10 interviews, conversation a It can be delivered | pesca St i lew points, ielivered inthe form of books, ch and technical Teports. i information is data in the form of numbers. They can r data collected by goyermment agencies. Examples are ral Bank of Nigeria Statistical Reports ete liographic information Consists of references or citation to mals, + Goverittent documents, bublished andi unpublished Graphical information is a S, maps, diagrams, charts, ese. Graphics can be pri Contain drawings of continent, Pictorial representations of some , tables, 3 ~ D models or perhaps int-based or eldetronic. Maps and Mountain ranges or other physica) Multimedia tnformaiton: Mittimecia i the inte include text, Graphics audio, the use of powers software that involv: DVDS are known a gration of multiple forms of media, This fnimation, video ets, For example Presentation involving Point would be considered a multimedi, ion. Education ‘es animations, sound and textis called medi; Ss multimedia formats because they can store alot ofdata, ees can be cétegorized in 3 namely: ic rimary sources _ 2. Secondary sources 3. Tertiary sources ginal materials. They are fundamental, authoritative documents relating Bispantion of @ Iter work, _Pritiay saves are ore are based. They are usually the first fo 7 mat~They; bi| be searched, retrieved communicated and stored ort information form: ats refers to the Tethod= Indexes and ° tmnicroforms — allow: * quantities of information into a relaty rofilm — Reel ~ Microfilm — use S for the miniaturization and archiving large —_ ively small space exemple inc} ne Inde, d to store journals arid magazines and other types.of- | Microfiche — used for goverment document of information. S, company annual reports ind other rypes: Electronic formats allow storing of lise quantities of information. The m ‘ost popular electronic, © format isthe CD-ROM, Diskettes Magnetic tapes, Video tapes etc. ‘iemation organization sim (books, journal, ‘directories, dictionaries etc.) into a system so that the ation. *Durces or items can be easily identified and retrieved in the library, ply refers to the process of arranging information items Snot common, way of arranging Information items OF sources in the library is by “classification, : Classification {s the orderly arrangement of things in classes according to common icteristics. The Information sources’ oF Items in the library are arranged by subject ; Be fe el SU lett classincation scheme. there sre different types of subject ication schemes, These include: A, Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme 2. Universal Decimal Classification Scheme 3. Library of Congress Classification Scheme Subject content. Hy on the spine of aUs reading rooms where they are shelved according to L cheme. The South Wing house books in Classes A ~J and { Classes K-2. tibrary has the following special collections: ee: Africana Special Collection ? The Africana special collection is a collection of rare and other books of primary “InteFest to people whoie fields of interest are in African Studies Staff publications and theses submitted for higher degrees of the university as well as of other Universities are also housed there. Documents Collection The Documents collection includes official publications of the Federal Government of Nigeria, the old regional Governments, the present state governments and the Federal Capital Territory. 't also includes publications of other African governments and many other international agencies such as the World Fertility Survey (W.F.S.), United Nations Organisation (U.N.O.), World health Organisation (WH. 0.), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (G.A.7.1.), United Nations zcanomic Com mission for Africa (U.N.E.C.A.), African Union {A.U.) and the World Bank, Reference Collection The reference collection which includes: dictionaries; encyclopedias, handbooks; directories; atlases; and university calendars, etc. are shelved in the Reference Room. Bibliographies, indexes and abstracts are available iy the Bibliography room. Reference materials are only for consultation and are not meant to be loaned out _ and may not be removed from the room except on special parmission. i f newspaper clippings file (Post-October, 1985) and a vertical file of reprints and ier pamphlet type material are kept in the Reference Room. Card indexes to ie Ins are provided and all requests for materials for should “ aspecific kind of publication which has bee ulted for items of information, rather than to jor eategories of reference materials i.e. general reference ubject'reference materials. General sources include all subjects it overviews of topics: Reference materials focused on specific