

Y1
C800 C800 C200
30000: 5 5000: 5
Y2
C800 C800
BCT with different classes and ratios mounted on different bushings
85
Challenges
 Insulation resistance was first performed as per the

recommended connections in IEEE Standard C57.13.1
 When performing the primary to ground insulation

resistance test, the test instrument detected a
presence of live voltage on bushing terminals and
gave a “live voltage present” warning message
 The presence of induced voltage and size of the

transformer gave indications that test results might get
influenced and would pose a challenging situation.
87
Challenges
 While performing the ratio and polarity tests, readings

would not stabilize on high side terminals and manually
recording the results gave a ratio error of 20-23 %.
 After performing a variety of connections that involved

different bushings and trying different BCTs it was
evident that standard connections would not work in
this situation.
88
Resolution
 To ensure that repeatable and accurate measurements are

obtained, three actions were taken:
• Short the secondary and tertiary winding (separately) to
reduce the circuit impedance
• Reduce the effect of electrical noise and electrostatic

interference from overhead energized lines by grounding the
bushing of the BCT under test. This also required that the
test instrument used should be capable of measuring very
low voltage levels through a one terminal grounded circuit
• Short all the floating unused terminals and connect to the

return path (H2 lead)
89
Connections for Testing H1 BCTs
H1 BCT secondary winding
90
Ratio and Polarity Measurements
C800 3000: 5 CT
91
Saturation Results
92 C800 3000: 5 CT
Ratio and Polarity Measurements
C800 5000: 5 CT
93
Saturation Results
94
C800 5000: 5 CT
Case Study Conclusion
 Three other transformers in 500 kV and 765 kV substations

with multiple BCTs were tested with the same concept and
all the CTs ratio and polarity measurements were obtained
with high accuracy and repeatability.
 Overall more than fifty CTs were tested with the same
procedure. This proved the theory and concept used for
testing BCTs in EHV substations as described in the paper.
 The utility was able to identify the correct technique to

counteract the challenges faced in the EHV stations to
obtain consistent and reliable measurements on the BCTs
95
Capacitance and Power Factor Measurement
 AC voltage applied across the insulation and losses are

measured
 Xc = V / Ic
 C = 1 / ωXc
 DF, Tan δ = Ir / Ic
 PF, Cos Φ = Ir / I
δ
Φ
96
PF Test on CTs Without Tap
 GST measurement with the secondary terminals short-

circuited and grounded.
X1, X2, X3
97
PF Test on CTs With Tap
 UST measurement done from HV to tap to obtain C1

 GSTg measurement done from tap to GND to obtain C2
98
Dielectric Frequency Response on CTs
 For a 3-point connection system

• HV Terminal
• Test -Tap (not available on all configurations)
• Ground Terminal
 Measure in UST mode (HV - tap)

 If a test tap is not available, then measure in GST mode
(HV-ground)
• GST measurements are more sensitive to
interference, humidity/condensation, etc.
 Measure in the frequency range from 1 kHz down to 1 mHz
 The percentage moisture concentration of the CT will be
displayed in the instrument.
99
Typical Dielectric Frequency Response of a CT
 DFR test on a CT at 33°C, 1.5% moisture and PF=0.2% at

20°C, oil conductivity 0.05pS/m
10
0
Voltage Transformers
 Definition – Ideally, a VT is a transformer under no-load
condition i.e. the secondary winding is open.
• The voltage drop is caused only by the magnetizing current and
is negligible.
 Types – Inductive voltage transformer, capacitive voltage
transformer, fiber optic voltage transformer
10
1
VT – Nameplate Interpretation
Accuracy class is 0.3 until burden = 400VA
10
2
VT – Nameplate Interpretation
10
3
Field Testing of VTs
 VT Ratio and Polarity Test

