BASILIO, HM

CPH-LAB
2019-2020

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, the student must be able to:

 Determine the strategies for improving the health status of each age group
 Define the terms used to discuss aging and health care
 Debunk health-related myths of each age group
 Explain the demographics of aging
 Discuss the unique health care need of the seniors

ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULTS

UNIVERSAL AGE BRACKETS

AGE BRACKET
15-24 years old Adolescent, Young Adults
25-64 years old Adults
≥65 years old Senior, Elders

Key Facts involving the Health of Adolescents and Young Adults

• More than 1.8 million young people aged 15 to 24 die each year, mostly due to preventable causes.
• About 16 million girls aged 15 to 19 give birth every year.
• Young people, 15 to 24 years old, accounted for 40% of all new HIV infections among adults in 2008.
• In any given year, about 20% of adolescents will experience a mental health problem, most commonly depression
or anxiety.
• An estimated 150 million young people use tobacco.
• Approximately 565 young people aged 10 to 29 die every day through interpersonal violence.
• Road traffic injuries cause an estimated 1 000 young people to die every day.

ADOLESCENTS
✓ This is a phase from Puberty to Maturity.
✓ It is characterized as a period of uncertainty and overwhelming challenges from a period of comfort and security.
✓ This phase is a Critical time period for adolescents.
• Increased Freedom: Engaging in risky behaviors, trying to fit in due to peer pressure
• Access to Substances and Illicit Experiences: Such will compromise the health of an individual
• Lifestyle Changes: Physical changes are predominant in this phase due to hormonal changes

YOUNG ADULTS
✓ This is a phase of Growing Independence.
✓ Freedom from parental guidance is usually seen in this phase.
✓ Individuals often start to establish a career during this phase.
✓ Entering a romantic relationship with another individual is also common.

MAIN CAUSES OF MORTALITY AMONG ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULTS

1. Vehicular Crashes
2. Unintended Injuries
3. Homicides and Suicides

HEALTH ISSUES ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULTS

I. Early Pregnancy
II. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
III. Malnutrition and Eating Disorders
IV. Mental Health Problems
V. Violence and unintentional injuries
VI. Tobacco and Alcohol consumption

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 I. EARLY PREGNANCY
• Among all teenage pregnancies, 90% are unintended.
• Most adolescent mothers are physically, emotionally, and economically unprepared.
• Adolescent pregnancies are more likely to occur in marginalized communities, commonly driven by poverty
and lack of education and employment opportunities.
• Adolescents who may want to avoid pregnancies may not be able to do so due to knowledge gaps and
misconceptions on where to obtain contraceptive methods and how to use them.

Figure 1.1: Usual Outcomes of Teenage Pregnancies Figure 1.2: Emotions of girls on their First Sex

II. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs)

STDs are also known as Venereal Diseases. It is prevalent among adolescents and young adults.

GENERAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF STD INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO THE FOLLOWING:
• Painful or burning sensation when urinating; • Increased vaginal discharge;
• A white, yellow, or green discharge from the • Vaginal bleeding between periods.
penis

FACTORS AFFECTING STD AMONG ADOLESCENTS

• Multiple Sexual Partners
• Engaging in Unprotected Sex
• Having older partners especially for women

PRIORITIES IN TEEN SEXUAL ACTIVITY

• Increase the age of first sexual intercourse
• Reduce the number of adolescents engaging in sexual activity
• Increase the number of adolescents who use protective measure

COMMON AGENTS OF STD

Causative agent Description
Chlamydia Gram-negative bacterium which can cause Chlamydia (e.g. trachoma, urethritis, cervicitis,
trachomatis salpingitis and pelvic inflammatory disease).
Treponema pallidum Spirochete bacterium which causes Syphilis.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gram-negative diplococci which may be intra or extracellular. It may cause infection of the
genitals (gonorrhea aka “tulo”), throat and eyes.