ts can provide fore in-depth coverage. are. reference sources that provide information on specific subjects as Well as general sources that provide information on many subjects. In general, reference sources are either general or subject specific. If you need an ; overview Of a subject, perhaps a general information source will suit your needs. routes Specialized information, a subject specific tool may be _ better consutted. z Types, of Reference Sources Types: there are 2 types of reference books. (1) those which contain the information required: directories, dictionaries, yearbooks, encyclopedias, handbooks and manuals, atlases and gazetteers _ (2) those which tell where the information can be found: indexes, abstracts, bibliographies. s of Reference books: There are 2 classes of reference books: feumereneral (b) subjectso known as periodicals or serials are defined. are: published al regular or fixed Intervals, This may be dai _ quarterly, annually/yearly or otherwise. They are available in print et), online through ‘periodical databases, and microfilm or microfiche (paper photographed and reduced to a ver y small size and read with special According to UNESCO conference (1964), periodicals are publications with a distinctive title published continuously on a rex time. Periodicals Usually contain varieties of columns, stories poems ete, gular basis on an indefinite period of f short works like articles, reviews, Periodicals are use for several purposes some of which ere: * For general awareness fi + Toupdate information : * To know the current research in a field “+ Toindentity new trend of research * To interact with others and avoid duplication of research work 4 * For entertainment _ Compared with books, periodicals are short, "information. Development of information and Com “enhanc ad the usage of periodicals especially in rese focused and provide current munication technology has also ‘arch, . acteristics of periodical literature i clude the followin tive titles and are issued in parts. data Neatele intervals ~daily, weekly, monthly, sto, su fated on each part or is: tthe eat professional ‘within the fal public public ovide research findings, | Provide informalion Ih @ ; [Provide generar | Provide goneral new Ideas and guide for particular profession information an information [ stor i iation and ae fesearch, ‘Organizational news, Contains general lerminology of the discipline | forecast, new products | tople of interest and abstract of the articles | and techniques ete. and edilorial and editorial 4Aniclelengih | Medium engin to long Shorttomedumtengih | Shortaricies (i- | Short aricles | afficles (5 - 30+ pages) (4-20 pages) 10pages) (under tpage) SiReview process | Reviewers (referees) Evaluated by the editor | Evaluated bythe | Evaluated by the of aiticles evaluate the articles prior to editor editor publication (peer reviewed) 6 Editors The editors are usually well | The edllors-ere usually | Eallor et me Edler atthe established researchers and | professionals within the | publishing firm | publishing firm experts field 7, Rathors| Scholars, researchers, Professionals withinthe | Reporters ofthe | Reporters of fie | experts field magazine or newspaper or freelance writers | freelance writers ‘8 Publishers Academic institutions end | Professional — | Commercial ‘Commercial associations associations | publishers publishers Slustrations Olen Mlustrated with tables _ | Occasionally llustrated [see ilustrated | Occasionally ilustrated and diagrams | FOReferences | The arlicies are usually ong, | The sources are rarely | Thearlicles are | No reference contains footnotes and stated and footnotes and | usually short and reference lists reference lists are seldom contains seldom included footnotes or reference lists TiLanguage | Technical language Tenguage which > ‘| Easy-lo- Easylo- includes some technical’ | understand understand terminology but still language language easily comprehensible The ads are directed Theads are. | The ads are directed towards . | directed towards 72, Advertisement | Few ads, if any towards professionals ‘within the field the general public soa2) fog articles published in periodicals within speqtn heh ar6 toss the that provide a stot articles with the: information ceeded tp licle. This.information includes the title and author ey article, name use to locate older material (before 1990s) as well as earlier ranaiere The content etiodica| Index could bs general and caver many subjects.e.g. Readers! Guide fo Periodical Literatute and Poole's Index to Periodical Literature, or subject ‘specific ~ €Q. Business Periodicals Index and Applied Science and Technology Indexes. i Some indexes include only newspaper, some cover