 VT Resistance Test
 Capacitance and Power Factor Test
10
4
VT Ratio & Polarity Test – Voltage Method
 Voltage is applied across the VT primary winding and

measured across the VT secondary winding.
 Polarity can be determined from the phase angle difference
between the two voltages.
10
5
VT Winding Resistance test
 DC current is injected into the VT secondary winding and

voltage drop is measured.
 Winding resistance, R = V / I.
10
6
Capacitance and Power Factor Test
10
7
CH1+CH2+CHX+CHY
CH1+½CHX+½CHY
CH2+½CHX+½CHY
Excitation current
Excitation current
10
8
Supplemental tests
10
9
References
 IEEE Std. C57.13.1 – 2006
 IEEE Std. C57.13 – 2008
 IEC 61869 – 2
 IEC 61869 – 3
 IEC 61869 – 5
110
Questions?
Power on
At Megger, we understand that keeping the power on is essential for the success
of your business. That is why we are dedicated to creating, designing and
manufacturing safe, reliable, easy-to-use portable test equipment backed by world-
leading support and expertise.
We can assist your acceptance, commissioning and maintenance testing for

predictive, diagnostic or routine purposes. By working closely with electrical
utilities, standards bodies and technical institutions, we contribute to the
dependability and advancement of the electrical supply industry.
111

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Condition Assessment of

 A Current Transformer (CT) - is an instrument transformer that is

 Current Transformer: An instrument transformer in which the

 Current Transformers are used to:

Current Transformer – Basic Principles

I 1  N1  I 2  N 2 In reality, it is not possible to neglect

 Current transformers (CTs) exhibit two

Current Transformer – Applications

 Types of construction – window-type, bar-type, wound

Metering CT– Accuracy Classification

Limits of transformer correction factor

Actual Ratio = Nameplate Ratio * RCF

 For accuracy class 0.3, the transformer correction factor

 Accuracy class is 0.3 until burden = 1.8Ω

 At 20 times rated current, the secondary voltage would be

 Continuous thermal current rating factor.

FIELD TESTING PRACTICES

 Ratio and Phase Deviation

CT Insulation Resistance Test

 DC voltage applied across the insulation and IR is measured

 CT Primary (H1-H2) – CT Secondary (X1-X2)

• This test confirms that: • Forces in the system

 The demagnetization of transformer cores can be performed

• Variable Voltage Constant Frequency (VVCF) source

• Constant Voltage Variable Frequency (CVVF) source

• Decreasing the amplitude of an alternating DC current

 Demagnetization needs to be done to eliminate the effects of

 Achieved by slowly ramping the secondary RMS voltage and

Excitation / Saturation Curve

 This test confirms that:

Excitation / Saturation Curve

 Current Method  Voltage Method

 Polarity tests prove that the

Ratio and Phase Angle Error

 External burden is measured by injecting AC current into the

 Both resistive and reactive components are determined from

Efficiency and Accuracy

Multi-tap CT Field Testing

 Inject voltage on full secondary winding of a multi tap CT.

 Simultaneously measure voltage on all CT secondary taps

 Simultaneously measure voltage on the CT primary

 Measure current passing through CT secondary and phase

Alternative: Concurrent Measurement

 Ratio is still calculated as X1-X5/H1-H2

 Saturation curve is plotted as X1-X5 voltage vs current

Inter Winding Taps

 Inter-winding taps saturation and ratio’s (i.e. X2-X3) can be

INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST

Winding Resistance Test Results

Comparison Between X2-X3 X1-X4 X3-X5 X2-X5

50 405 454 504

51 405 454 505

53 405 455 503

Four Non-Concurrent 52 406 456 504

53 406 458 504

Saturation Test Results

69.049/0.1753 22.90/0.5233 138.40/0.0878 232.60/0.0532

69.604/0.1767 23.455/0.5359 139.15/0.0883 230.47/0.0528

66.099/0.1680 23.852/0.5413 135.23/0.0849 231.46/0.0526

67.551/0.1716 23.804/0.5423 135.84/0.0851 237.84/0.0541

69.325/0.1761 23.766/0.5415 136.16/0.0854 225.68/0.0513

Ratio Test Results

200.095 : 5 0.048 500.188 : 5 0.038 800.366 : 5 0.046 1000.257 : 5 0.026