COMMON CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS

Method Description
Abstinence It is the only 100% effective method in preventing STD and pregnancy.
Male Condom It is the most effective and most reliable out of all contraceptive methods. This is due to its
high effectivity rate (98%). It can also prevent the spread of STDs.
Oral contraceptive or Oral contraceptives are also known as birth control pills. It includes a combination of an
Hormonal Ring estrogen and a progestogen. Use of hormonal ring is a method of birth control which is
inserted in the vagina. It also releases estrogen and progestin. Thereby, preventing the
ovaries to release egg cells.
Implant, IUD Intra-Uterine Device surgically implanted in the uterus with a certain period of validity (years).
It prevents pregnancy by preventing the sperm from reaching and fertilizing eggs.
Surgical Women: Ligation (Fallopian tubes are permanently blocked or removed.)
Men: Vasectomy (Vas deferens are cut and tied or sealed.)
Coitus Interruptus Withdrawal or Pull-out method
Calendar/Rhythm Menstrual history is tracked in order to predict days wherein the female is most likely to
conceive. It is unreliable especially for women with irregular menstruation .
Contraceptive Patch The patch absorbs hormones which leads to thickened vaginal mucus. This prevents sperm
from entering.
Vaginal Douching Washes the vagina through a stream of water; Not an effective way of contraception
Cervical Cap Inserted in the Vulva to prevent sperm from entering the Cervix

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FACTORS THAT LEAD TO INCREASED SEXUAL ACTIVITY
1. Intimacy Needs 4. Religious Influence 7. Risky
2. Peer Pressure 5. Socio-Economic Status Behavior
3. Social Status 6. Family Composition

III. MALNUTRITION AND EATING DISORDERS

 Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person's intake of energy and/or nutrients.
Kwashiorkor Marasmus
• A severe form of protein • Severe form of
malnutrition; Calorie intake is Malnutrition common among
sufficient but there is a severe children which is commonly
lack of protein. manifested as energy
• Characterized by edema, deficiency.
distended abdomen,
hepatomegaly, and fatty
infiltrates
• The lack of protein in the body
causes an osmotic imbalance in
the Gastro-Intestinal Tract that
causes swelling of the gut, which will later be
diagnosed as edema.

EATING DISORDERS
• Self-image among teens is considered as one of their top priorities.
• Peer pressure and the society often dictates what an individual must appear.
• Anorexia Nervosa: It is an eating and psychological disorder characterized by obsessive desire to lose
weight by refusing to eat. This could lead to infertility and heart problems.
• Bulimia Nervosa: Extreme consumption of food followed by self-induced purging or vomiting
• Binge-eating: This is also known as stress-eating which could be a sign of bulimia.

IV. MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS

▪ Factors Affecting Mental Health
• Violence • Humiliation
• Devaluation • Poverty

V. VIOLENCE AND UNINTENDED INJURIES

VIOLENCE UNINTENTIONAL INURIES
Leading causes of death among young adults Unintentional injuries that were unplanned, not
particularly in males caused on purpose and with no intention to harm.
✓ How to avoid violence? ✓ How to unintentional injuries?
• Promote nurturing relationships between parents • Practicing safe driving: enforcement of laws
and children on driving under the influence of drugs and
• Provide training in Life Skills alcohol
• Reduce access to Alcohol and Lethal means • Strict enforcement of the law
(Firearms, Knives, etc) • Access to safe and reliable public transport

VI. TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

SMOKING
CONTROL OF TOBACCO USE
• Banning tobacco advertisements
• Raising the prices of tobacco
• Implementation of laws which prohibits smoking in public places

ALCOHOL
Alcohol is one of the primary causes of adolescent injuries, violence, and premature deaths.

FACTORS AFFECTING ALCOHOL INTOXICATION

• Number of standard drinks • Biological sex
• Amount of time in which drinks are • Medications
consumed • Food intake
• Body weight

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Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) refers to the percent of ethanol in a person’s blood circulation.

BAC (%) PHYSICAL AND MENTAL EFFECTS

0.01 - 0.03 No apparent effects. Slight mood elevation. It is illegal to drive or bike at this level.
0.04 - 0.06 Feeling of relaxation. Sensation of warmth. Minor impairment of reasoning and memory.
0.07 - 0.09 Mild impairment of balance, speech, vision and control.
0.10 - 0.12 Significant impairment of motor coordination and loss of judgment. Speech may be slurred.
0.13 - 0.15 Gross impairment of motor control. Blurred vision and major loss of balance.
Onset of dysphoria (anxiety, restlessness).
0.16 - 0.20 Dysphoria predominates. Nausea may appear. Drinker has the appearance of “sloppy drunk.”
0.25 - 0.30 Severe intoxication. Needs assistance walking. Mental confusion.
Dysphoria with nausea and some vomiting.
0.35 - 0.40 Loss of consciousness. Brink of coma.
0.40 and up Onset of coma, Death due to respiratory failure

***NOTHING FOLLOWS***