popular magazines, Some cover j ki _ jourrials and some ‘represent a combination. Some provide abstract which is the ; ‘summary of the article, some are published as books and some are available online. All forms of indexes must be subscribed to by.each library for the.users. How to use Periodical Indexes . All Periodical Indexes have an introduction or preface thal explains the arrangement . a =). of the entries, techniques used, abbreviations and other information containedsin the z entries. The introduction or preface is different for different Periodical Indexes. Studying the introduction for each Periodical Index therefore will helps ‘in using it efficiently, get better results and saves time. ~ Gilations of articles in indexes are arranged by subjects. It may provide additional notes for screuiog On) of the Soc A citation contains the following informaticn, i ie anicle author(s) a name ae ‘pero tile in which the article ape snine its significance with respect to the type of information required. Whi print joumal article or online, a website, a book, a newspaper article or othe is necessary to eyaluate each resource used for research. Similarly, for informal cela topics, not only is there a huge quantity available but with a very uneven level of quality, aliating sources isan important ski. Thee isthe need to decide where to look, what clues to "Search for, and winat (0 accept. A person may be overwhelmed with too much information o too __ little The temptation is to accept whatever is found, but one should remain undaunted. When 1) Wiiting research papers, itis necessary to evaluate sources as one searches for information, It is Piso necessaryto make decisions about what to search for, where to look, and once the required materials are fourid, iit is @ valid oruseful source for your writing. Primary Sources.of information A primary source of information refers to first hand or e also be regarded as raw data or facts. ‘which have been gai are direct sources of information Examples of primary letters, newspaper articles Teported from an event, public documents, laws, court records and Proceedings, speeches, statistical reports, surveys, logs, Joumals, family bibles and personal diaries ete, A primary source of information is a real and an actual evidence presented without any analysis or interpretation, yyewitness account of an event, It could ithered at an event, In other words, they Sources of information include diaries, Secondary sources of information ay Secondary source of information comes after the fact, It is regarded literature that analyzes, interprets, relates or evaluates a Primary source or other primary sources of information. Textbooks, encyclopedias, dictionaries, any book or article whicl is an interpretation of events, isidered good examples of secondary sources of information, it secondary materials are not good sources of info; mation. Often by number of different primary sources, new ideas and in. hehe sights into an eventsad ie deal with very specific topics, They are typified of long and in-depth articles, Usually original in nature, Scholarly papers make use of technical language or jargon. i PHowever, Poptlar works tend to deal with more broad topies, short overview articles, not _ Original research, and use plain everyday language i bb tenns of authorship, scholarly authors are experts in the field, eg., scientists, doctors, | Professors; while popular authors are joumalists, not necessarily experts (magazine staff freelance writers). | |) From point of view of audience or who the information is meant for, scholarly works are meant for scholars, researchers, professional members while popular works are usually meant for the general public, i ~The publisher of scholarly work is usually scholarly or professional organisations while the ‘Publisher of a popular work is usually a commercial company. ie In terms of editing, scholarly works are peer-reviewed and referenced, edited or reviewed by Seine other experts or professional colleagues in other fields while popular works are not peer- Teviewed. Usually, they are edited by one editor or editorial board. The editor of a popular work fs not necessarily an expert in any field other than journalism and.the editing is for general ‘readability and popularity. tive of documentation, scholarly works include references or bibliographies wwledgement of the work of other scholars but popular works do ie fil n the perspe ‘is a form of moral ackno} references or bibliographies. pers may be just plain covers with few pictures, graphs and lossy covers with a lot of colour pictures and advertisements. se in scholarly ps paceare the author’s credentials in terms of academic and professional fications, institutional affiliation of the author, relevant employment ; Experience, past writings, author's ¥eputation among peers. , Is the publisher a professional organisation or a commercial or trade conan? Is _ itknown for quality and scholarly publications? What is the organizational vision and mission? Is the publisher local, national or international? (@) Examine the editorial board members i Kaow who the author is through te tile page ofa book, ttle of articles or book chapters, i top or bottom of a web page. Furthermore, search the web for the author's credentials and home page. Search the article indexes and the online catalog for other works by the author. Google thé name of the Scholar for more information. Website for more information about the publisher. Also, the Consulted for brief descriptions about th Examine the publisher’s writer's market can be he publisher and the materials they seek. 2. Objectivity of the author Check whether the author states the objectives of the work, and if stated, check whether they are to inform, explain and advocate or to sell a service Furthermore, check whether the information is valid and well researched. Also, the arguments and conclusions should be well supported by evidences. Also, examine whether the author cites sources for authority and objectivity. Algo, the language should be free of emotion rousing words and biases, One should also determine whether the information is about fact, opinion or Propaganda, Quality of the work Wo evaluate the quelity of the work, examine if the information is well organized following logical structure with main points clearly stated and presented. In terms of JTangnage; check for grammatical and editorial blemishes. Also, check for correct 1g and heading of the tables, charts and diagrams. e's : 7 recency of the work. Look for the date of publication and make sure As up-to-date in terms of new discoveries and events. If the information then the date of publication or when last updated is very important.= the work must be iS originating from foreign coun Infringement of Copyright Copyright ownership creates in its ow net the exclusive right to copy and use of the copyrighted work subject to, ent involves ahy Vielation of the exclusive right tothe Use and control of the ving OF plagiarism of an authored work is wif Produced through the original. and independent Of it. creator. Section ‘ght Act Cap.C28 Laws of the Federation ht, actions for infringement, criminal and 15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25, 28,29,30,32 and 33 of thi Of Nigeria (LEN), 2008 provides for acts constituting infringement of copyrig Givil liabilities and remedies. Plagiarism/Academic Dishonesty: This Hes to do with the unlawful and dishonest ways of "representing the words ideas and information of another Person 25 one’s own in any academic work” without due acknowledgment of the Source oF the original owner of the Boe BD using materials trom the web as one's own. This consitute serious violation and attracts heavy sanctions. sxamples of plagiarism include: When blocks of text eg paragraphs, sentences, a single sentence or a significant pant of » single sentence are =) Wher 7 5 Hed directly, but are not enclosed in quotation marks and appropriately referenced: e direct quotations are not used, but material i paraphrased or summarized in such @ way that it ae rier Ideas taken from another author's work and the source ofthe materials not appropriately substan ind/or retest appears in printed or electronic from has been used or Geveloped without reference being When an made to the person responsible for that idea,actual web age is exesouces. That file is stored ina ‘This directory is stored on a web server whose intemet sell | ‘URL shows only a server address, it’s generally described as the address of a sathier that of a web page, because the address js intended as a starting point on the server for jumping to any ofits pages. Examples are the following: |e 1% => www oavife.cdung OAU web site i yw trary oauife edung H. O. Library web site | aa ‘yaww. google.com Google web site WEB BROWSER ‘ i ig is software that xets eS and dlisplavs them on the screen, The browser lets a computer communicate with web servers and display the information stored there, When you use a web browser to contact a web site, the screenful of information that is Gisplayed is described as 2 web page, which is just computer files store on the server. ‘A web browser must have the following features: 1, Address bar 2. Tool bar 3. Menu bar 4, Home page button 5, Reload button Mozilla Firefox Antemet Explorer 5. Crazy Browser 6, Netscape Navigator WEB SEARCH TOOL This is simply a-web page where-you can conse a search of the web, Such pages have bees set up by a variety of companies, who offer free web searching and support the service, at Jeast in part, throughi the advertising that are prominently displayed on the most search tool pages. “The term ‘search engine’ is sometimes used to describe a search tool. This term, however, more accurately describes the programme ‘web search tool uses, behind-the scene, to jerform searches. Although the various search tools are similar, each has its own unique search ‘methods. But more importantly, sere al es upon eee eee be“i its database for Intemet resources that and recording the contents of Web Pages. Search tools that rs, ubject-oriented searching Fe oh et ented information collections help to find information by looking at a Nst of subject categories, clicking om the links of the ates of interest, and then following links On the resulting pages of information to find the topic. Subject-oriented information Collections are sometimes called subject trees because they "branch" out from their opening Paes fO'many subpages on many topics, which in tum branch out to more pages. Subject collections tend:to be put together by librarians not by robots, making them more Useful: Malking a subject tree to cover all the information on the Web ie om on tremely difficult task because of the large number of Web documents Examples of metasearch engines are: i, MetaCrawler (http://www metacrawler.com) Dogpile (attp://www.dogpile,com) iii, Excite (http://w. excite com) iv, Mamma (http://www.mamma.com) ¥. _ Txquick (http://www.ixquick.com) Search Engines can be categorized as follow. lakes entries in its database by periodically “crawling” the ‘Category — Examples 1_ [All-Purpose Google, Bing, Yahoo! Search, Cuil, AltaVista, Excite 2 Books Amazon, BookBoon, Freebooks.net, Google Books, 3_| Business Jumia, Konga, OLX, Amazon, Alibaba, Hoovers 4 |Jobs Jobberman, Career24, JobsPilot, Dice, Eluta.ca S| Legal LexisNexis, FindLaw, QuickLaw, Martindale.com © [Maps Google Map, MapQuest, Yalioo! Maps [7_| Medical GoPubMed, Healia, SearchMedica, WebMD 8 _| Multimedia Youtube, Podscope, PieSearch, Veveo/VTap, FindSounds 9 [Question & Answer | About.Com, Ask.com, AskMeNow, AskJeeves al 10, [Socials Facebook, Naijapals, Badoo,WEB SEARCHING TECHNIQUES AND BOOKMARKING The World Wide Web contains billions of pages of publicly accessible information and it 1e5 fo glow at an exponential rate. Unfortunately, Web lacks bibliographic control, no us system are available as developed by Library of Congress of catalogting or ation: Instead, Web offers the choice of different search tools. Internet search engines aun ‘ial sites, ‘on the web that are designed to find information on other sites and they Pt © Vaticties of ways through which searchers refine and control searches. Search engines perform three basic tasks, i ae Search the Intemet or selected piece of Inteanet - based on important words fata ee an index of the words they find and where they find them | ~ They allow users to look for words or combination of words found in that index. Why Searching the Web ‘The Web is growing af an alarming rate and is 2 great medium through which people engage in SO many activities that are useful and beneficial in many terms, Somé of the reasons why people would want to get engaged on the web are the fcllowing; i. Information a ii, Social networking iii, Communication Iv. Entertainments v. _Intemet transactions vi. Money making Vii, Online edu viii. Relationship ix. Request tor help x, Transfer of files ion, Choosing a Search Engine A good search engine should retum everything relevant to a quer Search engine resuilts why each page is retumed and whether the'p: engine doesn’t find anything for a query, it should suggest chang something. Altematively, if a search engine finds too much, jarrow the search, The most basic measures for judging Known as recall and precision. Recall assesses whether the search engine found all the relevant pages. Precision assesses how many of the pages retumed were actually relevant. Good search engines have both high recall and high orecision ratio; they return most of the relevant pages without returning pages that aren't relevant. i be clear from the nt, If the sear e results of a search eigine are Search Strate; . ; Going into the library and looking on every shelf for a book is not a good idea and we are encouraged not do it on the web also, The web is so vast that a search strategy is needed. The following guidelines will help: Reaasibiape eeurity xoureanceps ms fe i, Make a list of search termms/ keywords/ altemnative terms for each concepts Specify the logical relationships among our search terms “ 4 ra ea ei